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Chen Y, Wang X, Ji N, Fang Q, Chang X, Liu M. Case report: Comprehensive exploration of a novel PFKM mutation in glycogen storage disease Type VII. Front Genet 2024; 15:1422908. [PMID: 39156960 PMCID: PMC11327043 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1422908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII (GSD VII) is a rare glycogen metabolism disorder resulting from mutations in the PFKM gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It is characterized by exercise intolerance, muscle cramps, myoglobinuria, compensatory hemolysis, and later onset de novo myasthenia and mild myopathy, contributing to its clinical heterogeneity and diagnostic challenges. Here, we report a rare case of a 17-year-old Chinese woman exhibiting substantial muscle weakness and compensated hemolysis. Muscle biopsies showed glycogen deposition, and blood tests showed hyperuricemia and significantly elevated creatine kinase. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) identified two compound heterozygous mutations in the PFKM (NM_000289.6) gene: c.626G>A and c.1376G>A in exons 7 and 15, respectively. According to the clinical presentation, diagnostic examination, and WES results, the patient was finally diagnosed with GSDVII. The discovery of these two new PFKM mutations expands the genetic spectrum, and understanding the clinical manifestations of these mutations is critical to preventing diagnostic delays and timely intervention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meirong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Lucia A, Martinuzzi A, Nogales-Gadea G, Quinlivan R, Reason S. Clinical practice guidelines for glycogen storage disease V & VII (McArdle disease and Tarui disease) from an international study group. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:1296-1310. [PMID: 34848128 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) and Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12', PaHerg group), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Camí de les Escoles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ros Quinlivan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Stacey Reason
- International Association for Muscle Glycogen Storage Disease, California, USA.
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Drouet A, Zagnoli F, Fassier T, Rannou F, Baverel F, Piraud M, Bahuau M, Petit F, Streichenberger N, Marcorelles P, Vital Durand D. [Exercise-induced muscle pain due to phosphofrutokinase deficiency: Diagnostic contribution of metabolic explorations (exercise tests, 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy)]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:613-24. [PMID: 24011984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency, the seventh member of the glycogen storage diseases family, is also called Tarui's disease (GSD VII). METHODS We studied two patients in two unrelated families with Tarui's disease, analyzing clinical features, CK level, EMG, muscle biopsy findings and molecular genetics features. Metabolic muscle explorations (forearm ischemic exercise test [FIET]; bicycle ergometer exercise test [EE]; 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of calf muscle [31P-NMR-S]) are performed as appropriate. RESULTS Two patients, a 47-year-old man and a 38-year-old woman, complained of exercise-induced fatigue since childhood. The neurological examination was normal or showed light weakness. Laboratory studies showed increased CPK, serum uric acid and reticulocyte count without anemia. There was no increase in the blood lactate level during the FIET or the EE although there was a light increase in the respiratory exchange ratio during the EE. 31P-NMR-S revealed no intracellular acidification or accumulated intermediates such as phosphorylated monoesters (PME) known to be pathognomic for GSD VII. Two new mutations were identified. DISCUSSION FIET and EE were non-contributive to diagnosis, but 31P-NMR provided a characteristic spectra of Tarui's disease, in agreement with phosphofructokinase activity level in erythrocytes. Muscle biopsy does not always provide useful information for diagnosis. In these two cases, genetic studies failed to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation. CONCLUSION The search for phosphofructokinase deficiency should be continued throughout life in adults experiencing fatigability or weakness because of the severe disability for daily life activities caused by the late onset form.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drouet
- Service de neurologie, HIA Desgenettes, 108, boulevard Pinel, 69275 Lyon cedex 3, France.
