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Kimura T, Kimura AK, Epand RM. Systematic crosstalk in plasmalogen and diacyl lipid biosynthesis for their differential yet concerted molecular functions in the cell. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101234. [PMID: 37169310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogen is a major phospholipid of mammalian cell membranes. Recently it is becoming evident that the sn-1 vinyl-ether linkage in plasmalogen, contrasting to the ester linkage in the counterpart diacyl glycerophospholipid, yields differential molecular characteristics for these lipids especially related to hydrocarbon-chain order, so as to concertedly regulate biological membrane processes. A role played by NMR in gaining information in this respect, ranging from molecular to tissue levels, draws particular attention. We note here that a broad range of enzymes in de novo synthesis pathway of plasmalogen commonly constitute that of diacyl glycerophospholipid. This fact forms the basis for systematic crosstalk that not only controls a quantitative balance between these lipids, but also senses a defect causing loss of lipid in either pathway for compensation by increase of the counterpart lipid. However, this inherent counterbalancing mechanism paradoxically amplifies imbalance in differential effects of these lipids in a diseased state on membrane processes. While sharing of enzymes has been recognized, it is now possible to overview the crosstalk with growing information for specific enzymes involved. The overview provides a fundamental clue to consider cell and tissue type-dependent schemes in regulating membrane processes by plasmalogen and diacyl glycerophospholipid in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Atsuko K Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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2
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Werner ER, Fernández-Quintero ML, Hulo N, Golderer G, Sailer S, Lackner K, Werner-Felmayer G, Liedl KR, Watschinger K. Essential role of a conserved aspartate for the enzymatic activity of plasmanylethanolamine desaturase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:214. [PMID: 35347434 PMCID: PMC8960569 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are an abundant class of glycerophospholipids in the mammalian body, with special occurrence in the brain and in immune cell membranes. Plasmanylethanolamine desaturase (PEDS1) is the final enzyme of plasmalogen biosynthesis, which introduces the characteristic 1-O-alk-1′-enyl double bond. The recent sequence identification of PEDS1 as transmembrane protein 189 showed that its protein sequence is related to a special class of plant desaturases (FAD4), with whom it shares a motif of 8 conserved histidines, which are essential for the enzymatic activity. In the present work, we wanted to gain more insight into the sequence–function relationship of this enzyme and mutated to alanine additional 28 amino acid residues of murine plasmanylethanolamine desaturase including those 20 residues, which are also totally conserved—in addition to the eight-histidine-motif—among the animal PEDS1 and plant FAD4 plant desaturases. We measured the enzymatic activity by transient transfection of tagged murine PEDS1 expression clones to a PEDS1-deficient human HAP1 cell line by monitoring of labeled plasmalogens formed from supplemented 1-O-pyrenedecyl-sn-glycerol in relation to recombinant protein expression. Surprisingly, only a single mutation, namely aspartate 100, led to a total loss of PEDS1 activity. The second strongest impact on enzymatic activity had mutation of phenylalanine 118, leaving only 6% residual activity. A structural model obtained by homology modelling to available structures of stearoyl-CoA reductase predicted that this aspartate 100 residue interacts with histidine 96, and phenylalanine 118 interacts with histidine 187, both being essential histidines assumed to be involved in the coordination of the di-metal center of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst R Werner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Hulo
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1, rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Georg Golderer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabrina Sailer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Lackner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Werner-Felmayer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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3
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Maeda S, Mohri T, Inoue T, Asano Y, Otoki Y, Enomoto M, Nakagawa K, Kuwahara S, Ogura Y. Synthesis of a plasmenylethanolamine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1383-1389. [PMID: 33705523 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of a plasmenylethanolamine (PlsEtn-[16:0/18:1 n-9]), known as antioxidative phospholipids commonly found in cell membranes, has been achieved from an optically active known diol through 8 steps. The key transformations for the synthesis of PlsEtn-[16:0/18:1 n-9] are (1) regio- and Z-selective vinyl ether formation via the alkylation of a lithioalkoxy allyl intermediate with an alkyl iodide, and (2) a one-pot phosphite esterification-oxidation sequence to construct the ethanolamine phosphonate moiety in the presence of the vinyl ether functionality. The piperidine salt of synthetic PlsEtn-[16:0/18:1 n-9] was desalinated through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Maeda
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Mohri
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Inoue
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshio Asano
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogura
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Nagy K, Brahmbhatt VV, Berdeaux O, Bretillon L, Destaillats F, Acar N. Comparative study of serine-plasmalogens in human retina and optic nerve: identification of atypical species with odd carbon chains. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:776-83. [PMID: 22266369 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d022962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to detect and identify phosphatidylserine plasmalogen species in human ocular neurons represented by the retina and the optic nerve. Plasmalogens (vinyl-ether bearing phospholipids) are commonly found in the forms of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in numerous mammalian cell types, including the retina. Although their biological functions are unclear, the alteration of cellular plasmalogen content has been associated with several human disorders such as rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Type 2 and primary open-angle glaucoma. By using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution and tandem mass spectrometry, we have identified for the first time several species of phosphatidylserine plasmalogens, including atypical forms having moieties with odd numbers of carbons and unsaturation in sn-2 position. Structural elucidation of the potential phosphatidylserine ether linked species was pursued by performing MS(3) experiments, and three fragments are proposed as marker ions to deduce which fatty acid is linked as ether or ester on the glycerol backbone. Interpretation of the fragmentation patterns based on this scheme enabled the assignment of structures to the m/z values, thereby identifying the phosphatidylserine plasmalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Nagy
