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Hirbawi J, Kalafatis M. Spellbinding Effects of the Acidic COOH-Terminus of Factor Va Heavy Chain on Prothrombinase Activity and Function. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5529-5537. [PMID: 29250609 PMCID: PMC5725915 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human factor Va (hfVa) is the important regulatory subunit of prothrombinase. Recent modeling data have suggested a critical role for amino acid Arg701 of hfVa for human prothrombin (hPro) activation by prothrombinase. Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that hfVa has a different effect than that of bovine fVa on prethrombin-1 activation by prothrombinase. The difference between the two cofactor molecules was also found within the Asn700-Arg701 dipeptide in the human factor V (hfV) molecule, which is replaced by the Asp-Glu sequence in bfV. As a consequence, we produced a recombinant hfV (rhfV) molecule with the substitution 700NR701→DE. rhfVNR→DE together with the wild-type molecule (rhfVWT) were expressed in COS7 cells, purified, and tested for their capability to function within prothrombinase. Kinetic studies showed that the Kd of rhfVaNR→DE for human fXa as well as the kcat and Km of prothrombinase made with rhfVaNR→DE for hPro activation were similar to the values obtained following hPro activation by prothrombinase made with rhfVaWT. Remarkably, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of hPro activation time courses demonstrated that the rate of cleavage of hPro by prothrombinase reconstituted with rhfVaNR→DE was significantly delayed with substantial accumulation of meizothrombin, and delayed thrombin generation, when compared to activation of hPro by prothrombinase made with rhfVaWT. These unanticipated results provide significant insights on the role of the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain of hfVa for hPro cleavage and activation by prothrombinase and show that residues 700NR701 regulate at least in part the enzyme-substrate/product interaction during fibrin clot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Hirbawi
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Gene Regulation
in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland
State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Michael Kalafatis
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Gene Regulation
in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland
State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
- Department
of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research
Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
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2
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Whelihan MF, Mann KG. The role of the red cell membrane in thrombin generation. Thromb Res 2013; 131:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Prothrombin activation in blood coagulation: the erythrocyte contribution to thrombin generation. Blood 2012; 120:3837-45. [PMID: 22968460 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-427856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prothrombin activation can proceed through the intermediates meizothrombin or prethrombin-2. To assess the contributions that these 2 intermediates make to prothrombin activation in tissue factor (Tf)-activated blood, immunoassays were developed that measure the meizothrombin antithrombin (mTAT) and α-thrombin antithrombin (αTAT) complexes. We determined that Tf-activated blood produced both αTAT and mTAT. The presence of mTAT suggested that nonplatelet surfaces were contributing to approximately 35% of prothrombin activation. Corn trypsin inhibitor-treated blood was fractionated to yield red blood cells (RBCs), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and buffy coat. Compared with blood, PRP reconstituted with PPP to a physiologic platelet concentration showed a 2-fold prolongation in the initiation phase and a marked decrease in the rate and extent of αTAT formation. Only the addition of RBCs to PRP was capable of normalizing αTAT generation. FACS on glycophorin A-positive cells showed that approximately 0.6% of the RBC population expresses phosphatidylserine and binds prothrombinase (FITC Xa·factor Va). These data indicate that RBCs participate in thrombin generation in Tf-activated blood, producing a membrane that supports prothrombin activation through the meizothrombin pathway.