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Brüser A, Kirchberger J, Schöneberg T. Altered allosteric regulation of muscle 6-phosphofructokinase causes Tarui disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:133-7. [PMID: 22995305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tarui disease is a glycogen storage disease (GSD VII) and characterized by exercise intolerance with muscle weakness and cramping, mild myopathy, myoglobinuria and compensated hemolysis. It is caused by mutations in the muscle 6-phosphofructokinase (Pfk). Pfk is an oligomeric, allosteric enzyme which catalyzes one of the rate-limiting steps of the glycolysis: the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate at position 1. Pfk activity is modulated by a number of regulators including adenine nucleotides. Recent crystal structures from eukaryotic Pfk displayed several allosteric adenine nucleotide binding sites. Functional studies revealed a reciprocal linkage between the activating and inhibitory allosteric binding sites. Herein, we showed that Asp(543)Ala, a naturally occurring disease-causing mutation in the activating binding site, causes an increased efficacy of ATP at the inhibitory allosteric binding site. The reciprocal linkage between the activating and inhibitory binding sites leads to reduced enzyme activity and therefore to the clinical phenotype. Pharmacological blockage of the inhibitory allosteric binding site or highly efficient ligands for the activating allosteric binding site may be of therapeutic relevance for patients with Tarui disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Brüser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Volpi L, Ricci G, Orsucci D, Alessi R, Bertolucci F, Piazza S, Simoncini C, Mancuso M, Siciliano G. Metabolic myopathies: functional evaluation by different exercise testing approaches. Musculoskelet Surg 2011; 95:59-67. [PMID: 21373907 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-011-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic myopathies are a clinically and etiologically heterogeneous group of disorders due to defects in muscular energy metabolism. They include glycogen storage diseases, fatty acid oxidation defects, and mitochondrial disorders. The typical manifestations of a metabolic myopathy are exercise-induced myalgias, exercise intolerance, and cramps. Evaluating subjects with such symptoms is not easy because of the frequent lack of clinical features. Exercise tests are, therefore, reliable screening tools. Here, we discuss the possible role of such exercise testing techniques in the diagnostic approach of a patient with suspected metabolic myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Volpi
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Ghahramani Seno MM, Trollet C, Athanasopoulos T, Graham IR, Hu P, Dickson G. Transcriptomic analysis of dystrophin RNAi knockdown reveals a central role for dystrophin in muscle differentiation and contractile apparatus organization. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:345. [PMID: 20515474 PMCID: PMC2890566 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DMD has a complex and as yet incompletely defined molecular pathophysiology hindering development of effective ameliorative approaches. Transcriptomic studies so far conducted on dystrophic cells and tissues suffer from non-specific changes and background noise due to heterogeneous comparisons and secondary pathologies. A study design in which a perfectly matched control cell population is used as reference for transcriptomic studies will give a much more specific insight into the effects of dystrophin deficiency and DMD pathophysiology. RESULTS Using RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down dystrophin in myotubes from C57BL10 mice, we created a homogenous model to study the transcriptome of dystrophin-deficient myotubes. We noted significant differences in the global gene expression pattern between these myotubes and their matched control cultures. In particular, categorical analyses of the dysregulated genes demonstrated significant enrichment of molecules associated with the components of muscle cell contractile unit, ion channels, metabolic pathways and kinases. Additionally, some of the dysregulated genes could potentially explain conditions and endophenotypes associated with dystrophin deficiency, such as dysregulation of calcium homeostasis (Pvalb and Casq1), or cardiomyopathy (Obscurin, Tcap). In addition to be validated by qPCR, our data gains another level of validity by affirmatively reproducing several independent studies conducted previously at genes and/or protein levels in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that in striated muscles, dystrophin is involved in orchestrating proper development and organization of myofibers as contractile units, depicting a novel pathophysiology for DMD where the absence of dystrophin results in maldeveloped myofibers prone to physical stress and damage. Therefore, it becomes apparent that any gene therapy approaches for DMD should target early stages in muscle development to attain a maximum clinical benefit. With a clear and specific definition of the transcriptome of dystrophin deficiency, manipulation of identified dysregulated molecules downstream of dystrophin may lead to novel ameliorative approaches for DMD.
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Dimauro S, Akman O, Hays AP. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 86:167-82. [PMID: 18808999 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)86007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are characterized by abnormal inherited glycogen metabolism in the liver, muscle, and brain and divided into types 0 to X. GSD type I, glucose 6-phosphatase system, has types Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id, glucose 6-phosphatase, glucose 6-phosphate translocase, pyrophosphate translocase, and glucose translocase deficiencies, respectively. GSD type II is caused by defective lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (GAA), subdivided into 4 onset forms. GSD type III, amylo-1,6-glucosidase deficiency, is subdivided into 6 forms. GSD type IV, Andersen disease or amylopectinosis, is caused by deficiency of the glycogen-branching enzyme in numerous forms. GSD type V, McArdle disease or muscle phosphorylase deficiency, is divided into 2 forms. GSD type VI is characterized by liver phosphorylase deficiency. GSD type VII, phosphofructokinase deficiency, has 2 subtypes. GSD types VIa, VIII, IX, or X are supposedly caused by tissue-specific phosphorylase kinase deficiency. GSD type 0, glycogen synthase deficiency, is divided into 2 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon S Shin
- University Childrens' Hospital and Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Laboratory, Munich, Germany.
