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Hanada K. Lipid transfer proteins rectify inter-organelle flux and accurately deliver lipids at membrane contact sites. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1341-1366. [PMID: 29884707 PMCID: PMC6071762 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r085324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main center for the synthesis of various lipid types in cells, and newly synthesized lipids are delivered from the ER to other organelles. In the past decade, various lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) have been recognized as mediators of lipid transport from the ER to other organelles; inter-organelle transport occurs at membrane contact sites (MCSs) and in a nonvesicular manner. Although the intermembrane transfer reaction catalyzed by LTPs is an equilibrium reaction, various types of newly synthesized lipids are transported unidirectionally in cells. This review provides a brief history of the inter-organelle trafficking of lipids and summarizes the structural and biochemical characteristics of the ceramide transport protein (CERT) as a typical LTP acting at MCSs. In addition, this review compares several LTP-mediated inter-organelle lipid trafficking systems and proposes that LTPs generate unidirectional fluxes of specific lipids between different organelles by indirect coupling with the metabolic reactions that occur in specific organelles. Moreover, the available data also suggest that the major advantage of LTP-mediated lipid transport at MCSs may be the accuracy of delivery. Finally, how cholesterol is enriched in the plasma membrane is discussed from a thermodynamic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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2
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Tuuf J, Mattjus P. Membranes and mammalian glycolipid transferring proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 178:27-37. [PMID: 24220498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids are synthesized in and on various organelles throughout the cell. Their trafficking inside the cell is complex and involves both vesicular and protein-mediated machineries. Most important for the bulk lipid transport is the vesicular system, however, lipids moved by transfer proteins are also becoming more characterized. Here we review the latest advances in the glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) and the phosphoinositol 4-phosphate adaptor protein-2 (FAPP2) field, from a membrane point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tuuf
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter Mattjus
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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Samygina VR, Ochoa-Lizarralde B, Popov AN, Cabo-Bilbao A, Goni-de-Cerio F, Molotkovsky JG, Patel DJ, Brown RE, Malinina L. Structural insights into lipid-dependent reversible dimerization of human GLTP. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:603-16. [PMID: 23519669 PMCID: PMC3606038 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human glycolipid transfer protein (hsGLTP) forms the prototypical GLTP fold and is characterized by a broad transfer selectivity for glycosphingolipids (GSLs). The GLTP mutation D48V near the `portal entrance' of the glycolipid binding site has recently been shown to enhance selectivity for sulfatides (SFs) containing a long acyl chain. Here, nine novel crystal structures of hsGLTP and the SF-selective mutant complexed with short-acyl-chain monoSF and diSF in different crystal forms are reported in order to elucidate the potential functional roles of lipid-mediated homodimerization. In all crystal forms, the hsGLTP-SF complexes displayed homodimeric structures supported by similarly organized intermolecular interactions. The dimerization interface always involved the lipid sphingosine chain, the protein C-terminus (C-end) and α-helices 6 and 2, but the D48V mutant displayed a `locked' dimer conformation compared with the hinge-like flexibility of wild-type dimers. Differences in contact angles, areas and residues at the dimer interfaces in the `flexible' and `locked' dimers revealed a potentially important role of the dimeric structure in the C-end conformation of hsGLTP and in the precise positioning of the key residue of the glycolipid recognition centre, His140. ΔY207 and ΔC-end deletion mutants, in which the C-end is shifted or truncated, showed an almost complete loss of transfer activity. The new structural insights suggest that ligand-dependent reversible dimerization plays a role in the function of human GLTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R. Samygina
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | | | | | - Aintzane Cabo-Bilbao
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Felipe Goni-de-Cerio
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Julian G. Molotkovsky
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Dinshaw J. Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Lucy Malinina
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
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4
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Mattjus P. Glycolipid transfer proteins and membrane interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:267-72. [PMID: 19007748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycolipid transfer protein is found from animals and fungi to plants and red micro-alga. Some eukaryotes that do not encode the glucosylceramide synthase like the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae do neither produce glycolipid transfer like proteins. On the other hand yeast like Eremothecium gossypii that do synthesize glucosylceramide also express glycolipid transfer protein. Based on this novel genetic relationship it is not far fetched to assume that there must be a strong correlation between the synthesis of the glycolipid precursor and the glycolipid transfer protein. Because the glycolipid transfer protein is localized in the cytosol it is unlikely that it would participate in events associated with lipid rafts or caveolar structures, since they are found on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Rather, GLTP is likely to be involved in events at the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum, maybe function as a reporter or sensor of glycolipid levels. A similar function has been proposed for other proteins with affinity for lipids like the oxysterol binding proteins and phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins that are thought to be able act as lipid sensors. Recent discoveries in the glycolipid transfer protein field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mattjus