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Hirbawi J, Bukys MA, Barhoover MA, Erdogan E, Kalafatis M. Role of the acidic hirudin-like COOH-terminal amino acid region of factor Va heavy chain in the enhanced function of prothrombinase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7963-74. [PMID: 18590276 PMCID: PMC2646660 DOI: 10.1021/bi800593k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prothrombinase activates prothrombin through initial cleavage at Arg(320) followed by cleavage at Arg(271). This pathway is characterized by the generation of an enzymatically active, transient intermediate, meizothrombin, that has increased chromogenic substrate activity but poor clotting activity. The heavy chain of factor Va contains an acidic region at the COOH terminus (residues 680-709). We have shown that a pentapeptide from this region (DYDYQ) inhibits prothrombin activation by prothrombinase by inhibiting meizothrombin generation. To ascertain the function of these regions, we have created a mutant recombinant factor V molecule that is missing the last 30 amino acids from the heavy chain (factor V(Delta680-709)) and a mutant molecule with the (695)DYDY (698) --> AAAA substitutions (factor V(4A)). The clotting activities of both recombinant mutant factor Va molecules were impaired compared to the clotting activity of wild-type factor Va (factor Va (Wt)). Using an assay employing purified reagents, we found that prothrombinase assembled with factor Va(Delta680-709) displayed an approximately 39% increase in k cat, while prothrombinase assembled with factor Va(4A) exhibited an approximately 20% increase in k cat for the activation of prothrombin as compared to prothrombinase assembled with factor Va(Wt). Gel electrophoresis analyzing prothrombin activation by prothrombinase assembled with the mutant molecules revealed a delay in prothrombin activation with persistence of meizothrombin. Our data demonstrate that the COOH-terminal region of factor Va heavy chain is indeed crucial for coordinated prothrombin activation by prothrombinase because it regulates meizothrombin cleavage at Arg(271) and suggest that this portion of factor Va is partially responsible for the enhanced procoagulant function of prothrombinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Kalafatis
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Ave., Science and Research Center SR370, Cleveland, OH 44115. Telephone: (216) 687-2460. Fax: (216) 687-9298. E-mail:
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6
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Brufatto N, Nesheim ME. Analysis of the kinetics of prothrombin activation and evidence that two equilibrating forms of prothrombinase are involved in the process. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:6755-64. [PMID: 12496269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206413200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prothrombinase cleaves prothrombin at Arg(271) and Arg(320) to produce thrombin. The kinetics of cleavage of five recombinant prothrombins were measured: wild-type prothrombin (WT-II), R155A/R284A/R271A prothrombin (rMZ-II), R155A/R284A/R320A prothrombin (rP2-II), S525C prothrombin labeled with fluorescein (WT-II-F*), and R155A/R284A/R271A/S525C prothrombin labeled with fluorescein (rMZ-II-F*). rMZ-II and rP2-II are cleaved only at Arg(320) and Arg(271), respectively, to yield the intermediates meizothrombin and prethrombin-2, respectively. WT-II-F* and rMZ-II-F* were labeled at Cys(525) with fluorescein; cleavage was monitored by enhanced fluorescence. Activation kinetics of WT-II, rMZ-II, and rP2-II indicated that the catalytic efficiency of cleavage at Arg(320) was increased by 30,000-fold by the cofactor factor Va, as was the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. However, factor Va increased cleavage at Arg(271) only by 34-fold. Although WT-II competitively inhibited cleavage of WT-II-F*, rMZ-II or rP2-II did not inhibit completely even at saturating concentrations. However, rMZ-II and rP2-II together inhibited WT-II-F* cleavage competitively. Both WT-II and rMZ-II competitively inhibited rMZ-II-F* cleavage, whereas rP2-II did not. A model of prothrombin activation that includes two equilibrating forms of prothrombinase, each recognizing one of the cleavage sites, is quantitatively consistent with all of the experimental observations. Therefore, we conclude that the kinetics of prothrombin activation can be described by a "ping-pong"-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brufatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Petrovan RJ, Govers-Riemslag JW, Nowak G, Hemker HC, Tans G, Rosing J. Autocatalytic peptide bond cleavages in prothrombin and meizothrombin. Biochemistry 1998; 37:1185-91. [PMID: 9477942 DOI: 10.1021/bi971948h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During factor Xa-catalyzed prothrombin activation, several other reaction products accumulate as a result of proteolysis of prothrombin and its activation products by thrombin and meizothrombin. Gel electrophoretic analysis and N-terminal sequencing of reaction products showed that in the absence of Ca2+ ions thrombin cleaved the following peptide bonds: Arg51-Thr52/Arg54-Asp55 in the fragment 1 (F1) domain (k = 0.4 x 10(4) M-1 