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Fujii H, Miwa S. Other erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies associated with non-haematological symptoms: phosphoglycerate kinase and phosphofructokinase deficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2000; 13:141-8. [PMID: 10916683 DOI: 10.1053/beha.1999.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) deficiency is associated with hereditary haemolytic anaemia and often with central nervous system dysfunction and/or myopathy. Twenty-three families have been discovered with this condition. Nine have manifested both symptoms, six only haemolysis, and seven central nervous system dysfunction and/or myopathy without haemolysis; one case is asymptomatic. Among them, the structural abnormalities of 14 mutants, including 11 missense mutations, 1 gene deletion, 1 gene insertion, and 1 splicing mutation, have been identified. The correlation between the phenotypic and structural differences in PGK deficiency remains to be defined. Splenectomy obviates transfusion in most patients but does not correct the haemolytic disorder. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency is associated with myopathy and/or haemolysis. More than half reported had the typical features of glycogen storage disease type VII (Tarui disease). The other cases exhibited myopathy alone, haemolytic anaemia alone, or no clinical symptom at all. Eight missense, 1 nonsense, 1 frameshift and 5 splicing mutations have been determined in the PFK-M gene. In classic PFK-M deficiency, the avoidance of undue exertion is the key to prevent muscle symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujii
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
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Abstract
The glycogen storage myopathies are caused by enzyme defects in the glycogenolytic or in the glycolytic pathway affecting skeletal muscle alone or in conjunction with other tissues. The authors review recent findings in this area, including a new entity, aldolase deficiency, and the wealth of molecular genetic data that are rapidly accumulating. Despite this progress, genotype-phenotyp3 correlations are still murky in most glycogen storage myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Section Chief, Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Red blood cell enzyme activities are measured mainly to diagnose hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with enzyme anomalies. At least 15 enzyme anomalies associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia have been reported. Some nonhematologic disease can also be diagnosed by the measurement of red blood cell enzyme activities in the case in which enzymes of red blood cells and the other organs are under the same genetic control. Progress in molecular biology has provided a new perspective. Techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis have greatly facilitated the molecular analysis of erythroenzymopathies. These studies have clarified the correlation between the functional and structural abnormalities of the variant enzymes. In general, the mutations that induce an alteration of substrate binding site and/or enzyme instability might result in markedly altered enzyme properties and severe clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujii
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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Kojima T, Horiuchi T, Nishizaka H, Fukumori Y, Amano T, Nagasawa K, Niho Y, Hayashi K. Genetic Basis of Human Complement C8α-γ Deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Deficiency of the α-γ subunit of the eighth component of complement (C8α-γD) is frequently associated with recurrent neisserial infections, especially meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. We here report the molecular basis of C8α-γD in two unrelated Japanese subjects. Screening all 11 exons of the C8α gene and all 7 exons of the C8γ gene and their boundaries by exon-specific PCR/single-strand conformation polymorphism demonstrated aberrant single-stranded DNA fragments in exon 2 of C8α gene in case 1 and in exons 2 and 9 of C8α gene in case 2. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplified DNA fragments in case 1 revealed a homozygous single-point mutation at the second exon-intron boundary, inactivating the universally conserved 5′ splice site consensus sequence of the second intron (IVS2+1G→T). Case 2 was a compound heterozygote for the splice junction mutation, IVS2+1G→T, and a nonsense mutation at Arg394 (R394X). R394X was caused by a C to T transition at nucleotide 1407, the first nucleotide of the codon CGA for Arg394, leading to a stop codon TGA. No mutations were detected in the C8γ gene by our method. Our results indicate that the pathogenesis of C8α-γD might be caused by heterogeneous molecular defects in the C8α gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kojima
- *First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- *First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishizaka
- *First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Fukumori
- †Department of Research, Osaka Red Cross Blood Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuki Amano
- ‡Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kohei Nagasawa
- §Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiyuki Niho
