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Feng Y, Cronan JE. Complex binding of the FabR repressor of bacterial unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis to its cognate promoters. Mol Microbiol 2011; 80:195-218. [PMID: 21276098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two transcriptional regulators, the FadR activator and the FabR repressor, control biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Escherichia coli. FabR represses expression of the two genes, fabA and fabB, required for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and has been reported to require the presence of an unsaturated thioester (of either acyl carrier protein or CoA) in order to bind the fabA and fabB promoters in vitro. We report in vivo experiments in which unsaturated fatty acid synthesis was blocked in the absence of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids in a ΔfadR strain and found that the rates of transcription of fabA and fabB were unaffected by the lack of unsaturated thioesters. To examine the discrepancy between our in vivo results and the prior in vitro results we obtained active, natively folded forms of the E. coli and Vibrio cholerae FabRs by use of an in vitro transcription-translation system. We report that FabR bound the intact promoter regions of both fabA and fabB in the absence of unsaturated acyl thioesters, but bound the two promoters differently. Native FabR bound the fabA promoter region provided that the canonical FabR binding site is extended by inclusion of flanking sequences that overlap the neighbouring FadR binding site. In contrast, although binding to the fabB operator also required a flanking sequence, a non-specific sequence could suffice. However, unsaturated thioesters did allow FabR binding to the minimal FabR operator sites of both promoters which otherwise were not bound. Thus unsaturated thioester ligands were not essential for FabR/target DNA interaction, but acted to enhance binding. The gel mobility shift data plus in vivo expression data indicate that despite the remarkably similar arrangements of promoter elements, FadR predominately regulates fabA expression whereas FabR is the dominant regulator of fabB expression. We also report that E. coli fabR expression is not autoregulated. Complementation, qRT-PCR and fatty acid composition analyses demonstrated that V. cholerae FabR was a functional repressor of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. However, in contrast to E. coli, gel mobility shift assays indicated that neither E. coli nor V. cholerae FabRs bound the V. cholerae fabB promoter, although both proteins efficiently bound the V. cholerae fabA promoter. This asymmetry was shown to be due to the lack of a FabR binding site within the V. cholerae fabB promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Feng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Barrett E, Stanton C, Zelder O, Fitzgerald G, Ross RP. Heterologous expression of lactose- and galactose-utilizing pathways from lactic acid bacteria in Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of lysine in whey. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:2861-6. [PMID: 15128544 PMCID: PMC404391 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.5.2861-2866.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic determinants for lactose utilization from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 and galactose utilization from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG 1363 were heterologously expressed in the lysine-overproducing strain Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21253. The C. glutamicum strains expressing the lactose permease and beta-galactosidase genes of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus exhibited beta-galactosidase activity in excess of 1000 Miller units/ml of cells and were able to grow in medium in which lactose was the sole carbon source. Similarly, C. glutamicum strains containing the lactococcal aldose-1-epimerase, galactokinase, UDP-glucose-1-P-uridylyltransferase, and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase genes in association with the lactose permease and beta-galactosidase genes exhibited beta-galactosidase levels in excess of 730 Miller units/ml of cells and were able to grow in medium in which galactose was the sole carbon source. When grown in whey-based medium, the engineered C. glutamicum strain produced lysine at concentrations of up to 2 mg/ml, which represented a 10-fold increase over the results obtained with the lactose- and galactose-negative control, C. glutamicum 21253. Despite their increased catabolic flexibility, however, the modified corynebacteria exhibited slower growth rates and plasmid instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Barrett
- Dairy Products Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
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Crabtree S, Cronan JE. Facile and gentle method for quantitative lysis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1984; 158:354-6. [PMID: 6232260 PMCID: PMC215424 DOI: 10.1128/jb.158.1.354-356.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Garrett et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet. 182:326-331, 1981) constructed strains of Escherichia coli harboring derivatives of plasmid pBR322 that carry the lysis genes (S, R, and Rz) of phage lambda. The plasmid construction placed the genes under control of the lactose operon operator-promotor (and thus of lac repressor). Induction of E. coli strains carrying these plasmids resulted in rapid lysis of the culture unless the S gene was defective, in which case the cells grew normally. A freeze-thaw treatment of induced cells carrying an S- plasmid gave quantitative lysis of either E. coli or Salmonella typhimurium cells under exceptionally gentle conditions. The method was equally effective on exponential phase cells and stationary phase cells and was readily extended to a large number of independent cultures.