s-1), Arg155-Ser156 in prothrombin (k = 2 x 10(4) M-1 s-1), and Arg284-Thr285 in prethrombin 1 (k = 0.02 x 10(4) M-1 s-1). In the presence of 2.5 mM CaCl2, cleavage in fragment 1 (Arg51-Thr52/Arg54-Asp55) was not detectable, whereas cleavage at Arg155-Ser156 (i.e., removal of F1) was inhibited 25-fold. Cleavage at Arg284-Thr285 (formation of prethrombin 2 des-1-13) was not affected by the presence of Ca2+ ions. Meizothrombin rapidly converted itself into meizothrombin des-F1. The half-life (t1/2 = approximately 30 s) of this reaction was independent of the meizothrombin concentration (0.1-1 microM meizothrombin), which is indicative for intramolecular autocatalysis (k = 0.02 s-1 in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+ ions). Since the rapid removal of fragment 1 precludes investigations of the cleavage at Arg284-Thr285 in intact meizothrombin, we analyzed the cleavage of this peptide bond in R155A-meizothrombin, a recombinant product that is resistant to autocatalytic removal of the fragment 1 domain. In the absence of phospholipids, R155A-meizothrombin converted itself into thrombin des-1-13 by a combination of intramolecular (k = 0.8 x 10(-4) s-1) and intermolecular autocatalysis (k = 0.2 x 10(3) M-1 s-1). Intramolecular autocatalytic conversion of R155A-meizothrombin into thrombin was not affected by the presence of phospholipids (k = 0.8 x 10(-4) s-1), whereas intermolecular autocatalysis was accelerated 25-fold (k = 5.6 x 10(3) M-1 s-1) by phospholipid vesicles. Since factor Xa/Va-catalyzed conversion of meizothrombin into thrombin occurs with k = 5.5 x 10(8) M-1 s-1, we conclude that in reaction systems containing purified proteins autocatalysis of meizothrombin hardly contributes to thrombin formation during factor Xa-catalyzed prothrombin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Petrovan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Evans TC, Nelsestuen GL. Importance of cis-proline 22 in the membrane-binding conformation of bovine prothrombin. Biochemistry 1996; 35:8210-5. [PMID: 8679575 DOI: 10.1021/bi9606354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Upon addition of calcium to the metal-free protein, bovine prothrombin displays a conformational change with behavior of a classic trans- to cis-proline isomerization. The change is accompanied by a decrease of the intrinsic protein fluorescence and is essential to creating the membrane-binding conformation of prothrombin. This study showed that an identical conformational change was displayed by a peptide corresponding to residues 1-45 of prothrombin. This peptide contains a single tryptophan that underwent extensive quenching upon calcium addition. The kinetics were slow (t1/2 = 2.7 min at 24 degrees C) and displayed an activation energy of 24 kcal/mol. These properties overlapped precisely with the behavior of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 (residues 1-156). Consistent with studies on prothrombin and other vitamin K-dependent proteins that have been modified or truncated, the 1-45 peptide required about 10-fold higher calcium to elicit these behaviors than did fragment 1. The conformational change was necessary for membrane binding by the 1-45 peptide. The only proline in this sequence is at position 22. This proline is of the trans configuration in a crystallized form of calcium-bovine prothrombin fragment 1 [Soriano-Garcia, M., et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 2554]. Unless the protein conformational change is based on another behavior, this study showed that biochemical properties of the protein are inconsistent with structure solutions. Further studies are needed to reconcile structure/function in membrane association. Proline 22 in bovine prothrombin may constitute a useful biochemical marker for the membrane-binding conformation of a vitamin K-dependent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
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Lu Y, Nelsestuen GL. Dynamic features of prothrombin interaction with phospholipid vesicles of different size and composition: implications for protein--membrane contact. Biochemistry 1996; 35:8193-200. [PMID: 8679573 DOI: 10.1021/bi960280o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of prothrombin interaction with membrane vesicles of different size and composition was investigated to ascertain the impact of membrane surface characteristics and particle size on this interaction. Dissociation rates were highly sensitive to membrane composition and varied from about 20/s for membranes of 10% PS to 0.1/s for membranes of 50% PS. Overall affinity also varied by more than two orders of magnitude. Very small differences between prothrombin binding to SUV versus LUV were found. Association with large unilamellar vesicles (LUV of 115 nm diameter) was about 4-fold slower, when expressed on the basis of binding sites, than association with small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, 30 nm diameter) of the same composition. Both reactions proceeded at less than 25% of the collisional limit so that the differences were largely due to intrinsic binding properties. Vesicles of 325 nm diameter showed even slower association velocities. Dissociation rates from LUV were about 2-fold slower than from SUV. Again, these differences