- *First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- ¶Institute of Genetic Information, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bruno C, Manfredi G, Andreu AL, Shanske S, Krishna S, Ilse WK, DiMauro S. A splice junction mutation in the alpha(M) gene of phosphorylase kinase in a patient with myopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 249:648-51. [PMID: 9731190 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a 28-year-old man with myopathy and phosphorylase kinase (PhK) deficiency, we found a G-to-C substitution at the 5' end of an intron in the muscle-specific alpha-subunit gene. The mutation destroys the high-consensus GT sequences at the 5' splice junction of the intron, which causes skipping of the preceding exon. This is the second molecular genetic defect identified in the myopathic variant of PhK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bruno
- H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Center for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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15
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Smith BF, Stedman H, Rajpurohit Y, Henthorn PS, Wolfe JH, Patterson DF, Giger U. Molecular basis of canine muscle type phosphofructokinase deficiency. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:20070-4. [PMID: 8702726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.33.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle type phosphofructokinase (M-PFK) deficiency is a rare inherited glycogen storage disease in humans that causes exertional myopathy and hemolysis. The molecular basis of canine M-PFK deficiency, the only naturally occurring animal homologue, was investigated. Lack of M-PFK enzyme activity was caused by a nonsense mutation in the penultimate exon of the M-PFK gene, leading to rapid degradation of a truncated (40 amino acids) and therefore unstable M-PFK protein. A polymerase chain reaction-based test was devised to identify M-PFK-deficient and carrier animals. This represents one of only a few inborn errors of metabolism where the molecular defect has been identified in a large animal model which can now be used to develop and assess novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Smith
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6010, USA
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Schliselfeld LH, Danon MJ. Use of fructose-2,6-diphosphate to assay for phosphofructokinase activity in human muscle. Clin Biochem 1996; 29:79-83. [PMID: 8929829 DOI: 10.1016/0009-9120(95)02005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use fructose-2,6-diphosphate (fru-2,6-P2) for measuring phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity in muscles. DESIGN AND METHODS PFK activity was measured at 2 mmol/L MgCl2 and 5 mmol/L adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (mol/L MgCl2:mol/L ATP 0.4) without and with fru-2,6-P2. RESULTS Human muscle extracts had little PFK activity when assayed at mol/L MgCl2:mol/L ATP of 0.4 to 0.78 without fru-2,6-P2; 1.83 +/- 0.91 units/g muscle. Addition of fru-2,6-P2 produced an immediate 20- to 57-fold increase in activity; 52.8 +/- 12.5 units/g muscle. Raising the mol/L ratio of MgCl2 to ATP to 0.87 and higher without fru-2,6-P2 produced 34%-76% of the PFK activity seen with fru-2,6-P2. A PFK deficiency patient had a trace of activity, which was independent of mol/L MgCl2:mol/L ATP and not activated by fru-2,6-P2. CONCLUSION The almost complete absence of activity without fru-2,6-P2 at 0.40 mol/L MgCl2:mol/L ATP, and the restoration of maximum activity by fru-2,6-P2 provides an assay for verified PFK activity that could lead to a more accurate diagnosis in patients with PFK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Schliselfeld
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Miwa S, Fujii H. Molecular basis of erythroenzymopathies associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia: tabulation of mutant enzymes. Am J Hematol 1996; 51:122-32. [PMID: 8579052 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199602)51:2<122::aid-ajh5>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular abnormalities of erythroenzymopathies associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia have been determined by means of molecular biology. Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is the most common and well-characterized enzyme deficiency in the glycolytic pathway, and it causes hereditary hemolytic anemia. To date, 47 gene mutations have been identified. We identified one base deletion, one splicing mutation, and six distinct missense mutations in 12 unrelated families with a homozygous PK deficiency. Mutations located near the substrate or fructose-1,6- diphosphate binding site may change the conformation of the active site, resulting in a drastic loss of activity and severe clinical symptoms. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)deficiency is the most common metabolic disorder, and it is associated with chronic hemolytic anemia and/or drug- or infection-induced acute hemolytic attack. An estimated 400 million people are affected worldwide. The mutations responsible for about 78 variants have been determined. Some have polymorphic frequencies in different populations. Most variants are produced by one or two nucleotide substitutions. Molecular studies have disclosed that most of the class 1 G6PD variants associated with chronic hemolysis have the mutations surrounding either the substrate or the NADP binding site. Among rare enzymopathies, missense mutations have been determined in deficiencies of glucosephosphate isomerase, (TPI), phosphoglycerate kinase, and adenylate kinase. Compound heterozygosity with missense mutation and base deletion has been determined in deficiencies of hexokinase and diphosphoglyceromutase. Compound heterozygosity with missense and nonsense mutations has been identified in TPI deficiency. One base junction mutations resulting in abnormally spliced PFK-M mRNA have been identified in homozygous PFK deficiency. An exception is hemolytic anemia due to increased adenosine deaminase activity. The basic abnormality appears to result from the overproduction of a structurally normal enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miwa
