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Tu YK, Fang YC. Molecular Biomarkers Affecting Moyamoya Disease. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2024; 49:1-18. [PMID: 38700677 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42398-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Although the pathogenetic pathway of moyamoya disease (MMD) remains unknown, studies have indicated that variations in the RING finger protein RNF 213 is the strongest susceptible gene of MMD. In addition to the polymorphism of this gene, many circulating angiogenetic factors such as growth factors, vascular progenitor cells, inflammatory and immune mediators, angiogenesis related cytokines, as well as circulating proteins promoting intimal hyperplasia, excessive collateral formation, smooth muscle migration and atypical migration may also play critical roles in producing this disease. Identification of these circulating molecules biomarkers may be used for the early detection of this disease. In this chapter, how the hypothesized pathophysiology of these factors affect MMD and the interactive modulation between them are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kwang Tu
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Ching Fang
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Enikeev AD, Abramov PM, Elkin DS, Komelkov AV, Beliaeva AA, Silantieva DM, Tchevkina EM. Opposite Effects of CRABP1 and CRABP2 Homologs on Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells and Their Sensitivity to Retinoic Acid. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2107-2124. [PMID: 38462454 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Resistance of tumor cells to retinoic acid (RA), a promising therapeutic agent, is the major factor limiting the use of RA in clinical practice. The mechanisms of resistance to RA are still poorly understood. Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins, CRABP1 and CRABP2, are essential mediators of RA signaling, but role of the two CRABP homologs in regulating cellular sensitivity to RA has not been well studied. In addition, the effects of CRABP1 and CRABP2 on cell proliferation have not been compared. Here, using a broad panel of breast cancer cell lines with different levels of RA sensitivity/resistance, we show for the first time that in the RA-sensitive cells, CRABP1 expression is restricted by methylation, and protein levels are highly variable. In the moderately-RA-resistant cell lines, high level of CRABP1 is observed both at the mRNA and protein levels, unchanged by inhibition of DNA methylation. The cell lines with maximum resistance to RA are characterized by complete repression of CRABP1 expression realized at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and exogenous expression of each of the CRABP homologs has no effect on the studied characteristics. CRABP1 and CRABP2 proteins have opposing effects on proliferation and sensitivity to RA. In particular, CRABP1 stimulates and CRABP2 reduces proliferation and resistance to RA in the initially RA-sensitive cells, while in the more resistant cells the role of each homolog in both of these parameters is reversed. Overall, we have shown for the first time that CRABP proteins exert different effects on the growth and sensitivity to RA of breast cancer cells (stimulation, suppression, or no effect) depending on the baseline level of RA-sensitivity, with the effects of CRABP1 and CRABP2 homologs on the studied properties always being opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel D Enikeev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Pavel M Abramov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Danila S Elkin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Andrey V Komelkov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Beliaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Darya M Silantieva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Elena M Tchevkina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
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3
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Wang X, Ma G, Ren F, Awais MM, Sun J. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus induces BmFABP1 downregulation to promote viral proliferation. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1595-1606. [PMID: 37144516 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) play an important role as endogenous cytoprotectants. However, studies on FABPs in invertebrates are scarce. Previously, we discovered Bombyx mori fatty acid binding protein 1 (BmFABP1) through co-immunoprecipitation. Here, we cloned and identified BmFABP1 from BmN cells. The results of immunofluorescence indicated that BmFABP1 was localized in the cytoplasm. The tissue expression profile of silkworms showed that BmFABP1 was expressed in all tissues except hemocytes. The expression level of BmFABP1 gradually decreases in BmN cells and B. mori larvae after infection with B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Upregulation of BmFABP1 expression through overexpression or WY14643 treatment significantly inhibited the replication of BmNPV, while downregulation of BmFABP1 expression by RNA interference promoted the replication of BmNPV. The same results were obtained in experiments on silkworm larvae. These results suggest that BmNPV induces BmFABP1 downregulation to promote its proliferation and that BmFABP1 has a potential anti-BmNPV role. This is the first report on the antiviral effect of BmFABP1 in silkworms and provides new insights into the study of the FABP protein family. Also, it is important to study BmNPV resistance in silkworms to breed transgenic silkworms with BmNPV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Ma
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Ren
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mian Muhammad Awais
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Brown G. Targeting the Retinoic Acid Pathway to Eradicate Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032373. [PMID: 36768694 PMCID: PMC9916838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid is a morphogen during embryogenesis and a teratogen. Cancer is an error of development, and the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) for all-trans retinoic acid play a role in cancer. Expression of the cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases, which mediate the last step to the synthesis of all-trans retinoic acid, is deregulated in various human cancers. Inhibiting these enzymes using a variety of agents reduced the proliferation of lung cancer cells, reduced the proliferation and induced apoptosis of ovarian, prostate, squamous, and uterine cancer cells, and sensitised breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. RARγ is an oncogene within some cases of AML, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Pan-RAR and RARγ antagonist inhibition of the action of RARγ led to necroptosis of human prostate and pediatric brain tumour cancer stem cells. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma cells with the flavenoid acacetin, which interferes with the action of RARγ, decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis. Targeting the retinoic acid pathway is promising regarding the development of new drugs to eradicate cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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5
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Sears KE, Gullapalli K, Trivedi D, Mihas A, Bukys MA, Jensen J. Controlling neural territory patterning from pluripotency using a systems developmental biology approach. iScience 2022; 25:104133. [PMID: 35434550 PMCID: PMC9010746 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful manufacture of specialized human cells requires process understanding of directed differentiation. Here, we apply high-dimensional Design of Experiments (HD-DoE) methodology to identify critical process parameters (CPPs) that govern neural territory patterning from pluripotency—the first stage toward specification of central nervous system (CNS) cell fates. Using computerized experimental design, 7 developmental signaling pathways were simultaneously perturbed in human pluripotent stem cell culture. Regionally specific genes spanning the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the developing embryo were measured after 3 days and mathematical models describing pathway control were developed using regression analysis. High-dimensional models revealed particular combinations of signaling inputs that induce expression profiles consistent with emerging CNS territories and defined CPPs for anterior and posterior neuroectoderm patterning. The results demonstrate the importance of combinatorial control during neural induction and challenge the use of generic neural induction strategies such as dual-SMAD inhibition, when seeking to specify particular lineages from pluripotency. Mathematical models describe pathway control of neuroectoderm marker expression Stage 1 media conditions optimized for regionally specific neuroectoderm in 3 days Optimized conditions are more consistent than dual-SMADi across hiPSC lines
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Enikeev AD, Komelkov AV, Axelrod ME, Galetsky SA, Kuzmichev SA, Tchevkina EM. CRABP1 and CRABP2 Protein Levels Correlate with Each Other but Do Not Correlate with Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells to Retinoic Acid. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:217-229. [PMID: 33832420 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) binding proteins, CRABP1 and CRABP2, are molecular chaperones that mediate intracellular activity of RA, the key promoter of cell differentiation with tumor suppressor activity. One of the main functions of CRABP2 is delivery and transfer of RA to the nuclear receptors RAR/RXR, which leads to activation of the transcription of a wide range of retinoid-responsive genes. The functions of CRABP1 are less studied but are apparently associated with sequestration of RA in cytoplasm and limitation of its transcriptional activity, suggesting involvement of this protein in the development of RA resistance. The mechanisms regulating activity of CRABP1 are also poorly understood. Comparison of the CRABP1 level in tumor cell lines of various origins, performed for the first time here, showed absence of the CRABP1 protein in the cell lines of tumors considered to be RA-resistant, and pronounced production of this protein in the RA-sensitive cells. However, analysis carried out with a panel of breast cancer cell lines with different levels of RA-sensitivity showed that there was no correlation between the production of CRABP1 protein and the sensitivity of the cells to RA. At the same time, we found strong correlation between the expression of CRABP1 and CRABP2 proteins in all studied cell types, regardless of their origin and RA-sensitivity/resistance. Moreover, suppression of the CRABP1 level in both RA-sensitive and RA-resistant cells was shown in the cells with cells with knockdown of CRABP2 gene. The revealed CRABP2-dependent regulation of CRABP1 production is a new mechanism of the intracellular retinoic signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel D Enikeev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Andrey V Komelkov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Maria E Axelrod
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Sergey A Galetsky
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kuzmichev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Elena M Tchevkina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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Fang YC, Wei LF, Hu CJ, Tu YK. Pathological Circulating Factors in Moyamoya Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041696. [PMID: 33567654 PMCID: PMC7915927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cerebrovascular disease that presents with vascular stenosis and a hazy network of collateral formations in angiography. However, the detailed pathogenic pathway remains unknown. Studies have indicated that in addition to variations in the of genetic factor RNF213, unusual circulating angiogenetic factors observed in patients with MMD may play a critical role in producing “Moyamoya vessels”. Circulating angiogenetic factors, such as growth factors, vascular progenitor cells, cytokines, inflammatory factors, and other circulating proteins, could promote intimal hyperplasia in vessels and excessive collateral formation with defect structures through endothelial hyperplasia, smooth muscle migration, and atypical neovascularization. This study summarizes the hypothesized pathophysiology of how these circulating factors affect MMD and the interactive modulation between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ching Fang
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.F.); (L.-F.W.)