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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5
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Tuuf J, Mattjus P. Human glycolipid transfer protein—Intracellular localization and effects on the sphingolipid synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1353-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brown RE, Mattjus P. Glycolipid transfer proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:746-60. [PMID: 17320476 PMCID: PMC1986823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipid transfer proteins (GLTPs) are small (24 kDa), soluble, ubiquitous proteins characterized by their ability to accelerate the intermembrane transfer of glycolipids in vitro. GLTP specificity encompasses both sphingoid- and glycerol-based glycolipids, but with a strict requirement that the initial sugar residue be beta-linked to the hydrophobic lipid backbone. The 3D architecture of GLTP reveals liganded structures with unique lipid-binding modes. The biochemical properties of GLTP action at the membrane surface have been studied rather comprehensively, but the biological role of GLTP remains enigmatic. What is clear is that GLTP differs distinctly from other known glycolipid-binding proteins, such as nonspecific lipid transfer proteins, lysosomal sphingolipid activator proteins, lectins, lung surfactant proteins as well as other lipid-binding/transfer proteins. Based on the unique conformational architecture that targets GLTP to membranes and enables glycolipid binding, GLTP is now considered the prototypical and founding member of a new protein superfamily in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoderick E Brown
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota-Hormel Institute, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
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Airenne TT, Kidron H, Nymalm Y, Nylund M, West G, Mattjus P, Salminen TA. Structural Evidence for Adaptive Ligand Binding of Glycolipid Transfer Protein. J Mol Biol 2006; 355:224-36. [PMID: 16309699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids participate in many important cellular processes and they are bound and transferred with high specificity by glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP). We have solved three different X-ray structures of bovine GLTP at 1.4 angstroms, 1.6 angstroms and 1.8 angstroms resolution, all with a bound fatty acid or glycolipid. The 1.4 angstroms structure resembles the recently characterized apo-form of the human GLTP but the other two structures represent an intermediate conformation of the apo-GLTPs and the human lactosylceramide-bound GLTP structure. These novel structures give insight into the mechanism of lipid binding and how GLTP may conformationally adapt to different lipids. Furthermore, based on the structural comparison of the GLTP structures and the three-dimensional models of the related Podospora anserina HET-C2 and Arabidopsis thaliana accelerated cell death protein, ACD11, we give structural explanations for their specific lipid binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi T Airenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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Cozier GE, Carlton J, Bouyoucef D, Cullen PJ. Membrane targeting by pleckstrin homology domains. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004; 282:49-88. [PMID: 14594214 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18805-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are small modular domains that occur once, or occasionally several times, in a large variety of signalling proteins. In a number of instances, PH domains act to target their host protein to the cytosolic face of cellular membranes through an ability to associate with phosphoinositides. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PH domain function. In particular we describe the structural aspects of how PH domains have evolved to bind various phosphoinositides, how PH domains regulate phosphoinositide-mediated association to plasma and internals membranes, and finally raise the issue of PH domains in protein:protein interactions and the allosteric regulation of their host protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Cozier
- Inositide Group, Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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9
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Levine TP, Munro S. Targeting of Golgi-specific pleckstrin homology domains involves both PtdIns 4-kinase-dependent and -independent components. Curr Biol 2002; 12:695-704. [PMID: 12007412 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoinositides are required for the recruitment of many proteins to both the plasma membrane and the endosome; however, their role in protein targeting to other organelles is less clear. The pleckstrin homology (PH) domains of oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and its relatives have been shown to bind to the Golgi apparatus in yeast and mammalian cells. Previous in vitro binding studies identified phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) (4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P(2) as candidate ligands, but it is not known which is recognized in vivo and whether phosphoinositide specificity can account for Golgi-specific targeting. RESULTS We have examined the distribution of GFP fusions to the PH domain of OSBP and to related PH domains in yeast strains carrying mutations in individual phosphoinositide kinases. We find that Golgi targeting requires the activity of the PtdIns 4-kinase Pik1p but not phosphorylation of PtdIns at the 3 or 5 positions and that a PH domain specific for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is targeted exclusively to the plasma membrane. However, a mutant version of the OSBP PH domain that does not bind phosphoinositides in vitro still shows some targeting in vivo. This targeting is independent of Pik1p but dependent on the Golgi GTPase Arf1p. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylation of PtdIns at the 4 position but not conversion to PtdIns(4,5)P(2) contributes to recruitment of PH domains to the Golgi apparatus. However, potential phosphoinositide ligands for these PH domains are not restricted to the Golgi, and the OSBP PH domain also recognizes a second determinant that is ARF dependent, indicating that organelle specificity reflects a combinatorial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Levine
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sillence