- Okinawa Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The hereditary red cell enzymopathies are an uncommon but important cause of chronic haemolytic anaemia. Their clinical diversity is mirrored by increasingly evident heterogeneity at the molecular level. The structure, function, and expression of the genes encoding red cell enzymes and the nature of the gene defects in the deficient state are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arya
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Nakajima H, Hamaguchi T, Yamasaki T, Tarui S. Phosphofructokinase deficiency: recent advances in molecular biology. Muscle Nerve 1995; 3:S28-34. [PMID: 7603524 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a major role in glycolysis. Deficiency of PFK-M is characterized by muscle weakness due to fuel crisis in exercising muscles. To elucidate the gene defect of PFK-deficient patients, we have cloned and determined the complete structure and transcription mechanism of human PFK-M mRNA and gene. Molecular defects were investigated in three unrelated Japanese family cases. The first case was characterized by a point mutation at the donor site of intron 15 of the PFK-M gene. Cryptic splicing resulted in a 25 amino acid truncation in the patient's PFK-M. The second case possessed a point mutation at the donor site of intron 19, resulting in the skipping of exon 19 and the truncation of 55 amino acids. In the third case, a missense mutation was identified in the coding region. The review of an updated mutation repertoire indicates the heterogeneity of the molecular mechanism of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakajima
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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Tarui S. Glycolytic defects in muscle: aspects of collaboration between basic science and clinical medicine. Muscle Nerve 1995; 3:S2-9. [PMID: 7603522 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The molecular heterogeneities of enzyme abnormality have been identified successfully since 1990 for major clinical entities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic defects in skeletal muscle. The interchange between clinical medicine and basic science, which enabled these achievements, has a long history. This review introduces several important examples of this interchange, which has borne much fruit in the comprehensive understanding of glycogenolysis-glycolysis in skeletal muscle and the related defects that cause various metabolic diseases. For instance, the presence of "glycogen synthase" was mainly suggested by the pathophysiology of McArdle's disease. Clinical manifestations of muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency have indicated that there could be PFK isozymes under separate genetic control. Although glycolysis is a unidirectional pathway, enzyme defects at each step do not necessarily cause similar manifestations. Glycogen accumulation is mostly associated with enzyme defects in glycogenolysis and in the first stage of glycolysis. Since the original report of phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency in 1981, no newly recognized glycolytic defects have been presented. Glycolytic steps for which no enzyme deficiency has been identified seem to provide another important impetus for further study of "fail-safe" mechanisms in regard to monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tarui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Otemae Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Nakagawa C, Mineo I, Kaido M, Fujimura H, Shimizu T, Hamaguchi T, Nakajima H, Tarui S. A new variant case of muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency, coexisting with gastric ulcer, gouty arthritis, and increased hemolysis. Muscle Nerve 1995; 3:S39-44. [PMID: 7603526 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency includes both clinically and genetically heterogeneous conditions. A 22-year-old man with muscle PFK deficiency due to previously unrecognized mutation was admitted because of gastric ulcer. He had noticed mild fatigability on vigorous exercise, but had never experienced painful cramps and myoglobinuria. His history included five time relapses of gastric ulcer and gouty arthritis at ages 19 and 21 years. His laboratory data showing impaired muscle glycolysis, increased hemolysis, and myogenic hyperuricemia had aspects in common with those reported for the classic form of this disease, except that lactate concentrations in his blood increased considerably after exercise. The mutant PFK enzyme of this patient, who was demonstrated to have a missense mutation, could exert some catalytic activity that permitted glycolytic flux in vivo, thus leading to the absence of typical myopathic symptoms. The association of relapsing gastric ulcer with muscle PFK deficiency was detected for the first time. There is a possibility that oxygen radical-induced tissue damage resulting from increased hypoxanthine on exertion plays a role in the pathogenesis of ulceration, since the patient is more tolerant to exercise than reported cases with the classic form of muscle PFK deficiency.