| | - Ling-Fei Wei
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.F.); (L.-F.W.)
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.F.); (L.-F.W.)
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.H.); (Y.-K.T.); Tel.: +88-6222490088-561 (C.-J.H.); +88-6222490088-8120 (Y.-K.T.); Fax: +88-6222490088-8120 (C.-J.H.); +88-6222490088-8120 (Y.-K.T.)
| | - Yong-Kwang Tu
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.F.); (L.-F.W.)
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.H.); (Y.-K.T.); Tel.: +88-6222490088-561 (C.-J.H.); +88-6222490088-8120 (Y.-K.T.); Fax: +88-6222490088-8120 (C.-J.H.); +88-6222490088-8120 (Y.-K.T.)
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8
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Suo L, VanBuren C, Hovland ED, Kedishvili NY, Sundberg JP, Everts HB. Dietary Vitamin A Impacts Refractory Telogen. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:571474. [PMID: 33614636 PMCID: PMC7892905 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.571474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles cycle through periods of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), rest (telogen), and release (exogen). Telogen is further divided into refractory and competent telogen based on expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and wingless-related MMTV integration site 7A (WNT7A). During refractory telogen hair follicle stem cells (HFSC) are inhibited. Retinoic acid synthesis proteins localized to the hair follicle and this localization pattern changed throughout the hair cycle. In addition, excess retinyl esters arrested hair follicles in telogen. The purpose of this study was to further define these hair cycle changes. BMP4 and WNT7A expression was also used to distinguish refractory from competent telogen in C57BL/6J mice fed different levels of retinyl esters from two previous studies. These two studies produced opposite results; and differed in the amount of retinyl esters the dams consumed and the age of the mice when the different diet began. There were a greater percentage of hair follicles in refractory telogen both when mice were bred on an unpurified diet containing copious levels of retinyl esters (study 1) and consumed excess levels of retinyl esters starting at 12 weeks of age, as well as when mice were bred on a purified diet containing adequate levels of retinyl esters (study 2) and remained on this diet at 6 weeks of age. WNT7A expression was consistent with these results. Next, the localization of vitamin A metabolism proteins in the two stages of telogen was examined. Keratin 6 (KRT6) and cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2) localized almost exclusively to refractory telogen hair follicles in study 1. However, KRT6 and CRABP2 localized to both competent and refractory telogen hair follicles in mice fed adequate and high levels of retinyl esters in study 2. In mice bred and fed an unpurified diet retinol dehydrogenase SDR16C5, retinal dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH1A2), and cytochrome p450 26B1 (CYP26B1), enzymes and proteins involved in RA metabolism, localized to BMP4 positive refractory telogen hair follicles. This suggests that vitamin A may contribute to the inhibition of HFSC during refractory telogen in a dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Suo
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christine VanBuren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Eylul Damla Hovland
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Y Kedishvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Helen B Everts
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, United States
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Everts HB, Akuailou EN. Retinoids in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Nutrients 2021; 13:E153. [PMID: 33466372 PMCID: PMC7824907 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal studies as early as the 1920s suggested that vitamin A deficiency leads to squamous cell metaplasia in numerous epithelial tissues including the skin. However, humans usually die from vitamin A deficiency before cancers have time to develop. A recent long-term cohort study found that high dietary vitamin A reduced the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). cSCC is a form of nonmelanoma skin cancer that primarily occurs from excess exposure to ultraviolet light B (UVB). These cancers are expensive to treat and can lead to metastasis and death. Oral synthetic retinoids prevent the reoccurrence of cSCC, but side effects limit their use in chemoprevention. Several proteins involved in vitamin A metabolism and signaling are altered in cSCC, which may lead to retinoid resistance. The expression of vitamin A metabolism proteins may also have prognostic value. This article reviews what is known about natural and synthetic retinoids and their metabolism in cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Everts
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76209, USA
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10
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Abstract
Vitamin A and derivatives, the natural retinoids, underpin signaling pathways of cellular differentiation, and are key chromophores in vision. These functions depend on transfer across membranes, and carrier proteins to shuttle retinoids to specific cell compartments. Natural retinoids, ultimately derived from plant carotenoids by metabolism to all-trans retinol, are lipophilic and consist of a cyclohexenyl (β-ionone) moiety linked to a polyene chain. This structure constrains the orientation of retinoids within lipid membranes. Cis-trans isomerization at double bonds of the polyene chain and s-cis/s-trans rotational isomerization at single bonds define the functional dichotomy of retinoids (signaling/vision) and specificities of interactions with specific carrier proteins and receptors. Metabolism of all-trans retinol to 11-cis retinal, transfer to photoreceptors, and removal and recycling of all-trans retinal generated by photoreceptor irradiation, is the key process underlying vision. All-trans retinol transferred into cells is metabolized to all-trans retinoic acid and shuttled to the cell nucleus to regulate gene expression controlling organ, tissue and cell differentiation, and cellular homeostasis. Research methods need to address the potential of photoisomerization in vitro to confound research results, and data should be interpreted in the context of membrane-association properties of retinoids and physiological concentrations in vivo. Despite a century of research, there are many fundamental questions of retinoid cellular biochemistry and molecular biology still to be answered. Computational modeling techniques will have an important role for understanding the nuances of vitamin A signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P F Redfern
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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11
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Jiao X, Liu R, Huang J, Lu L, Li Z, Xu L, Li E. Cellular Retinoic-Acid Binding Protein 2 in Solid Tumor. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:507-516. [PMID: 32013828 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200203150721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway is crucial for many biological processes. The RA transporter, Cellular Retinoic-Acid Binding Protein 2 (CRABP2), is abnormally expressed in various tumor types. CRABP2 presents significant effects on tumorous behaviors and functions, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The tumorigenesis mechanism of CRABP2, as both suppressor and promotor, is complicated, therefore, there remains the need for further investigation. Elucidating the regulating mechanisms in a specific stage of the tumor could facilitate CRABP2 to be a biomarker in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Besides, clarifying the pathways of CRABP2 in cancer development will contribute to the gene-targeted therapy. In this review, we summarized the expression, distribution, and mechanism of CRABP2 in solid tumors. Illuminating the CRABP2 signaling pathway may benefit understanding the retinoid signaling pathway, providing a useful biomarker for future clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biological Transport
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/diagnosis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tretinoin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Jiao
- Cell biology and genetics department, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiali Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lichun Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zibo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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12