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Kuhn AH, Jütte H, Kellenberger E. Involvement of the bacterial groM gene product in bacteriophage T7 reproduction. II. A reduced level of ion concentrations causes the blockage of T7 maturation in K-12-M cells. J Virol 1983; 47:540-52. [PMID: 6352959 PMCID: PMC255295 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.47.3.540-552.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular leakage observed in Escherichia coli K-12-M shortly after T7 infection might be the cause of arrested phage morphogenesis. We observed in this strain, but not in the normal host, a drastic reduction of the intracellular concentration of potassium (60%), magnesium (40%), putrescine (90%), and spermidine (40%), whereas ATP was not significantly reduced. Leakage started about 1 min after the addition of phage and was arrested 3 to 5 min postinfection. Larger molecules such as o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside could not enter the cells, showing that the permeability of the membrane was not generally affected. To prevent their leakage, we increased the outside concentrations of several small molecules and ions. The yield of progeny phage was substantially increased by the addition of 100 mM MgSO4.
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Shapiro L, Mansour J, Shaw P, Henry S. Synthesis of specific membrane proteins is a function of DNA replication an phospholipid synthesis in Caulobacter crescentus. J Mol Biol 1982; 159:303-22. [PMID: 7143443 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ingram LO, Eaton LC, Erdos GW, Tedder TF, Vreeland NL. Unsaturated fatty acid requirement in Escherichia coli: mechanism of palmitate-induced inhibition of growth of strain WN1. J Membr Biol 1982; 65:31-40. [PMID: 7035675 DOI: 10.1007/bf01870466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The minimum requirement for unsaturated fatty acids was investigated in E. coli using a mutant impaired in the synthesis of vaccenic acid. Exogenously supplied palmitic acid was incorporated by this mutant which led to a reduction in the proportion of cellular unsaturated fatty acids. Growth was impaired as the level of saturated fatty acids approached 76% at 37 degree C and 60% at 30 degree C. The basis of this growth inhibition was investigated. Most transport systems and enzymes examined remained active in palmitate-grown cells although the specific activities of glutamate uptake and succinic dehydrogenase were depressed 50%. Fluorescent probes of membrane organization indicated that fluidity decreased with palmitate incorporation. Temperature scans with parinaric acid indicated that rigid lipid domains exist in palmitate-grown cells at their respective growth temperature. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy confirmed the presence of phase separations (particle-free areas) in palmitate-grown cells held at their growth temperature prior to quenching. The extent of this separation into particle-free and particle-enriched domains was equivalent to that induced by a shift to 0 degree C in control cells. The incorporation of palmitate increased nucleotide leakage over threefold. The cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase was released into the surrounding medium as the concentration of unsaturated fatty acid approached the minimum for a particular growth temperature. Lysis was observed as a decrease in turbidity when cells which had been grown with palmitate were shifted a lower growth temperature. From these results we propose that leakage and partial lysis are the major factors contributing to the apparent decrease in growth rate caused by the excessive incorporation of palmitate. Further, we propose that membrane integrity may determine the minimum requirement for unsaturated fatty acids in E. coli rather than a specific effect on membrane transport and/or membrane-bound enzymes.
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Chapter 11 Genetic control of phospholipid bilayer assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Effects of Membrane Lipids on Transport and Enzymic Activities. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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9
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Garwin J, Klages A, Cronan J. Beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase II of Escherichia coli. Evidence for function in the thermal regulation of fatty acid synthesis. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Garwin JL, Cronan JE. Thermal modulation of fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli does not involve de novo enzyme synthesis. J Bacteriol 1980; 141:1457-9. [PMID: 6154047 PMCID: PMC293857 DOI: 10.1128/jb.141.3.1457-1459.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was synthesized within 30 s after shift of Escherichia coli K-12 from 42 degrees C to 24 degrees C. This was more than 10-fold faster than the induction of beta-galactosidase. Inhibition of ribonucleic acid or protein synthesis had no effect on the response of fatty acid synthesis to temperature shift.