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22
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Abstract
Mutations in the muscle phosphofructokinase gene (PFK-M) result in a metabolic myopathy characterized by exercise intolerance and compensated hemolysis. PFK deficiency, glycogenosis type VII (Tarui disease) is a rare, autosomal, recessively inherited disorder. Multiple mutations, including splicing defects, frameshifts, and missense mutations, have recently been identified in patients from six different ethnic backgrounds establishing genetic heterogeneity of the disease. There is no obvious correlation between the genotype and phenotypic expression of the disease. PFK-M deficiency appears to be prevalent among people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Molecular diagnosis is now feasible for Ashkenazi patients who share two common mutations in the gene; the more frequent is an exon 5 splicing defect, which accounts for approximately 68% of mutant alleles in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raben
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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23
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DiMauro S, Tsujino S, Shanske S, Rowland LP. Biochemistry and molecular genetics of human glycogenoses: an overview. Muscle Nerve 1995; 3:S10-7. [PMID: 7603508 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S DiMauro
- H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Center for Muscular Dystrophy, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Raben N, Sherman JB, Adams E, Nakajima H, Argov Z, Plotz P. Various classes of mutations in patients with phosphofructokinase deficiency (Tarui's disease). Muscle Nerve 1995; 3:S35-8. [PMID: 7603525 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK-M) deficiency (glycogenosis type VII, Tarui's disease) is characterized by intolerance to vigorous exercise, often accompanied by myoglobinuria. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The clinical manifestations are similar to those in myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease), and the diagnosis required demonstration of the enzyme defect in muscle biopsy. In the Western hemisphere PFK deficiency appears to be prevalent among people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. To define the molecular basis of this myopathy, we have studied 11 Ashkenazi and 2 non-Ashkenazi families with the disease. Ashkenazi patients share two common pathogenic mutations, a splicing defect and a nucleotide deletion, which account for approximately 95% of mutant alleles. The molecular diagnosis is now possible in this population by using simple PCR-based tests to screen for these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raben
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Abstract
Genes encoding phosphofructokinases (PFK) from Escherichia coli and from the human muscle were expressed in PFK-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of an inducible GAL1 promoter. They restored PFK activity under inducing conditions and complemented the galactose-negative growth phenotype of the recipient strains. The PFK enzymes expressed appear to be stable in yeast. The human muscle enzyme crossreacts with specific antibodies and shows the expected subunit size. As expected, its activity can be activated by fructose-2,6- bisphosphate, in contrast to the bacterial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Heinisch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Matsuo T, Osumi-Yamashita N, Noji S, Ohuchi H, Koyama E, Myokai F, Matsuo N, Taniguchi S, Doi H, Iseki S. A mutation in the Pax-6 gene in rat small eye is associated with impaired migration of midbrain crest cells. Nat Genet 1993; 3:299-304. [PMID: 7981749 DOI: 10.1038/ng0493-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The rat small eye strain (rSey) lacks eyes and nose in the homozygote, and is similar to the mouse Sey strain with mutations in the Pax-6 gene. We isolated Pax-6 cDNA clones from an rSey homozygote library, and found an internal deletion of about 600 basepairs in the serine/threonine-rich domain. At the genomic level, a single base (G) insertion in an exon generates an abnormal 5' donor splice site, thereby producing the truncated mRNA. Anterior midbrain crest cells in the homozygous rSey embryos reached the eye rudiments but did not migrate any further to the nasal rudiments, suggesting that the Pax-6 gene is involved in conducting migration of neural crest cells from the anterior midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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27
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A 5' splice junction mutation leading to exon deletion in an Ashkenazic Jewish family with phosphofructokinase deficiency (Tarui disease). J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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28
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Netzer KO, Pullig O, Frei U, Zhou J, Tryggvason K, Weber M. COL4A5 splice site mutation and alpha 5(IV) collagen mRNA in Alport syndrome. Kidney Int 1993; 43:486-92. [PMID: 8441246 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1993.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutations affecting the COL4A5 gene encoding the alpha 5 chain of type IV collagen, are involved in the pathogenesis of X-linked Alport syndrome. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to screen PCR amplified exons of COL4A5 for point mutations in a set of 18 Alport patients previously characterized by Southern blotting. One sequence variant was identified in the exon 38 region of a male Alport patient. Sequence analysis revealed a G to C transversion in the 5' intron splice donor site downstream from exon 38 (GT to CT). To determine the effect of the mutation on mRNA splicing, alpha 5(IV) cDNA was generated from total RNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Subsequent cDNA PCR yielded a product 81 base pairs shorter in the affected Alport patient, compared to normal controls. The absence of exon 38 from the alpha 5(IV) cDNA was confirmed by sequence analysis. The results demonstrated that the mutation leads to skipping of exon 38 in the processing of alpha 5(IV) pre-mRNA. The shortened transcript lacked 27 codons encoding a Gly-X-Y-repeat sequence with a preserved reading frame, enabling the translation of codons further downstream. Clinically, the patient presented with juvenile onset Alport syndrome, end-stage renal failure, and deafness. He had no ocular lesions. Typical ultrastructural changes of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were shown on electron microscopy. The patient developed anti-GBM antibodies after renal transplantation, however, renal function deteriorated only moderately.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Netzer