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Bang BR, Li M, Tsai KN, Aoyagi H, Lee SA, Machida K, Aizaki H, Jung JU, Ou JHJ, Saito T. Regulation of Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins through the Modulation of Lipid Droplet Abundance. J Virol 2019; 93:e02302-18. [PMID: 30728260 PMCID: PMC6450116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02302-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid (vitamin A) is an essential diet constituent that governs a broad range of biological processes. Its biologically active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), exhibits a potent antiviral property by enhancing both innate and adaptive antiviral immunity against a variety of viral pathogens, such as, but not limited to, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and measles. Even though the hepatocyte is highly enriched with retinoid and its metabolite ATRA, it supports the establishment of efficient hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Here, we demonstrate the hepatocyte-specific cell-intrinsic mechanism by which ATRA exerts either a proviral or antiviral effect, depending on how it engages cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs). We found that the engagement of CRABP1 by ATRA potently supported viral infection by promoting the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), which robustly enhanced the formation of a replication complex on the LD-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. In contrast, ATRA binding to CRABP2 potently inhibited HCV via suppression of LD accumulation. However, this antiviral effect of CRABP2 was abrogated due to the functional and quantitative predominance of CRABP1 in the hepatocytes. In summary, our study demonstrates that CRABPs serve as an on-off switch that modulates the efficiency of the HCV life cycle and elucidates how HCV evades the antiviral properties of ATRA via the exploitation of CRABP1 functionality.IMPORTANCE ATRA, a biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, exerts pleiotropic biological effects, including the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, thereby serving as a potent antimicrobial compound against numerous viral pathogens. Despite the enrichment of hepatocytes with vitamin A, HCV still establishes an efficient viral life cycle. Here, we discovered that the hepatocellular response to ATRA creates either a proviral or an antiviral environment depending on its engagement with CRABP1 or -2, respectively. CRABP1 supports the robust replication of HCV, while CRABP2 potently inhibits the efficiency of viral replication. Our biochemical, genetic, and microscopic analyses reveal that the pro- and antiviral effects of CRABPs are mediated by modulation of LD abundance, where HCV establishes the platform for viral replication and assembly on the LD-associated ER membrane. This study uncovered a cell-intrinsic mechanism by which HCV exploits the proviral function of CRABP1 to establish an efficient viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Bang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Bioinformatics Service, Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haruyo Aoyagi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Dobrotkova V, Chlapek P, Mazanek P, Sterba J, Veselska R. Traffic lights for retinoids in oncology: molecular markers of retinoid resistance and sensitivity and their use in the management of cancer differentiation therapy. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1059. [PMID: 30384831 PMCID: PMC6211450 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, retinoids and their synthetic derivatives have been well established anticancer treatments due to their ability to regulate cell growth and induce cell differentiation and apoptosis. Many studies have reported the promising role of retinoids in attaining better outcomes for adult or pediatric patients suffering from several types of cancer, especially acute myeloid leukemia and neuroblastoma. However, even this promising differentiation therapy has some limitations: retinoid toxicity and intrinsic or acquired resistance have been observed in many patients. Therefore, the identification of molecular markers that predict the therapeutic response to retinoid treatment is undoubtedly important for retinoid use in clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on candidate markers, including both genetic alterations and protein markers, for retinoid resistance and sensitivity in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Dobrotkova
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chlapek
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mazanek
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni 9, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni 9, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni 9, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Ghaffari H, Petzold LR. Identification of influential proteins in the classical retinoic acid signaling pathway. Theor Biol Med Model 2018; 15:16. [PMID: 30322383 PMCID: PMC6190658 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-018-0088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the classical pathway of retinoic acid (RA) mediated gene transcription, RA binds to a nuclear hormone receptor dimer composed of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR), to induce the expression of its downstream target genes. In addition to nuclear receptors, there are other intracellular RA binding proteins such as cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABP1 and CRABP2) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, whose contributions to the RA signaling pathway have not been fully understood. The objective of this study was to compare the significance of various RA binding receptors, i.e. CRABP1, CRABP2, CYP and RAR in the RA signaling pathway. In this regard, we developed a mathematical model of the RA pathway, which is one of the few models, if not the only one, that includes all main intracellular RA binding receptors. We then performed a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to investigate the contribution of the RA receptors to RA-induced mRNA production, when the cells were treated with a wide range of RA levels, from physiological to pharmacological concentrations. Results Our results show that CRABP2 and RAR are the most and the least important proteins, respectively, in controlling the model performance at physiological concentrations of RA (1–10 nM). However, at higher concentrations of RA, CYP and RAR are the most sensitive parameters of the system. Furthermore, we found that depending on the concentrations of all RA binding proteins, the rate of metabolism of RA can either change or remain constant following RA therapy. The cellular levels of CRABP1 are more important than that of CRABP2 in controlling RA metabolite formation at pharmacological conditions (RA = 0.1–1 μM). Finally, our results indicate a significant negative correlation between total mRNA production and total RA metabolite formation at pharmacological levels of RA. Conclusions Our simulations indicate that the significance of the RA binding proteins in the RA pathway of gene expression strongly depends on intracellular concentration of RA. This study not only can explain why various cell types respond to RA therapy differently, but also can potentially help develop pharmacological methods to increase the efficacy of the drug. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12976-018-0088-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ghaffari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Linda R Petzold
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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15
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Saeed A, Hoekstra M, Hoeke MO, Heegsma J, Faber KN. The interrelationship between bile acid and vitamin A homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:496-512. [PMID: 28111285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin important for vision, reproduction, embryonic development, cell differentiation, epithelial barrier function and adequate immune responses. Efficient absorption of dietary vitamin A depends on the fat-solubilizing properties of bile acids. Bile acids are synthesized in the liver and maintained in an enterohepatic circulation. The liver is also the main storage site for vitamin A in the mammalian body, where an intimate collaboration between hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells leads to the accumulation of retinyl esters in large cytoplasmic lipid droplet hepatic stellate cells. Chronic liver diseases are often characterized by disturbed bile acid and vitamin A homeostasis, where bile production is impaired and hepatic stellate cells lose their vitamin A in a transdifferentiation process to myofibroblasts, cells that produce excessive extracellular matrix proteins leading to fibrosis. Chronic liver diseases thus may lead to vitamin A deficiency. Recent data reveal an intricate crosstalk between vitamin A metabolites and bile acids, in part via the Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR), Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) and the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), in maintaining vitamin A and bile acid homeostasis. Here, we provide an overview of the various levels of "communication" between vitamin A metabolites and bile acids and its relevance for the treatment of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Molecular biology & Bio-technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Mark Hoekstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn Oscar Hoeke
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janette Heegsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Ng-Blichfeldt JP, Alçada J, Montero MA, Dean CH, Griesenbach U, Griffiths MJ, Hind M. Deficient retinoid-driven angiogenesis may contribute to failure of adult human lung regeneration in emphysema. Thorax 2017; 72:510-521. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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New Insights Into the Roles of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Nervous System Development and the Establishment of Neurotransmitter Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:1-84. [PMID: 28215529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secreted chiefly from the underlying mesoderm, the morphogen retinoic acid (RA) is well known to contribute to the specification, patterning, and differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Furthermore, RA influences the subtype identity and neurotransmitter phenotype of subsets of maturing neurons, although relatively little is known about how these functions are mediated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles played by RA signaling during the formation of the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates and highlights its effects on the differentiation of several neurotransmitter systems. In addition, the evolutionary history of the RA signaling system is discussed, revealing both conserved properties and alternate modes of RA action. It is proposed that comparative approaches should be employed systematically to expand our knowledge of the context-dependent cellular mechanisms controlled by the multifunctional signaling molecule RA.