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Saupe SJ. Molecular genetics of heterokaryon incompatibility in filamentous ascomycetes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000; 64:489-502. [PMID: 10974123 PMCID: PMC99001 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.64.3.489-502.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi spontaneously undergo vegetative cell fusion events within but also between individuals. These cell fusions (anastomoses) lead to cytoplasmic mixing and to the formation of vegetative heterokaryons (i.e., cells containing different nuclear types). The viability of these heterokaryons is genetically controlled by specific loci termed het loci (for heterokaryon incompatibility). Heterokaryotic cells formed between individuals of unlike het genotypes undergo a characteristic cell death reaction or else are severely inhibited in their growth. The biological significance of this phenomenon remains a puzzle. Heterokaryon incompatibility genes have been proposed to represent a vegetative self/nonself recognition system preventing heterokaryon formation between unlike individuals to limit horizontal transfer of cytoplasmic infectious elements. Molecular characterization of het genes and of genes participating in the incompatibility reaction has been achieved for two ascomycetes, Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina. These analyses have shown that het genes are diverse in sequence and do not belong to a gene family and that at least some of them perform cellular functions in addition to their role in incompatibility. Divergence between the different allelic forms of a het gene is generally extensive, but single-amino-acid differences can be sufficient to trigger incompatibility. In some instances het gene evolution appears to be driven by positive selection, which suggests that the het genes indeed represent recognition systems. However, work on nonallelic incompatibility systems in P. anserina suggests that incompatibility might represent an accidental activation of a cellular system controlling adaptation to starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Saupe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Champignons, IBGC UMR CNRS 5095, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Rogers DP, Bankaitis VA. Phospholipid transfer proteins and physiological functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2000; 197:35-81. [PMID: 10761115 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)97002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Issues of how cells generate and maintain unique lipid compositions in distinct intracellular membrane systems remain the subject of much study. A ubiquitous class of soluble proteins capable of transporting phospholipid monomers from membrane to membrane across an aqueous milieu has been thought to define part of the mechanism by which lipids are sorted in cells. Progress in the study of these phospholipid transfer proteins (PLTPs) raises questions regarding their physiological functions in cells and the mechanisms by which these proteins execute them. It is now clear that across the eukaryotic kingdom, members of this protein family exert essential roles in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism and central aspects of phospholipid-mediated signaling. Indeed, it is now known that dysfunction of specific PLTPs defines the basis of inherited diseases in mammals, and this list is expected to grow. Phospholipid transfer proteins, their biochemical properties, and the emerging clues regarding their physiological functions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Rogers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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Lin X, Mattjus P, Pike HM, Windebank AJ, Brown RE. Cloning and expression of glycolipid transfer protein from bovine and porcine brain. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:5104-10. [PMID: 10671554 PMCID: PMC2621014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.7.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) is a small (23-24 kDa), basic protein (pI congruent with 9.0) that accelerates the intermembrane transfer of various glycolipids. Here, we report the first cloning of cDNAs that encode the bovine and porcine GLTPs. The cDNA open reading frame for bovine GLTP was constructed by bridge-overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after obtaining partial coding cDNA clones by hot start, seminested, and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR. The cDNA open reading frame for porcine GLTP was constructed by reverse transcriptase-PCR. The encoded amino acid sequences in the full-length bovine and porcine cDNAs were identical, consisting of 209 amino acid residues, and were nearly the same as the published sequence determined by Edman degradation. The cDNA encoded one additional amino acid at the N terminus (methionine), arginine at positions 10 and 200 instead of lysine, and threonine at position 65 instead of alanine. Expression of GLTP-cDNA in Escherichia coli using pGEX-6P-1 vector resulted in glutathione S-transferase (GST)-GLTP fusion protein. Regulation of growth and induction conditions led to approximately 50% of expressed fusion protein being soluble and active. Proteolytic cleavage of GST-GLTP fusion protein (bound to GST-Sepharose) and affinity purification resulted in fully active GLTP. Northern blot analyses of bovine tissues showed a single transcript of approximately 2.2 kilobases and the following hierarchy of mRNA levels: cerebrum > kidney > spleen congruent with lung congruent with cerebellum > liver > heart muscle. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses of mRNA levels supported the Northern blot results.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lin
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
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Abstract
The thin membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum matures into the thick plasma membrane in the Golgi apparatus. Along the way, the concentrations of cholesterol and sphingolipids increase. Here, Gerrit van Meer discusses how this phenomenon may reflect an intricate lipid-protein sorting machinery. Synthesis of sphingolipids, translocation across the Golgi membrane and lateral segregation into lumenal domains seem to be key events. In addition, signalling lipids indicate the lipid status of the Golgi and interact with proteins of the transport machinery to regulate membrane flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Meer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Dept of Cell Biology and Histology, The Netherlands.
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Vos JP, Lopes-Cardozo M, Gadella BM. Metabolic and functional aspects of sulfogalactolipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1211:125-49. [PMID: 8117740 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Vos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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