- Medizinische Klinik IV mit Poliklinik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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29
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Fothergill-Gilmore LA, Michels PA. Evolution of glycolysis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 59:105-235. [PMID: 8426905 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(93)90001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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30
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Brumback RA, Feeback DL, Leech RW. Rhabdomyolysis in childhood. A primer on normal muscle function and selected metabolic myopathies characterized by disordered energy production. Pediatr Clin North Am 1992; 39:821-58. [PMID: 1635808 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with rhabdomyolysis present an important clinical problem. In acute episodes immediate treatment may be necessary to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of affected patients necessitates an understanding of basic muscle pathophysiology and of the variety of disturbances that can interfere with muscle energy metabolism. The physician must then pursue a systematic stepwise evaluation (Table 6) that includes obtaining relevant history and laboratory studies, as well as arranging for appropriate provocative testing and muscle biopsy. Once the diagnosis is established, patient and family counseling is necessary, particularly in genetic disorders. Unfortunately, specific therapies have not proven entirely successful, and treatment generally has been directed at reducing the severity of rhabdomyolytic episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Brumback
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
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31
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Vaisanen PA, Reddy GR, Sharma PM, Kohani R, Johnson JL, Raney AK, Babior BM, McLachlan A. Cloning and characterization of the human muscle phosphofructokinase gene. DNA Cell Biol 1992; 11:461-70. [PMID: 1388024 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1992.11.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 35-kbp region of genomic DNA encoding the human muscle phosphofructokinase (HPFK-M) gene including all of the coding exons (1-22) plus 2.2-kbp of 5'-flanking sequence has been cloned. The exon boundaries are the same as has been observed for the rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (RPFK-M), the human liver phosphofructokinase (HPFK-L), and the mouse liver phosphofructokinase (MPFK-L) genes. Characterization of the structure of the HPFK-M gene and its transcript in Epstein-Barr virus transformed B-cell lines derived from patients with glycogen storage disease type VII (GSDVII or Tarui's disease) demonstrated that this single-copy gene encodes a normal sized 3.0-kb transcript in the four cases examined. This suggests the lesion in these cases represents either a point mutation or possibly a small insertion or deletion resulting in the synthesis of a defective HPFK-M protein. Analysis of the 5'-flanking region demonstrated the presence of a functional promoter located within 114 nucleotides of a proposed transcription initiation site. This promoter was active in the human cervical carcinoma cell line, HeLa S3, the dedifferentiated human hepatoma cell line, HepG2.1, and the mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12, suggesting this promoter has a broad cell-type specificity. In addition, from the known HPFK-M cDNA sequences, this observation indicates that the HPFK-M gene has a second promoter located upstream from the genomic region isolated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Vaisanen
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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32
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Sakuraba H, Eng CM, Desnick RJ, Bishop DF. Invariant exon skipping in the human alpha-galactosidase A pre-mRNA: Ag+1 to t substitution in a 5'-splice site causing Fabry disease. Genomics 1992; 12:643-50. [PMID: 1315304 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease, an inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism, results from lesions in the X-linked gene encoding the human lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22). To detect alpha-galactosidase A RNA processing or stability defects causing Fabry disease, Northern hybridization analyses were performed with poly(A)+ RNA isolated from cultured lymphoblasts from unrelated Fabry hemizygotes. Using a riboprobe complimentary to the normal 1.45-kb alpha-galactosidase A mRNA, a single 1.25-kb transcript was identified in three classically affected brothers from a Japanese Fabry family. Densitometric analysis revealed that the 1.25-kb transcripts were present at 50 to 60% of normal amounts. RNase A analysis identified a deletion of about 200 bp that appeared to include the entire 198 bp of exon 6. Amplification and direct sequencing of a genomic region containing exon 6 from an affected hemizygote revealed a g+1 to t transversion in the invariant gt consensus 5'-splice site of intron 6, which resulted in the deletion of the entire exon 6 sequence. This novel splicing lesion causing Fabry disease is the first g+1 to t transversion of a mammalian 5'-splice site that consistently eliminates the preceding exon.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sakuraba
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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33