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18
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Nelson CH, Peng CC, Lutz JD, Yeung CK, Zelter A, Isoherranen N. Direct protein-protein interactions and substrate channeling between cellular retinoic acid binding proteins and CYP26B1. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2527-35. [PMID: 27416800 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs) bind all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) tightly. This study aimed to determine whether atRA is channeled directly to cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP26B1 by CRABPs, and whether CRABPs interact directly with CYP26B1. atRA bound to CRABPs (holo-CRABP) was efficiently metabolized by CYP26B1. Isotope dilution experiments showed that delivery of atRA to CYP26B1 in solution was similar with or without CRABP. Holo-CRABPs had higher affinity for CYP26B1 than free atRA, but both apo-CRABPs inhibited the formation of 4-OH-RA by CYP26B1. Similar protein-protein interactions between soluble binding proteins and CYPs may be important for other lipophilic CYP substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara H Nelson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chi-Chi Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin D Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Zelter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Sosnik J, Zheng L, Rackauckas CV, Digman M, Gratton E, Nie Q, Schilling TF. Noise modulation in retinoic acid signaling sharpens segmental boundaries of gene expression in the embryonic zebrafish hindbrain. eLife 2016; 5:e14034. [PMID: 27067377 PMCID: PMC4829421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen gradients induce sharply defined domains of gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner, yet how cells interpret these signals in the face of spatial and temporal noise remains unclear. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and phasor analysis to measure endogenous retinoic acid (RA) directly in vivo, we have investigated the amplitude of noise in RA signaling, and how modulation of this noise affects patterning of hindbrain segments (rhombomeres) in the zebrafish embryo. We demonstrate that RA forms a noisy gradient during critical stages of hindbrain patterning and that cells use distinct intracellular binding proteins to attenuate noise in RA levels. Increasing noise disrupts sharpening of rhombomere boundaries and proper patterning of the hindbrain. These findings reveal novel cellular mechanisms of noise regulation, which are likely to play important roles in other aspects of physiology and disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14034.001 Animal cells need to be able to communicate with each other so that they can work together in tissues and organs. To do so, cells release signaling molecules that can move around within a tissue and be detected by receptors on other cells. We tend to assume that the signaling molecules are evenly distributed across a tissue and affect all the receiving cells in the same way. However, random variations (noise) that affect how many of these molecules are produced, how they move through the space between cells and how they bind to receptors makes the reality much more complex. Cells responding to the signal somehow can ignore this noise and establish sharp boundaries between different cell types so that neighboring cells have distinct roles in the tissue. Few studies have attempted to measure such noise or address how cells manage to respond to noisy signals in a consistent manner. Retinoic acid is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in the development of the brain in animal embryos. It forms a gradient along the body of the embryo from the head end to the tail end, but it has proved difficult to measure this gradient directly. Sosnik et al. exploited the fact that this molecule is weakly fluorescent and used microscopy to directly detect it in zebrafish embryos. The experiments show that retinoic acid forms a gradient in the embryos, with high levels at the tail end and lower levels at the head end. Sosnik et al. also found that there is a large amount of noise in the retinoic acid gradient. Two cells in the same position can have very different retinoic acid levels, and the levels in a particular cell can vary from one minute to the next. The experiments also show that proteins that interact with retinoic acid help to reduce noise within a cell. This noise reduction is important for sharpening the boundaries between different brain regions in the embryo to allow the brain to develop normally. A future challenge will be to see if similar retinoic acid gradients and noise control occur in other tissues, and if the noise has any positive role to play in development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14034.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Sosnik
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, United States
| | - Likun Zheng
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Christopher V Rackauckas
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Michelle Digman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
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20
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Akita T, Horiguchi M, Ozawa C, Terada H, Yamashita C. The Effect of a Retinoic Acid Derivative on Cell-Growth Inhibition in a Pulmonary Carcinoma Cell Line. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:308-12. [PMID: 26934924 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary carcinoma is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Because the prognosis remains poor, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is highly desirable. In this study, we investigated the effect of Tamibarotene (Am80), a retinoic acid derivative, on the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Our ultimate goal in this study is to provide pulmonary carcinoma therapy with a new approach. First, we treated A549 cells with Am80 to clarify the effect of cell-growth inhibition. Am80 significantly reduced the viability of A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 value, which was determined using CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability assay, of Am80 and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) against A549 cells at 6 d was 49.1±8.1 µM and 92.3±8.0 µM, respectively. Furthermore, Am80 reduced the anchorage-independent cell-growth ability of A549 cells. However, it was not an apoptosis-mediated mechanism. These results suggest that Am80 can be used as an effective, novel cell-growth inhibitor in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Akita
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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21
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Riancho J, Berciano MT, Ruiz-Soto M, Berciano J, Landreth G, Lafarga M. Retinoids and motor neuron disease: Potential role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2016; 360:115-20. [PMID: 26723986 PMCID: PMC6558957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons (MN). This fatal disease is characterized by progressive muscular atrophy and unfortunately it does not have an effective treatment. Although a small proportion of ALS cases have a familiar origin, the vast majority of them are thought to have a sporadic origin. Although the pathogenesis of ALS has not been fully elucidated, various disorders in different cellular functions such as gene expression, protein metabolism, axonal transport and glial cell disorders have been linked to MN degeneration. Among them, proteostasis is one of the best studied. Retinoids are vitamin A-derived substances that play a crucial role in embryogenesis, development, programmed cell death and other cellular functions. Retinoid agonists behave as transcription factors throughout the activation of the nuclear retinoid receptors. Several reports in the literature suggest that retinoids are involved in proteostasis regulation, by modulating its two major pathways, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosome response. Additionally, there are some evidences for a role of retinoids themselves, in ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the importance of proteostasis disruption as a trigger for MN degeneration and the capability of retinoids to modulate it, as well as the potential therapeutic role of retinoids as a new therapy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), CIBERNED, Santander, Spain.