arose primarily from intrinsic binding properties. Dissociation conformed to a single first order reaction over a wide range of protein occupancy on the membrane. At very high packing density, the dissociation rate increased by about 2-fold. At equilibrium, prothrombin preferred binding to SUV over LUV by about 2-fold. This very small difference, despite substantial differences in phospholipid headgroup packing and hydrocarbon exposure, appeared inconsistent with an important role for protein insertion into the hydrocarbon region of the membrane. However, prothrombin-membrane interaction may arise from a series of interaction forces that have compensating features at equilibrium. The small differences in prothrombin binding to SUV versus LUV, together with differences in the number of protein binding sites per vesicle, were important to identify mechanisms of substrate delivery to the active site of the prothrombinase enzyme [Lu, Y., & Nelsestuen, G. L. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 8201-8209].
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
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10
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Boxrud PD, Berliner LJ. Comparison of the active-site conformations of bovine alpha-thrombin and meizothrombin(desF1) by electron spin resonance. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1996; 15:231-42. [PMID: 8924207 DOI: 10.1007/bf01887403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The active site of the prothrombin activation intermediate meizothrombin(desF1) was probed using several fluorosulfonylphenyl spin labels specific for the active serine hydroxyl of serine proteases. The mobilities of the thrombin species inhibited with the nitroxide spin labels m-IV [4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl) -m-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide] and m-V [3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl) -m-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide], which are sensitive to differences between alpha- and gamma-thrombin, were quite similar to that of alpha-thrombin. That is, no major conformational differences between meizothrombin(desF1) and alpha-thrombin were observed in this region of the extended active site. On the other hand, p-IV [4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-1-oxyl)-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide], p-V [3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl) -p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzamide], and m-VII [N-[m- (fluorosulfonyl)phenyl]-4-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- piperidine-1-oxyl)urea], which probe an apolar binding region of bovine thrombin, exhibited large differences in mobility between alpha-thrombin and meizothrombin(desF1). The conformational consequences of indole binding to spin-labeled thrombin species demonstrated that both species also possess an indole-binding site. However, the nitroxide mobility changes upon indole binding to the spin-labeled protein derivative were somewhat different between the two thrombin species under study. In addition, the effects of the benzamidine binding were quite similar for each labeled protein. Thus is appears that, while both species posses a fully functional active site, the region in meizothrombin(desF1) probed by spin labels p-IV, p-V, and m-VII, which corresponds to the apolar binding region, differs in conformation from alpha-thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Boxrud
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1173, USA
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11
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Human protein S inhibits prothrombinase complex activity on endothelial cells and platelets via direct interactions with factors Va and Xa. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Doyle MF, Haley PE. Meizothrombin: active intermediate formed during prothrombinase-catalyzed activation of prothrombin. Methods Enzymol 1993; 222:299-312. [PMID: 8412800 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(93)22020-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Doyle
- Haematologic Technologies, Inc., Essex Junction, Vermont 05452
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13
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Berkowitz P, Huh N, Brostrom K, Panek M, Weber D, Tulinsky A, Pedersen L, Hiskey R. A metal ion-binding site in the kringle region of bovine prothrombin fragment 1. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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Tijburg PN, van Heerde WL, Leenhouts HM, Hessing M, Bouma BN, de Groot PG. Formation of meizothrombin as intermediate in factor Xa-catalyzed prothrombin activation on endothelial cells. The influence of thrombin on the reaction mechanism. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Protein Structural Requirements and Properties of Membrane Binding by γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid-containing Plasma Proteins and Peptides. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Welsch DJ, Nelsestuen GL. Irreversible degradation of histidine-96 of prothrombin fragment 1 during protein acetylation: another unusually reactive site in the kringle. Biochemistry 1988; 27:7513-9. [PMID: 3207687 DOI: 10.1021/bi00419a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of prothrombin fragment 1 in acetate-borate buffer at pH 8.5 resulted in the appearance of increased light absorbance at about 250 nm. Protease digestions resulted in isolation of a single peptide (residues 94-99) with intense absorbance at about 250 nm (estimated extinction coefficient of 5000 M-1 cm-1). Amino acid analysis showed the expected composition except for the absence of His-96. Instead, an unidentified amino acid which had a ninhydrin product with absorption properties similar to those of proline eluted near aspartate. When sequenced, this peptide (YP?KPE containing epsilon-amino-acetyllysine) lacked histidine at the third position but gave a high yield of a PTH derivative that eluted near PTH-Gly from the HPLC column. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the derivatized 94-99 peptide showed a mass that was 74 units higher than expected. The histidine degradation product was identified as a di-N-acetylated side chain with an opened imidazole ring and loss of C2 of the ring. While a similar degradation pattern has previously been reported during acylation of histidine, the high chemical reactivity exhibited by His-96 was unusual. For example, under conditions sufficient for quantitative derivatization of His-96, His-105 of fragment 1 was not derivatized to a detectable level. Furthermore, His-96 in fragment 1 was at least an order of magnitude more susceptible to degradation than His-96 in the isolated 94-99 peptide. His-96 is therefore one of several neighboring amino acids of the kringle portion of fragment 1 that displays highly unusual chemistry (see also Asn-101 [Welsch, D.J., & Nelsestuen, G. L. (1988) Biochemistry 27 4946-4952] and Lys-97 [Pollock, J.S., Zapata, G.A., Weber, D.J., Berkowitz, P., Deerfield, D.W., II, Olson, D.L., Koehler, K.A., Pedersen, L.G., & Hiskey, R.G. (1988) in Current Advances in Vitamin K Research (Suttie, J.W., Ed.) pp 325-334, Elsevier Science, New York]).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Welsch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Welsch DJ, Pletcher CH, Nelsestuen GL. Chemical modification of prothrombin fragment 1: documentation of sequential, two-stage loss of protein function. Biochemistry 1988; 27:4933-8. [PMID: 3167021 DOI: 10.1021/bi00413a051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amino groups of prothrombin fragment 1 (amino acids 1-156 of prothrombin) were derivatized by acetylation, amidination, and reductive methylation. Conditions that caused complete acetylation of protein amino groups produced a fragment 1 derivative which no longer displayed a metal ion dependent intrinsic fluorescence change and had lost its membrane binding capability as well. However, when derivatized in the presence of calcium ions, extensive acetylation yielded a product that underwent protein fluorescence quenching at metal ion concentrations similar to those observed for the native protein. This derivative bound to membranes in a calcium-dependent manner with only a small reduction in affinity. Several results showed the existence of a partially functional protein that was characterized by a high degree of calcium-dependent protein fluorescence quenching but which had a requirement for 10-fold higher calcium concentration. This derivative was produced by partial acetylation (greater than 3 equiv) of metal-free protein. This partially acetylated protein had greatly diminished membrane binding. The calcium-protected amino group, therefore, was among the most reactive acetylation sites in the metal-free protein. The second site, responsible for abolishing all metal ion induced fluorescence change, was resistant to acetylation and became derivatized at the last stages of amino group acetylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Welsch
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Kaczmarek E, Kaminski M, McDonagh J. Fibrinogen-sepharose interaction with prothrombin, prethrombin 1, prethrombin 2 and thrombin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 914:275-82. [PMID: 3620475 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(87)90286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Binding of prothrombin, prethrombin 1, prethrombin 2 and thrombin to fibrinogen-Sepharose was studied. Thrombin and prethrombin 2 bound to fibrinogen-Sepharose, while prethrombin 1 and prothrombin did not. Bound thrombin and prethrombin 2 were recovered from the column by eluting with 0.1 M NaCl/0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). The affinity of thrombin and prethrombin 2 to fibrinogen-Sepharose depended on ionic strength and reached a maximum at 50 mm concentration. Prethrombin 2 interacts with fibrinogen as well as thrombin; and prothrombin fragment 1.2 is not important in the formation of this complex. Thus, prethrombin 2, which is a precursor of thrombin without measurable enzymatic activity and which lacks the single cleavage at Arg-322-Ile-323 present in thrombin, has the same or very similar structural conformation as thrombin and has the same macromolecular substrate recognition site. These results confirm the earlier results that active center is not necessary in fibrinogen-thrombin interaction.