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Abstract
During growth with ethanol, the proportion of 18:1 fatty acid in the lipids of E. coli increases at the expense of saturated fatty acids. The significance of these changes was investigated in terms of growth and survival in the presence of ethanol. Two approaches were used: (1) A comparison of alcohol tolerance among strains of E. coli with different fatty acid compositions; (2) A comparison of alcohol tolerance using a lipid mutant in which the fatty acid composition was controlled by exogenous supplements. An increase in unsaturated fatty acid content was beneficial for both growth and survival. We conclude that the alcohol-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of E. coli are part of an adaptive response, compensating for some of the harmful effects of this drug.
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Hawrot E, Kennedy E. Phospholipid composition and membrane function in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Jackson MB, Cronan JE. An estimate of the minimum amount of fluid lipid required for the growth of Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 512:472-9. [PMID: 361080 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(78)90157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lipid phase transition of Escherichia coli was studied by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. A temperature sensitive unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph was used to obtain lipids with subnormal unsaturated fatty acid contents. From these studies it was concluded that E. coli can grow nromally with as much as 20% of its membrane lipids in the ordered state but that if more than 55% of the lipids are ordered, growth ceases. Studies with wild-type cells show that the phase transition ends more than 10 degrees C below the growth temperature when the growth temperature is either 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C.
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Beacham IR, Jones S. Enzyme secretion in E. coli K12 : studies on alkaline phosphatase synthesis using an unsaturated fatty-acid auxotroph. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 82:469-76. [PMID: 96837 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nunn WD, Cheng PJ, Deutsch R, Tang CT, Tropp BE. Phenethyl alcohol inhibition of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acylation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1977; 130:620-8. [PMID: 95658 PMCID: PMC235260 DOI: 10.1128/jb.130.2.620-628.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to determine how phenethyl alcohol (PEA) inhibits phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli. This drug drastically reduced the rate of incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate into the phospholipids of an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate auxotroph. PEA also reduced the rate of fatty acid incorporation into the phospholipids of a fatty acid auxotroph. The kinetics of PEA inhibition of the rate of incorporation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate were almost identical to those of PEA inhibition of the rate of fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids. The in vivo experiments suggested that the rate-limiting step(s) in phospholipid biosynthesis inhibited by PEA is at the level of the acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate or beyond this step. PEA inhibited the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase with either palmitoyl coenzyme A or palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein as the acyl donor. This drug, however, had no effect on the cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatidyl transferase, cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride:L-serine phosphatidyl transferase, and acyl coenzyme A:lysophatidic acid acyltransferase. The in vitro findings suggested that PEA inhibits phospholipid synthesis primarily at the level of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase.
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Thilo L, Vielmetter W. Independence of deoxyribonucleic acid replication and initiation from membrane fluidity and the supply of unsaturated fatty acids in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1976; 128:130-43. [PMID: 789329 PMCID: PMC232835 DOI: 10.1128/jb.128.1.130-143.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant derivatives of the unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph K1062 were employed to investigate whether the supposedly membrane-bound bacterial replication machinery requires for its replicatory functions a fluid membrane environment as is known for several membrane-associated protein functions. Temperatures Tt for fluid reversible nonfluid phase transitions of membrane phospholipids are raised from below 18 to 38 degrees C when mutant cells are supplemented with elaidate instead of with oleate. In this experimental system current or synchroneously initiated new rounds of DNA replication are shown in vivo to continue 8 degrees below Tt, provided appropriate corrections for the concurrent cellular metabolic breakdown are considered. Temperature rate profiles for in vitro deoxyribonucleic acid replication rates measured in lysates of either oleate- or elaidate-supplemented cells yield congruent Arrhenius plots without discontinuities at corresponding Tt positions. We conclude that neither the start nor the propagation of replication forks depends on a fluid membrane. The capacity for the assembly of new replication complexes was studied in replication-aligned cells either shifted from oleate to elaidate (at temperatures below Tt for newly synthesized phospholipids) or starved for oleate. Regardless of whether unsaturated fatty acids are exchanged or completely withheld, new replication complexes can be normally assembled and initiated. These results do not support the conclusions reached by Fralick and Lark (1973) that the availability of unsaturated fatty acids is a prerequisite for the assembly of a functional replication complex.