| | - Maria T Berciano
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Maria Ruiz-Soto
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Jose Berciano
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
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22
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Everts HB, Suo L, Ghim S, Bennett Jenson A, Sundberg JP. Retinoic acid metabolism proteins are altered in trichoblastomas induced by mouse papillomavirus 1. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:546-51. [PMID: 26416148 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer burden is significant as treatment costs have skyrocketed to $8.1 million annually and some forms metastasize, such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and melanoma. cSCC is caused by altered growth factor signaling induced by chemical carcinogens, ultraviolet light (UV) exposure, and infections with papillomaviruses (PVs). One of the few options for preventing cSCC in high-risk patients is oral retinoids. While much is understood about retinoid treatments and metabolism in mouse models of chemically and UV exposure induced cSCC, little is known about the role of retinoids in PV-induced cSCC. To better understand how retinoid metabolism is altered in cSCC, we examined the expression of this pathway in the newly discovered mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1), which produces trichoblastomas in dorsal skin but not cSCC. We found significant increases in a rate-limiting enzyme involved in retinoic acid synthesis and retinoic acid binding proteins, suggestive of increased RA synthesis, in MmuPV1-induced tumors in B6.Cg-Foxn1(nu)/J mice. Similar increases in these proteins were seen after acute UVB exposure in Crl:SKH1-Hr(hr) mice and in regressing pre-cancerous lesions in a chemically-induced mouse model, suggesting a common mechanism in limiting the progression of papillomas to full blown cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Everts
- Department of Human Sciences (Nutrition), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Liye Suo
- Department of Human Sciences (Nutrition), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shinge Ghim
- The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - A Bennett Jenson
- The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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23
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Liu RZ, Garcia E, Glubrecht DD, Poon HY, Mackey JR, Godbout R. CRABP1 is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer: adding to the complexity of breast cancer cell response to retinoic acid. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:129. [PMID: 26142905 PMCID: PMC4491424 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials designed to test the efficacy of retinoic acid (RA) as an adjuvant for the treatment of solid cancers have been disappointing, primarily due to RA resistance. Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer cells are more resistant to RA than ER-positive cells. The expression and subcellular distribution of two RA-binding proteins, FABP5 and CRABP2, has already been shown to play critical roles in breast cancer cell response to RA. CRABP1, a third member of the RA-binding protein family, has not previously been investigated as a possible mediator of RA action in breast cancer. Methods CRABP1 and CRABP2 expression in primary breast tumor tissues was analyzed using gene expression and tissue microarrays. CRABP1 levels were manipulated using siRNAs and by transient overexpression. RA-induced subcellular translocation of CRABPs was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. RA-induced transactivation of RAR was analyzed using a RA response element (RARE)-driven luciferase reporter system. Effects of CRABP1 expression and RA treatment on downstream gene expression were investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Results Compared to normal mammary tissues, CRABP1 expression is significantly down-regulated in ER+ breast tumors, but maintained in triple-negative breast cancers. Elevated CRABP1 levels are associated with poor patient prognosis, high Ki67 immunoreactivity and high tumor grade in breast cancer. The prognostic significance of CRABP1 is attributed to its cytoplasmic localization. We demonstrate that CRABP1 expression attenuates RA-induced cell growth arrest and inhibits RA signalling in breast cancer cells by sequestering RA in the cytoplasm. We also show that CRABP1 affects the expression of genes involved in RA biosynthesis, trafficking and metabolism. Conclusions CRABP1 is an adverse factor for clinical outcome in triple-negative breast cancer and a potent inhibitor of RA signalling in breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that CRABP1, in conjunction with previously identified CRABP2 and FABP5, plays a key role in breast cancer cell response to RA. We propose that these three RA-binding proteins can serve as biomarkers for predicting triple-negative breast cancer response to RA, with elevated levels of either cytoplasmic CRABP1 or FABP5 associated with RA resistance, and elevated levels of nuclear CRABP2 associated with sensitivity to RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0380-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zong Liu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Garcia
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Darryl D Glubrecht
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Ho Yin Poon
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Roseline Godbout
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada.
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24
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Gressel KL, Duncan FJ, Oberyszyn TM, La Perle KM, Everts HB. Endogenous Retinoic Acid Required to Maintain the Epidermis Following Ultraviolet Light Exposure in SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:901-8. [PMID: 25715879 DOI: 10.1111/php.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light B (UVB) exposure induces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), one of the most prevalent human cancers. Reoccurrence of cSCC in high-risk patients is prevented by oral retinoids. But oral retinoid treatment causes significant side effects; and patients develop retinoid resistance. Exactly how retinoids prevent UVB-induced cSCC is currently not well understood. Retinoid resistance blocks mechanistic studies in the leading mouse model of cSCC, the UVB-exposed SKH-1 hairless mouse. To begin to understand the role of retinoids in UVB-induced cSCC we first examined the localization pattern of key retinoid metabolism proteins by immunohistochemistry 48 h after UVB treatment of female SKH-1 mice. We next inhibited retinoic acid (RA) synthesis immediately after UVB exposure. Acute UVB increased RA synthesis, signaling and degradation proteins in the stratum granulosum. Some of these proteins changed their localization; while other proteins just increased in intensity. In contrast, acute UVB reduced the retinoid storage protein lectin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) in the epidermis. Inhibiting RA synthesis disrupted the epidermis and impaired differentiation. These data suggest that repair of the epidermis after acute UVB exposure requires endogenous RA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Gressel
- Department of Human Sciences (Nutrition), the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - F Jason Duncan
- Department of Human Sciences (Nutrition), the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Krista M La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Helen B Everts
- Department of Human Sciences (Nutrition), the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Jeon JP, Cho WS, Kang HS, Kim JE, Kim SK, Oh CW. Elevated cellular retinoic Acid binding protein-I in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases : preliminary study. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 57:88-93. [PMID: 25733988 PMCID: PMC4345199 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2015.57.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Elevated cellular retinoic acid binding protein-I (CRABP-I) is thought to be related to the abnormal proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Accordingly, a higher CRABP-I level could cause disorganized vessel walls by causing immature SMC phenotypes and altering extracellular matrix proteins which could result in vulnerable arterial walls with inadequate responses to hemodynamic stress. We hypothesized that elevated CRABP-I level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be related to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Moreover, we also extended this hypothesis in patients with vascular malformation according to the presence of hemorrhage. Methods We investigated the CSF of 26 patients : SAH, n=7; unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA), n=7; arteriovenous malformation (AVM), n=4; cavernous malformation (CM), n=3; control group, n=5. The optical density of CRABP-I was confirmed by Western blotting and presented as mean±standard error of the measurement. Results CRABP-I in SAH (0.33±0.09) was significantly higher than that in the UIA (0.12±0.01, p=0.033) or control group (0.10±0.01, p=0.012). Hemorrhage presenting AVM (mean 0.45, ranged 0.30-0.59) had a higher CRABP-I level than that in AVM without hemorrhage presentation (mean 0.16, ranged 0.14-0.17). The CRABP-I intensity in CM with hemorrhage was 0.21 and 0.31, and for CM without hemorrhage 0.14. Overall, the hemorrhage presenting group (n=11, 0.34±0.06) showed a significantly higher CRABP-I intensity than that of the non-hemorrhage presenting group (n=10, 0.13±0.01, p=0.001). Conclusion The results suggest that elevated CRABP-I in the CSF could be related with aneurysm rupture. Additionally, a higher CRABP-I level seems to be associated with hemorrhage development in vascular malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Won-Sang Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Wan Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Pulmonary administration of Am80 regenerates collapsed alveoli. J Control Release 2014; 196:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kono N, Arai H. Intracellular transport of fat-soluble vitamins A and E. Traffic 2014; 16:19-34. [PMID: 25262571 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins are compounds that are essential for the normal growth, reproduction and functioning of the human body. Of the 13 known vitamins, vitamins A, D, E and K are lipophilic compounds and are therefore called fat-soluble vitamins. Because of their lipophilicity, fat-soluble vitamins are solubilized and transported by intracellular carrier proteins to exert their actions and to be metabolized properly. Vitamin A and its derivatives, collectively called retinoids, are solubilized by intracellular retinoid-binding proteins such as cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) and cellular retinal-binding protein (CRALBP). These proteins act as chaperones that regulate the metabolism, signaling and transport of retinoids. CRALBP-mediated intracellular retinoid transport is essential for vision in human. α-Tocopherol, the main form of vitamin E found in the body, is transported by α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) in hepatic cells. Defects of α-TTP cause vitamin E deficiency and neurological disorders in humans. Recently, it has been shown that the interaction of α-TTP with phosphoinositides plays a critical role in the intracellular transport of α-tocopherol and is associated with familial vitamin E deficiency. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and biological significance of the intracellular transport of vitamins A and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Li M, Sun Y, Guan X, Shu X, Li C. Advanced progress on the relationship between RA and its receptors and malignant tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 91:271-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Login H, Butowt R, Bohm S. Activity-dependent and graded BACE1 expression in the olfactory epithelium is mediated by the retinoic acid metabolizing enzyme CYP26B1. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2143-57. [PMID: 24797530 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that environmental influences play a key role in sculpting neuronal connectivity in the brain. One example is the olfactory sensory map of topographic axonal connectivity. While intrinsic odorant receptor signaling in olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) determines anterior-posterior counter gradients of the axonal guidance receptors Neuropilin-1 and Plexin-A1, little is known about stimulus-dependent gradients of protein expression, which correlates with the functional organization of the olfactory sensory map along its dorsomedial (DM)-ventrolateral (VL) axis. Deficiency of the Alzheimer's β-secretase BACE1, which is expressed in a DM(low)-VL(high) gradient, results in OSN axon targeting errors in a DM > VL and gene dose-dependent manner. We show that expression of BACE1 and the all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-degrading enzyme Cyp26B1 form DM-VL counter gradients in the olfactory epithelium. Analyses of mRNA and protein levels in OSNs after naris occlusion, in mice deficient in the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel and in relation to onset of respiration, show that BACE1 and Cyp26B1 expression in OSNs inversely depend on neuronal activity. Overexpression of a Cyp26B1 or presence of a dominant negative RA receptor transgene selectively in OSNs, inhibit BACE1 expression while leaving the DM(low)-VL(high) gradient of the axonal guidance protein Neuropilin-2 intact. We conclude that stimulus-dependent neuronal activity can control the expression of the RA catabolic enzyme Cyp26B1 and downstream genes such as BACE1. This result is pertinent to an understanding of the mechanisms by which a topographic pattern of connectivity is achieved and modified as a consequence of graded gene expression and sensory experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Login
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Blum N, Begemann G. The roles of endogenous retinoid signaling in organ and appendage regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3907-27. [PMID: 23479131 PMCID: PMC11113817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate injured or lost body parts has been an age-old ambition of medical science. In contrast to humans, teleost fish and urodele amphibians can regrow almost any part of the body with seeming effortlessness. Retinoic acid is a molecule that has long been associated with these impressive regenerative capacities. The discovery 30 years ago that addition of retinoic acid to regenerating amphibian limbs causes "super-regeneration" initiated investigations into the presumptive roles of retinoic acid in regeneration of appendages and other organs. However, the evidence favoring or dismissing a role for endogenous retinoids in regeneration processes remained sparse and ambiguous. Now, the availability of genetic tools to manipulate and visualize the retinoic acid signaling pathway has opened up new routes to dissect its roles in regeneration. Here, we review the current understanding on endogenous functions of retinoic acid in regeneration and discuss key questions to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Blum
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerrit Begemann
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Fu H, Wu C, Riaz H, Zhang H, Han L, Bai L, Yang F, Yang L. β-Cryptoxanthin uptake in THP-1 macrophages upregulates the CYP27A1 signaling pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:425-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
| | - Canjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hasan Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Hualin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Liya Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan P. R. China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Education Ministry of China; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P. R. China
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A mid-life vitamin A supplementation prevents age-related spatial memory deficits and hippocampal neurogenesis alterations through CRABP-I. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72101. [PMID: 23977218 PMCID: PMC3747058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related memory decline including spatial reference memory is considered to begin at middle-age and coincides with reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, a dysfunction of vitamin A hippocampal signalling pathway has been involved in the appearance of age-related memory deficits but also in adult hippocampal neurogenesis alterations. The present study aims at testing the hypothesis that a mid-life vitamin A supplementation would be a successful strategy to prevent age-related memory deficits. Thus, middle-aged Wistar rats were submitted to a vitamin A enriched diet and were tested 4 months later in a spatial memory task. In order to better understand the potential mechanisms mediating the effects of vitamin A supplementation on hippocampal functions, we studied different aspects of hippocampal adult neurogenesis and evaluated hippocampal CRABP-I expression, known to modulate differentiation processes. Here, we show that vitamin A supplementation from middle-age enhances spatial memory and improves the dendritic arborisation of newborn immature neurons probably resulting in a better survival and neuronal differentiation in aged rats. Moreover, our results suggest that hippocampal CRABP-I expression which controls the intracellular availability of retinoic acid (RA), may be an important regulator of neuronal differentiation processes in the aged hippocampus. Thus, vitamin A supplementation from middle-age could be a good strategy to maintain hippocampal plasticity and functions.
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Shiota G, Kanki K. Retinoids and their target genes in liver functions and diseases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:33-7. [PMID: 23855293 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids have been reported to prevent several kinds of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Retinoic acid (RA) coupled with retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor heterodimer exerts its functions by regulating its target genes. We previously reported that transgenic mice, in which RA signaling is suppressed in a hepatocyte-specific manner, developed liver cancer at a high rate, and that disruption of RA functions led to the increased oxidative stress via aberrant metabolisms of lipid and iron, indicating that retinoids play an important role in liver pathophysiology. These data suggest that exploring the metabolism of retinoids in liver diseases and their target genes provides us with useful information to understand the liver functions and diseases. Consequently, the altered metabolism of retinoids was observed in liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this review, we summarize the metabolism of retinoids in the liver, highlight the functions of retinoids in HCC, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease, and discuss the target genes of RA. Investigation of retinoids in the liver will likely help us identify novel therapies and diagnostic modalities for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Shiota
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
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Jeyakumar S, Yasmeen R, Reichert B, Ziouzenkova O. Metabolism of Vitamin A in White Adipose Tissue and Obesity. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b14569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yu S, Levi L, Siegel R, Noy N. Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42195-205. [PMID: 23105114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) regulates gene transcription by activating the nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and their respective cognate lipid-binding proteins CRABP-II and FABP5. RA induces neuronal differentiation, but the contributions of the two transcriptional pathways of the hormone to the process are unknown. Here, we show that the RA-induced commitment of P19 stem cells to neuronal progenitors is mediated by the CRABP-II/RAR path and that the FABP5/PPARβ/δ path can inhibit the process through induction of the RAR repressors SIRT1 and Ajuba. In contrast with its inhibitory activity in the early steps of neurogenesis, the FABP5/PPARβ/δ path promotes differentiation of neuronal progenitors to mature neurons, an activity mediated in part by the PPARβ/δ target gene PDK1. Hence, RA-induced neuronal differentiation is mediated through RAR in the early stages and through PPARβ/δ in the late stages of the process. The switch in RA signaling is accomplished by a transient up-regulation of RARβ concomitantly with a transient increase in the CRABP-II/FABP5 ratio at early stages of differentiation. In accordance with these conclusions, hippocampi of FABP5-null mice display excess accumulation of neuronal progenitor cells and a deficit in mature neurons versus wild-type animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Western Reserve University School of Medicine,Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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36
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Trivino Pardo JC, Grimaldi S, Taranta M, Naldi I, Cinti C. Microwave electromagnetic field regulates gene expression in T-lymphoblastoid leukemia CCRF-CEM cell line exposed to 900 MHz. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:1-18. [PMID: 22332889 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.596251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields are ubiquitous in our society, and concerns have been expressed regarding possible adverse effects of these exposures. Research on Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) magnetic fields has been performed for more than two decades, and the methodology and quality of studies have improved over time. Studies have consistently shown increased risk for childhood leukemia associated with ELF magnetic fields. There are still inadequate data for other outcomes. More recently, focus has shifted toward Radio Frequencies (RF) exposures from mobile telephony. There are no persuasive data suggesting a health risk, but this research field is still immature with regard to the quantity and quality of available data. This technology is constantly changing and there is a need for continued research on this issue. To investigate whether exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) could induce adverse health effects, we cultured acute T-lymphoblastoid leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) in the presence of 900 MHz MW-EMF generated by a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell at short and long exposure times. We evaluated the effect of high-frequency EMF on gene expression and we identified functional pathways influenced by 900 MHz MW-EMF exposure.