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Krishnaswamy S, Mann KG, Nesheim ME. The prothrombinase-catalyzed activation of prothrombin proceeds through the intermediate meizothrombin in an ordered, sequential reaction. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Ong TC, Loh KW. Activation of prothrombin as measured by the conversion of Nalpha-benzoylarginine ethyl ester. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1986; 367:395-400. [PMID: 3741619 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1986.367.1.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of prothrombin has been studied by using highly purified preparations of activated factor X1 and activated factor X2, factor V and prothrombin. The rate of prothrombin activation was followed using an esterase assay involving the conversion of N alpha-benzoylarginine ethyl ester (BAEE) by thrombin generated in the course of prothrombin activation. The rate of thrombin generation increased by about 26000-fold when factor V and phospholipid were added to prothrombin, factor Xa and calcium. A comparison of the rates of thrombin formation obtained with activated factor X1 and activated factor X2 showed that activated factor X1 had only 70% of the biological activity of activated factor X2. Attempts to explain the rate of prothrombin activation and the difference between the activity of activated factor X1 and activated factor X2 are discussed.
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Sommerville LE, Resnick RM, Thomas DD, Nelsestuen GL. Terbium probe of calcium-binding sites on the prothrombin-membrane complex. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Rosing J, Zwaal RF, Tans G. Formation of meizothrombin as intermediate in factor Xa-catalyzed prothrombin activation. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Tulinsky A, Park CH, Rydel TJ. The structure of prothrombin fragment 1 at 3.5-A resolution. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Lämmle B, Griffin JH. Formation of the Fibrin Clot: the Balance of Procoagulant and Inhibitory Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-2261(21)00478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nesheim ME, Mann KG. The kinetics and cofactor dependence of the two cleavages involved in prothrombin activation. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)81901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kosow DP, Morris S, Orthner CL, Rhee MJ. Use of size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of the activation of prothrombin. Anal Biochem 1982; 126:425-32. [PMID: 6897607 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nelsestuen GL, Resnick RM, Wei GJ, Pletcher CH, Bloomfield VA. Metal ion interactions with bovine prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1. Stoichiometry of binding, protein self-association, and conformational change induced by a variety of metal ions. Biochemistry 1981; 20:351-8. [PMID: 7470485 DOI: 10.1021/bi00505a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Silverberg S. Chemically modified bovine prothrombin as a substrate in studies of activation kinetics and fluorescence changes during thrombin formation. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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33
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Deglycosylated prothrombin fragment 1. Calcium binding, phospholipid interaction, and self-assocation. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)79721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Resnick RM, Nelsestuen GL. Prothrombin--membrane interaction. Effects of ionic strength, pH, and temperature. Biochemistry 1980; 19:3028-33. [PMID: 7397115 DOI: 10.1021/bi00554a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ionic strength, pH, and temperature on three separate aspects of prothrombin-phospholipid membrane binding were studied. The three parameters include a calcium-dependent protein transition, a calcium-membrane interation, and, finally, the binding of calcium-saturated protein to a calcium-saturated phospholipid membrane. The results are consistent with calcium binding to carbonyl groups in the protein and to phosphate in the phospholipids. These interactions show the expected pH profiles and sensitivity to ionic strength. Temperature effects indicate a small negative enthalpy change for each process. The binding of calcium-saturated protein to calcium-saturated membrane shows very little variation between pH 6 and pH 9, is accompanied by no detected enthalpy change, and is relatively insensitive to ionic strength. These latter results indicate that ionic calcium bridging between the protein and membrane is not important. A chelation model for prothrombin-membrane binding is proposed where the two interacting species have no net charge; ligands on the protein complete the coordination sphere of membrane-bound calcium and vice versa.