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Harvey JW, Pate MG, Mhaskar Y, Dunaway GA. Characterization of phosphofructokinase-deficient canine erythrocytes. J Inherit Metab Dis 1992; 15:747-59. [PMID: 1434514 DOI: 10.1007/bf01800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dogs homozygously affected with muscle-type phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency had about 20% of normal erythrocyte PFK activity and exhibited a compensated haemolytic anaemia. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate concentrations were increased and dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate values were below normal in affected dogs. Other intermediates distal to the PFK step were not significantly below normal and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate was even above normal. Erythrocyte ATP was higher than normal in affected dogs owing to the reticulocytes present. Abnormal adenylate metabolism was demonstrated by low ATP/AMP and ADP/AMP ratios and the inability to maintain ATP content when affected erythrocytes were incubated with cyanide. Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate content was normal, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate content in affected canine erythrocytes was higher than normal. Studies of erythrocyte PFK isozymes revealed altered enzyme kinetic properties in affected dogs which appeared to be due to the loss of the M-type subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Harvey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0144
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34
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Yamasaki T, Nakajima H, Kono N, Hotta K, Yamada K, Imai E, Kuwajima M, Noguchi T, Tanaka T, Tarui S. Structure of the entire human muscle phosphofructokinase-encoding gene: a two-promoter system. Gene 1991; 104:277-82. [PMID: 1833270 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90262-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that three types (A,B, and C) of mRNA species are transcribed from a single gene encoding human muscle phosphofructokinase (hPFK-M) through alternative splicing [Nakajima et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166 (1990) 637-641]. To determine its complete structure and elucidate the mechanism of alternative RNA splicing, we isolated the hPFK-M gene, which spans about 30 kb, and contains 24 exons. Transcription start points were observed for both exon 1 and exon 2 by S1 nuclease protection assay and primer extension. Motifs of an Sp1-binding site were observed in the upstream region of exon 1 (promoter 1). A TATA-box-like sequence and a CAAT-box-like sequence were identified in the upstream region of exon 2 (promoter 2). Reporter assay revealed that the promoter 1 region was functional both in HeLa cells and myoblastic clonal cells, and that the promoter 2 region was active only in myoblastic cells. Motifs of M-CAT known as a muscle-specific enhancer, were observed in the promoter 2 region. These results indicated that the hPFK-M gene contains at least two promoter regions, facilitating the expression of the heterogeneous gene transcripts in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamasaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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35
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Yamada Y, Kono N, Nakajima H, Shimizu T, Kiyokawa H, Kawachi M, Ono A, Nishimura T, Kuwajima M, Tarui S. Low glucose-1, 6-bisphosphate and high fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate concentrations in muscles of patients with glycogenosis types VII and V. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 176:7-10. [PMID: 2018547 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)90881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The level of glucose-1, 6-bisphosphate, a potent allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase, was markedly decreased in muscles of patients with glycogenosis type VII (muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency) and type V (muscle phosphorylase deficiency). Glucose-1-phosphate kinase activity in muscle was virtually absent in a patient with glycogenosis type VII, whereas it was normal in a patient with type V glycogenosis. Glucose-1-phosphate level was increased in type VII glycogenosis, whereas it was decreased in type V glycogenosis. Another activator of phosphofructokinase, fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate was increased in muscles of patients with both types of glycogenosis although it was much higher in type VII than in type V. This finding may be partly related to the difference of fructose-6-phosphate concentrations. The results suggest that phosphofructokinase would contribute to the major glucose-1-phosphate kinase activity in normal human muscle and would also form a kind of self-activating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamada
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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36
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Nakajima H, Kono N, Yamasaki T, Hotta K, Kawachi M, Hamaguchi T, Nishimura T, Mineo I, Kuwajima M, Noguchi T. A genetic defect in muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency, a typical clinical entity presenting myogenic hyperuricemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 309B:141-4. [PMID: 1838230 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7703-4_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Nakajima H, Kono N, Yamasaki T, Hamaguchi T, Hotta K, Kuwajima M, Noguchi T, Tanaka T, Tarui S. Tissue specificity in expression and alternative RNA splicing of human phosphofructokinase-M and -L genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:1317-21. [PMID: 2148476 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mode of the expression of phosphofructokinase (PFK) -M and -L genes was examined in various human tissues including muscle, placenta, liver, kidney, pancreas, stomach and reticulocytes. The gross level of mRNA expression of PFK-M and -L genes was estimated by Northern analysis. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA expressed at low levels in these tissues. Tissue-specific expression of alternatively spliced PFK-M gene transcripts was also determined by polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that alternative splicing of PFK-M gene transcripts was controlled in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakajima
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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