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Cai AQ, Radtke K, Linville A, Lander AD, Nie Q, Schilling TF. Cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins are essential for hindbrain patterning and signal robustness in zebrafish. Development 2012; 139:2150-5. [PMID: 22619388 DOI: 10.1242/dev.077065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin A derivative retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen that patterns the anterior-posterior axis of the vertebrate hindbrain. Cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins (Crabps) transport RA within cells to both its nuclear receptors (RARs) and degrading enzymes (Cyp26s). However, mice lacking Crabps are viable, suggesting that Crabp functions are redundant with those of other fatty acid-binding proteins. Here we show that Crabps in zebrafish are essential for posterior patterning of the hindbrain and that they provide a key feedback mechanism that makes signaling robust as they are able to compensate for changes in RA production. Of the four zebrafish Crabps, Crabp2a is uniquely RA inducible and depletion or overexpression of Crabp2a makes embryos hypersensitive to exogenous RA. Computational models confirm that Crabp2a improves robustness within a narrow concentration range that optimizes a 'robustness index', integrating spatial information along the RA morphogen gradient. Exploration of signaling parameters in our models suggests that the ability of Crabp2a to transport RA to Cyp26 enzymes for degradation is a major factor in promoting robustness. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized requirement for Crabps in RA signaling and hindbrain development, as well as a novel mechanism for stabilizing morphogen gradients despite genetic or environmental fluctuations in morphogen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Q Cai
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Picard D, Miller S, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Rogers HA, Chan TSY, Kim SK, Ra YS, Fangusaro J, Korshunov A, Toledano H, Nakamura H, Hayden JT, Chan J, Lafay-Cousin L, Hu PX, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Pomeroy SL, Lau CC, Ng HK, Jones C, Meter TV, Clifford SC, Eberhart C, Gajjar A, Pfister SM, Grundy RG, Huang A. Markers of survival and metastatic potential in childhood CNS primitive neuro-ectodermal brain tumours: an integrative genomic analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:838-48. [PMID: 22691720 PMCID: PMC3615440 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood CNS primitive neuro-ectodermal brain tumours (PNETs) are very aggressive brain tumours for which the molecular features and best treatment approaches are unknown. We assessed a large cohort of these rare tumours to identify molecular markers to enhance clinical management of this disease. METHODS We obtained 142 primary hemispheric CNS PNET samples from 20 institutions in nine countries and examined transcriptional profiles for a subset of 51 samples and copy number profiles for a subset of 77 samples. We used clustering, gene, and pathway enrichment analyses to identify tumour subgroups and group-specific molecular markers, and applied immunohistochemical and gene-expression analyses to validate and assess the clinical significance of the subgroup markers. FINDINGS We identified three molecular subgroups of CNS PNETs that were distinguished by primitive neural (group 1), oligoneural (group 2), and mesenchymal lineage (group 3) gene-expression signatures with differential expression of cell-lineage markers LIN28 and OLIG2. Patients with group 1 tumours were most often female (male:female ratio 0·61 for group 1 vs 1·25 for group 2 and 1·63 for group 3; p=0·043 [group 1 vs groups 2 and 3]), youngest (median age at diagnosis 2·9 years [95% CI 2·4-5·2] for group 1 vs 7·9 years [6·0-9·7] for group 2 and 5·9 years [4·9-7·8] for group 3; p=0·005), and had poorest survival (median survival 0·8 years [95% CI 0·5-1·2] in group 1, 1·8 years [1·4-2·3] in group 2 and 4·3 years [0·8-7·8] in group 3; p=0·019). Patients with group 3 tumours had the highest incidence of metastases at diagnosis (no distant metastasis:metastasis ratio 0·90 for group 3 vs 2·80 for group 1 and 5·67 for group 2; p=0·037). INTERPRETATION LIN28 and OLIG2 are promising diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for CNS PNET that warrant further assessment in prospective clinical trials. FUNDING Canadian Institute of Health Research, Brainchild/SickKids Foundation, and the Samantha Dickson Brain Tumour Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Picard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Dept of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suzanne Miller
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Dept of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hazel A Rogers
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany SY Chan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Dept of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Dept of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Shin Ra
- Dept of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, USA
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - James T Hayden
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Chan
- Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lucie Lafay-Cousin
- Dept of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ping X Hu
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xing Fan
- Dept of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Karin M Muraszko
- Dept of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Ching C Lau
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Dept of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris Jones
- Dept of Paediatric Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven C Clifford
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Eberhart
- Division of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Neuro-oncology Division, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- German Cancer Research Centre, and Paediatric, Haematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Dept of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Kam RKT, Deng Y, Chen Y, Zhao H. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:11. [PMID: 22439772 PMCID: PMC3325842 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen derived from retinol (vitamin A) that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. The production of RA from retinol requires two consecutive enzymatic reactions catalyzed by different sets of dehydrogenases. The retinol is first oxidized into retinal, which is then oxidized into RA. The RA interacts with retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) which then regulate the target gene expression. In this review, we have discussed the metabolism of RA and the important components of RA signaling pathway, and highlighted current understanding of the functions of RA during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kin Ting Kam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P, R, China.
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Everts HB. Endogenous retinoids in the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1821:222-9. [PMID: 21914489 PMCID: PMC3237781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoids) are critically important in the development and maintenance of multiple epithelial tissues, including skin, hair, and sebaceous glands, as shown by the detrimental effects of either vitamin A deficiency or toxicity. Thus, precise levels of retinoic acid (RA, active metabolite) are needed. These precise levels of RA are achieved by regulating several steps in the conversion of dietary vitamin A (retinol) to RA and RA catabolism. This review discusses the localization of RA synthesis to specific sites within the hair follicle and sebaceous gland, including their stem cells, during both homeostasis and disease states. It also discusses what is known about the specific roles of RA within the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Everts
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Oio State University, 350 Campell Hall, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Directed neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells is a sensitive system for the identification of novel Hox gene effectors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20197. [PMID: 21637844 PMCID: PMC3102681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hox family of homeodomain transcription factors
plays fundamental roles in regulating cell specification along the anterior
posterior axis during development of all bilaterian animals by controlling cell
fate choices in a highly localized, extracellular signal and cell context
dependent manner. Some studies have established downstream target genes in
specific systems but their identification is insufficient to explain either the
ability of Hox genes to direct homeotic transformations or the
breadth of their patterning potential. To begin delineating Hox
gene function in neural development we used a mouse ES cell based system that
combines efficient neural differentiation with inducible Hoxb1 expression. Gene
expression profiling suggested that Hoxb1 acted as both
activator and repressor in the short term but predominantly as a repressor in
the long run. Activated and repressed genes segregated in distinct processes
suggesting that, in the context examined, Hoxb1 blocked
differentiation while activating genes related to early developmental processes,
wnt and cell surface receptor linked signal transduction and cell-to-cell
communication. To further elucidate aspects of Hoxb1 function
we used loss and gain of function approaches in the mouse and chick embryos. We
show that Hoxb1 acts as an activator to establish the full expression domain of
CRABPI and II in rhombomere 4 and as a
repressor to restrict expression of Lhx5 and
Lhx9. Thus the Hoxb1 patterning activity
includes the regulation of the cellular response to retinoic acid and the delay
of the expression of genes that commit cells to neural differentiation. The
results of this study show that ES neural differentiation and inducible
Hox gene expression can be used as a sensitive model system
to systematically identify Hox novel target genes, delineate
their interactions with signaling pathways in dictating cell fate and define the
extent of functional overlap among different Hox genes.