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Walker FJ, Esmon CT. The effect of prothrombin fragment 2 on the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Seegers WH, Marlar RA, Walz DA. Anticoagulant effects of autoprothrombin II-A and prothrombin fragment 1. Thromb Res 1978; 13:233-43. [PMID: 694842 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(78)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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Takeuchi T, Takeda Y. Physicochemical and biological properties of canine prothrombin and thrombin. Thromb Res 1978; 12:635-44. [PMID: 663900 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(78)90253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wallin R, Prydz H. The N-terminal activation fragment of bovine prothrombin. Immunological studies leading to a one step purification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 491:317-24. [PMID: 402950 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some immunological studies on prothrombin fragment 1 from bovine prothrombin and its warfarin-induced precursor acarboxyprothrombin are reported. Based on the results, a rapid and simple immunoadsorption method for the isolation of prothrombin fragment 1 in good yield has been established. The method exploits the conformational change induced in the fragment by removal of Ca2+. The principle may be applicable to other gamma-carboxyglutamyl-containing proteins or fragments therof.
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Grant GA, Suttie JW. Rat liver prothrombin precursors: purification of a second, more basic form. Biochemistry 1976; 15:5387-93. [PMID: 999813 DOI: 10.1021/bi00669a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Grant GA, Suttie JW. Rat prothrombin: purification, characterization, and activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 176:650-62. [PMID: 984850 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zytkovicz TH, Nelsestuen GL. gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid distribution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 444:344-8. [PMID: 986832 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the vitamin K-dependent amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid was examined in proteins from a variety of sources. Proteins examined include purified rat and bovine coagulation proteins, barium citrate-adsorbing proteins from trout plasma, lamprey plasma, earthworm hemolymph, army worm hemolymph, lobster hemolymph, E. coli B/5, soybean leaf, the protein lysate from the hemolymph cell of the horseshoe crab and parathyroid extract. Other purified proteins examined included human alpha-1-antitrypsin, pepsinogen, S-100, fetuin, tropomyosin-troponin and complement protein C-3. Of these, only the blood-cotting proteins and the vertebrate plasma samples were shown to contain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid.
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Role of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. An unusual protein transition required for the calcium-dependent binding of prothrombin to phospholipid. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Vogel CN, Butkowski RJ, Mann KG, Lundblad RL. Effect of polylysine on the activation of prothrombin. Polylysine substitutes for calcium ions and factor V in the factor Xa catalyzed activation of prothrombin. Biochemistry 1976; 15:3265-9. [PMID: 986155 DOI: 10.1021/bi00660a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polylysine has been demonstrated to dramatically accelerate the rate of the factor Xa catalyzed activation of both prothrombin and prethrombin 1. Under the present experimental conditions (pH 8.0, 23 C), no detectable activation of prothrombin or prethrombin 1 occurs with either factor Xa or polylysine alone. The activation of prethrombin 2, the direct precursor of alpha-thrombin, by factor Xa is not stimulated by polylysine. The activation of either prothrombin or prethrombin 1 by factor Xa in the presence of polylysine is partially inhibited by the presence of 5 mM CaCl2. Electrophoretic analysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the products that were formed in the above activation system comigrated with the reaction products derived from prothrombin activated by factor Xa in the presence of calcium ions and phospholipid. It is suggested that polylysine stimulates the factor Xa-catalyzes activation of prothrombin by replacing the combination of calcium ions and factor V.