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Condit RC. F factor-mediated inhibition of bacteriophage T7 growth: increased membrane permeability and decreased ATP levels following T7 infection of male Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1975; 98:45-59. [PMID: 1104868 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Koch AL. Lag in adaptation to lactose as a probe to the timing of permease incorporation into the cell membrane. J Bacteriol 1975; 124:435-44. [PMID: 1100610 PMCID: PMC235912 DOI: 10.1128/jb.124.1.435-444.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
If bacteria are incapable of forming and incorporating proteins into the cytoplasmic membranes in all phases of the cell cycle, then not all cells from an asynchronous culture should be capable of growth when switched to a new carbon and energy source whose metabolism requires new membrane function. The transfer of an inducible culture to low lactose provides such a situation since the cells cannot grow unless galactoside permease can function to concentrate the lactose internally. From such experiments, it was concluded that the Y gene product of the lac operon is synthesized, incorporated, and can start functioning in active transport, at any time throughout the bulk of the cell cycle. Not only were the lags before growth re-ensued much shorter than would be expected if the membrane transport capability could only be developed in a small portion of the cycle, but brief pulses of a gratuitous inducer shortened the lags much further. Three types of Escherichia coli ML 30 culture were studied: cells that had exhausted the limiting glucose; cells taken directly from glucose-limited chemostats; and a washed suspension of highly catabolite repressed cells from cultures grown in high levels of glucose and gluconate. The growth studies reported here were performed on-line with a minicomputer. They represent at least an order of magnitude increase in accuracy in estimating growth parameters over previous instrumentation.
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Weisberg LJ, Cronan JE, Nunn WD. Induction of lactose transport in Escherichia coli during the absence of phospholipid synthesis. J Bacteriol 1975; 123:492-6. [PMID: 1097412 PMCID: PMC235753 DOI: 10.1128/jb.123.2.492-496.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of lactose transport and of beta-galactosidase synthesis was examined in two Escherichia coli strains that require exogenous glycerol for phospholipid synthesis and growth. No preferential inhibition of lactose transport induction was observed when phospholipid synthesis was restricted to 5 to 10% of the normal rate. We conclude that the lactose transport system does not require concurrent phospholipid synthesis for its functional assembly.
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Cox GS, Weissbach H, Kaback HR. Transport in an Escherichia coli fatty acid auxotroph. A novel case of catabolite repression. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Nunn WD. The inhibition of phospholipid synthesis in escherichia coli by phenethyl alcohol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 380:403-13. [PMID: 49194 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of lipid metabolism during phenethyl alcohol treatment of Escherichia coli were examined. Phenethyl alcohol at a non-bacteriostatic concentration reduces the accumulation of [32-P] phosphate into phospholipids and alters the phospholipid composition of the cell membrane. The changes in phospholipid composition are a result of the inhibitory effect of phenethyl alcohol on the rates of synthesis of the individual phospholipids. The inhibition in the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis by phenethyl alcohol was twice the inhibition in the rate of phosphatidyglycerol synthesis. The de novo rate of cardiolipin synthesis was only slightly inhibited. However, net cardiolipin accumulation increased during phenethyl alcohol treatment due to a more rapid turnover of phosphatidylglycerol to cardiolipin. Phenethyl alcohol also altered the fatty acid composition of the cell as a result of its inhibitory effect on the rate of individual fatty acid synthesis. However, the inhibition of phospholipid synthesis was not reversed by fatty acid supplementation of phenethyl alcohol treated cells. This result indicates that phenethyl alcohol does not inhibit phospholipid synthesis solely at the level of fatty acid synthesis.
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Nunn WD, Meade LA, Tropp BE. Lipid synthesis in stringent Escherichia coli: an artifact in acetate labeling of phospholipids during a shiftdown in growth rate. J Bacteriol 1975; 121:396-9. [PMID: 1090578 PMCID: PMC285656 DOI: 10.1128/jb.121.1.396-399.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of (14C)acetate to label the phospholipids of stringent Escherichia coli, after a decrease in agitation, leads to artifacts resulting from a decrease in the specific activity of the acetyl coenzyme A pool.
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Shechter E, Letellier L, Gulik-Krzywicki G. Relations between structure and function in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles isolated from an Escherichia coli fatty-acid auxotroph. High-angle x-ray diffraction, freeze-etch electron microscopy and transport studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 49:61-76. [PMID: 4617681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Boos W. Pro and Contra Carrier Proteins; Sugar Transport via the Periplasmic Galactose-Binding Protein. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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