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Napoli JL. Physiological insights into all-trans-retinoic acid biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:152-67. [PMID: 21621639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) provides essential support to diverse biological systems and physiological processes. Epithelial differentiation and its relationship to cancer, and embryogenesis have typified intense areas of interest into atRA function. Recently, however, interest in atRA action in the nervous system, the immune system, energy balance and obesity has increased considerably, especially concerning postnatal function. atRA action depends on atRA biosynthesis: defects in retinoid-dependent processes increasingly relate to defects in atRA biogenesis. Considerable evidence indicates that physiological atRA biosynthesis occurs via a regulated process, consisting of a complex interaction of retinoid binding-proteins and retinoid recognizing enzymes. An accrual of biochemical, physiological and genetic data have identified specific functional outcomes for the retinol dehydrogenases, RDH1, RDH10, and DHRS9, as physiological catalysts of the first step in atRA biosynthesis, and for the retinal dehydrogenases RALDH1, RALDH2, and RALDH3, as catalysts of the second and irreversible step. Each of these enzymes associates with explicit biological processes mediated by atRA. Redundancy occurs, but seems limited. Cumulative data support a model of interactions among these enzymes with retinoid binding-proteins, with feedback regulation and/or control by atRA via modulating gene expression of multiple participants. The ratio apo-CRBP1/holo-CRBP1 participates by influencing retinol flux into and out of storage as retinyl esters, thereby modulating substrate to support atRA biosynthesis. atRA biosynthesis requires the presence of both an RDH and an RALDH: conversely, absence of one isozyme of either step does not indicate lack of atRA biosynthesis at the site. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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McEwan J, Lynch J, Beck CW. Expression of key retinoic acid modulating genes suggests active regulation during development and regeneration of the amphibian limb. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1259-70. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Lynch J, McEwan J, Beck CW. Analysis of the expression of retinoic acid metabolising genes during Xenopus laevis organogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 11:112-7. [PMID: 20969978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a known teratogen that is also required endogenously for normal development of the embryo. RA can act as a morphogen, through direct binding to receptors and RA response elements in the genome, and classical studies of limb development and regeneration in amphibians have shown that it is likely to provide positional information. Availability of RA depends on both metabolic synthesis and catabolic degradation, and specific binding proteins act to further modulate the binding of RA to response elements. Here, we describe the expression of seven genes involved in metabolism (Raldh1-3), catabolism (Cyp26a and b) and binding of RA (Crabp1 and 2) during organogenesis in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Taken together, this data indicates regions of the embryo that could be affected by RA mediated patterning, and identifies some differences with other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lynch
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Siddikuzzaman, Guruvayoorappan C, Berlin Grace VM. All trans retinoic acid and cancer. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:241-9. [PMID: 20929432 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.521507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an active metabolite of vitamin A under the family retinoid. Retinoids, through their cognate nuclear receptors, exert potent effects on cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and have significant promise for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Differentiation therapy with ATRA has marked a major advance and become the first choice drug in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Conversions of 13-cis-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid to all-trans-retinoic acid is very rapid. Currently, two distinct families of retinoid responsive nuclear receptors have been identified and characterized: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid receptors (RXRs), each of which include three isoforms, α,β,and γ. ATRA is being increasingly included in anti-tumour therapeutical schemes for the treatment of various tumoral diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, bladder cancer, neuroblastoma and has shown antiangiogenic effects in several systems, inhibiting proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and anti-inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis. This review helps to understand in details about the ATRA and its role on cancer and it is predicted that modulating the activity of ATRA will soon provide novel prevention and treatment approaches for the cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddikuzzaman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology & Health Sciences, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore - 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
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CRABP1-reduced expression is associated with poorer prognosis in serous and clear cell ovarian adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:715-22. [PMID: 20571827 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE CRABP1 is a modulator of retinoic acid function. The aim of the present study was to investigate CRABP1 expression and its clinical significance in ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Expression of CRABP1 protein was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis in 100 ovarian carcinomas of various histological sub-types, including serous and clear cell adenocarcinomas. Relationship of CRABP1 expression to clinical features, including prognosis, was analyzed. RESULTS Reduced expression of CRABP1 protein was detected especially frequently in the serous and clear cell adenocarcinomas sub-types, 50% (20 of 40) and 38% (10 of 26) of cases, respectively. We found that in both serous and clear cell adenocarcinomas overall survival was significantly poorer in the cases with reduced CRABP1 expression compared to similar cases where expression was maintained, irrespective of the disease stage (P = 0.0073 and 0.049, respectively). Disease-free survival of the serous and clear cell adenocarcinoma cases with reduced CRABP1 expression was significantly poorer, compared to the cases whose CRABP1 expression was maintained (P = 0.024). Multivariate analysis showed that reduced expression of CRABP1 was a significantly important prognostic factor (adjusted hazard ratio: 8.189 (95% CI, 2.186-30.672, P = 0.0019)). CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to demonstrate that the reduced expression of CRABP1 has a potential as a prognostic marker for serous adenocarcinoma which is the most frequent histological ovarian tumor type and also for clear cell carcinoma that often exhibits chemo-resistance. Further study is necessary to clarify how CRABP1 protein expression was altered and how CRABP1 affects ovarian carcinoma cells.
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Ashla AA, Hoshikawa Y, Tsuchiya H, Hashiguchi K, Enjoji M, Nakamuta M, Taketomi A, Maehara Y, Shomori K, Kurimasa A, Hisatome I, Ito H, Shiota G. Genetic analysis of expression profile involved in retinoid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Res 2010; 40:594-604. [PMID: 20618457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2010.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been reported to be at greater risk for progression to chronic liver disease including liver cirrhosis (LC). To examine the mechanisms for the progression of NAFLD, a genetic analysis of hepatic expression profile in retinoid metabolism in NAFLD was performed since the loss of retinoid signaling is associated with the progression of liver disease via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. METHODS Fifty-one genes, which are associated with retinoid metabolism and action, were examined in thirty six subjects including 17 patients with simple steatosis, 11 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and eight controls were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical study was also done by 3 kinds of antibodies. RESULTS Higher expression of CRBP1 LRAT, DGT1/2 and CES1 in NAFLD suggests that mutual conversion between retinyl ester and retinal occurs actively. Expression of ADH1/2/3, RDH5/10/11, DHRS3 and RALDH1/3 was increased in NAFLD, suggesting that oxidation process from retinol to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was enhanced. Importantly, greater expression of CYP26A1 indicated that degradation of ATRA was enhanced in NAFLD. Further, expression of SOD1/2, catalase, thioredoxin and uncoupling protein 2 was also enhanced. CONCLUSION Hyperdynamic state of retinoid metabolism is present in the liver tissues with NAFLD, which may be a putative mechanism by which NAFLD progresses to chronic liver disease including LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Afida Ashla
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Manolescu DC, El-Kares R, Lakhal-Chaieb L, Montpetit A, Bhat PV, Goodyer P. Newborn serum retinoic acid level is associated with variants of genes in the retinol metabolism pathway. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:598-602. [PMID: 20308937 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181dcf18a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a critical regulator of gene expression during embryonic development. In rodents, moderate maternal vitamin A deficiency leads to subtle morphogenetic defects and inactivation of RA pathway genes causes major disturbances of embryogenesis. In this study, we quantified RA in umbilical cord blood of 145 healthy full-term Caucasian infants from Montreal. Sixty seven percent of values were <10 nmol/L (84 were <0.07 nmol/L) and 33% had moderate or high levels. Variation in RA could not be explained by parallel variation in its precursor, retinol (ROL). However, we found that the (A) allele of the rs12591551 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ALDH1A2 gene (ALDH1A2rs12591551(A)), occurring in 19% of newborns, was associated with 2.5-fold higher serum RA levels. ALDH1A2 encodes retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) 2, which synthesizes RA in fetal tissues. We also found that homozygosity for the (A) allele of the rs12724719 SNP in the CRABP2 gene (CRABP2rs12724719(A/A)) was associated with 4.4-fold increase in umbilical cord serum RA. CRABP2 facilitates RA binding to its cognate receptor complex and transfer to the nucleus. We hypothesize that individual variation in RA pathway genes may account for subtle variations in RA-dependent human embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Manolescu
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, and Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
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