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Gorman JJ, Castaldi PA, Shaw DC. The structure of human thrombin in relation to autolytic degradation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 439:1-16. [PMID: 952947 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human thrombin was obtained by activation of human prothrombin with venom of the Australian Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus). This thrombin was precipitated with ammonium sulphate (75% saturation) and subsequently purified by gel-filtration (Sephadex G-75), ion-exchange (CM-Sephadex C-50) and affinity (aminobenzamidine-CH-Sepharose) chromatography. The final preparation (affinity thrombin) had a specific activity of 2340 Iowa units per absorbance unit (A1cm280). Thrombin proteins focused between 5 and 7, while prothrombin proteins focused to pH values less than 5. SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated molecular weights of greater than 70 000 for prothrombin and 39 000, 28 000, 25 000-23 000 and 15 000-13 000 for affinity thrombin proteins. The 39 000-dalton species predominated (greater than 90%) when the enzyme was inhibited with phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride prior to dialysis for SDS electrophoresis. Lack of such inhibition reduced the amount of the 39 000-dalton species to less than 60% with concomitant increase of the smaller species. Peptide mapping studies indicated that the smaller species were structurally related to the 39 000-dalton species. The amino acid compositions of the histidine and/or tyrosine containing peptides indicated a high degree of homology with bovine thrombin. It has been established that human thrombin can exist in at least two secondary structural forms, of different molecular weights, probably due to autolytic degradation of the largest (39 000-dalton) form.
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Novoa E, Seegers WH, Hassouna HI. Improved procedures for the purification of selected vitamin K-dependent proteins. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 6:307-38. [PMID: 787972 DOI: 10.1080/00327487608061622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improved methods are described to obtain bovine prothrombin, Factor IX, Protein C, and autoprothrombin III (Factor X, Auto-III) in purified form. The prothrombin had a specific activity of 4,340 Iowa units/mg. Theoretically, a preparation of clean thrombin should have a specific activity of 8,200 U/mg, because 47.08% of the protein in prothrombin is lost when thrombin forms. Such thrombin preparations have been obtained (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 121, 372 (1967)). The prothrombin concentration of bovine plasma is near 60 mg/liter. Protein C, first isolated by Stenflo (J. Biol. Chem. 251, 355 (1976)), was found to be the precursor of autoprothrombin II-A (Auto-II-A), discovered earlier (Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 5, 218 (1960)). Protein C (Factor XIV) was converted to Auto-II-A (Factor XIVa) by thrombin. Digesting purified Auto-III with purified thrombin removed a small glycopeptide from the COOH-terminal end of the heavy chain to yield Auto-IIIm. Auto-III thrombin leads to Auto-IIIm + peptide. Auto-IIIm was not converted to the active enzyme with thromboplastin, and furthermore, inhibited the activation of purified native Auto-III with thromboplastin. Auto-IIIm was also not converted to the active enzymes when the procoagulants consisted of purified Factor VIII, purified Factor IXa, platelet factor 3 and calcium ions. The "activation peptide" released by RVV-X from the NH2-terminal end of the heavy chain and the active enzyme (Auto-Cm) were purified. Auto-III was also activated with purified RVV-X. The same "actid of Auto-Cm. Purified Factor IX developed anticoagulant activity when reacted with an optimum concentration of purified thrombin. A suitable reagent for the assay of Factor IX was prepared by removing prothrombin complex from anticoagulated bovine plasma and restoring the prothrombin and Auto-III concentration with use of the respective purified proenzymes.
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Koehler KA, Gabriel DA, Hiskey RG, Lundblad RL, Roberst HR, Nelsestuen GL. Prothrombin's calcium ion binding site. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Thromb Res 1975; 7:871-7. [PMID: 1198555 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(75)90090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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