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Blanchard H, Legrand P, Pédrono F. Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (Fads3) is a singular member of the Fads cluster. Biochimie 2010; 93:87-90. [PMID: 20226833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, no function has been attributed to the Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (Fads3) gene. This gene is located within the Fads cluster, which also contains Fads1 and Fads2, coding respectively for the Δ5- and Δ6- desaturases. Based on the sequence homology between these three genes, Fads3 may be a new fatty acid desaturase. It is thus essential to understand its involvement in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) biosynthesis in order to improve our knowledge on lipid metabolism. Gene expression studies provided evidences on the specificity of Fads3 compared to Fads1 and Fads2, concerning the tissue distribution, alternative splicing and regulation. These works also identified possible physiological functions in which Fads3 could be involved. Thus, the Fads3 gene was transcripted in many tissues, and displayed a weak expression in the liver compared to other organs such as the lung or spleen. Fads3 was also showed to be a target gene for NK-κB, MYCN or p63 transcription factors and could consequently be involved in cell survival mechanisms. Polymorphism analysis underlined the possible implication of Fads3 in lipid homeostasis, particularly by modulating cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels. In terms of proteins, FADS3 has been recently described in rodents. One of the identified isoforms may display the classical structure of a fatty acid desaturase but no enzymatic activity has been observed yet. Therefore, it is essential to consider the desaturase diversity in terms of catalysis and substrates to elucidate the FADS3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nagan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Foundation Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Specific Aspects of Lipid Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- F Snyder
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, TN 37830, USA
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9
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Hayashi H, Oohashi M. Incorporation of acetyl-CoA generated from peroxisomal beta-oxidation into ethanolamine plasmalogen of rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1254:319-25. [PMID: 7857972 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)00194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that peroxisomal beta-oxidation has an anabolic function, supplying acetyl-CoA for biosyntheses of bile acids and phospholipids. Here we deal with its role in the biosynthesis of the subclasses of ethanolamine- and choline-containing phosphoglycerides (EPG, CPG, respectively). Rats were fed for 2 weeks on chow containing 0.25% clofibrate, which inhibits cholesterol and bile acid biosyntheses, but stimulates peroxisomal beta-oxidation. [1-14C]Lignoceric acid, which is exclusively degraded by peroxisomal beta-oxidation to acetyl-CoA, was intravenously injected, and 3 h later the rats were killed. The EPG-rich and CPG-rich fractions were prepared from the liver. When they were treated with phospholipase A2, the radioactivity was predominantly recovered in the 1-radyl group. The radioactivity in EPG was easily dissociated with HCl vapor, and the lipid containing radioactivity was found to be a fatty aldehyde mixture consisting of steary aldehyde (approx. 58%) palmityl aldehyde (approx. 40%) and oleyl aldehyde (approx. 2%). Thus, in the case of EPG, acetyl-CoA from peroxisomal beta-oxidation is incorporated mainly into the 1-alkenyl group of ethanolamine plasmalogen. The radioactivity in CPG, however, was found in fatty alcohol (formed from fatty acid), but not in alkylglycerol after reduction of the fraction with Vitride. Thus, in the case of CPG, acetyl-CoA from peroxisomal beta-oxidation is exclusively incorporated into the 1-acyl group of diacyl glycerophosphocholine, but not into the 1-alkyl group. The above results were supported by the results of phospholipase C treatment. The above data indicate that peroxisomal beta-oxidation plays a role in supplying acetyl-CoA for 1-alkenyl group of plasmalogen-type phospholipid, but this channel may open only to synthesis of EPG, and almost not to CPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hayashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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10
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Kawano T, Kozutsumi Y, Kawasaki T, Suzuki A. Biosynthesis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing glycoconjugates. Purification and characterization of the key enzyme of the cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylation system. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Strum JC, Daniel LW. Identification of a lysophospholipase C that may be responsible for the biosynthesis of choline plasmalogens by Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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12
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Takematsu H, Kozutsumi Y, Suzuki A, Kawasaki T. Molecular cloning of rabbit cytochrome b5 genes: evidence for the occurrence of two separate genes encoding the soluble and microsomal forms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 185:845-51. [PMID: 1627141 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91704-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rabbit genomic segments for the soluble cytochrome b5 (b5) and microsomal b5 were amplified and isolated, respectively, by means of the polymerase chain reaction using primers corresponding to various portions of the open reading frame of microsomal b5 cDNA. The DNA sequence analysis revealed that the soluble b5 gene has an extra 24 nucleotide long insert which encodes a C-terminal amino acid and a termination codon which are specific to the soluble b5. Except for the insert, the sequences of the soluble and microsomal b5 genes are identical with each other from the 5' end to the 3' end of the open reading frame of the microsomal b5 cDNA. Comparison of the genomic sequences with the cDNA sequences suggested that the soluble and microsomal genes are intronless within their open reading frames. These data indicate that rabbit soluble and microsomal b5 mRNAs are encoded by two highly conserved but separate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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13
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The primary determinant of rabbit myocardial ethanolamine phosphotransferase substrate selectivity is the covalent nature of the sn-1 aliphatic group of diradyl glycerol acceptors. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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15
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Snyder F, Lee TC, Blank ML. The role of transacylases in the metabolism of arachidonate and platelet activating factor. Prog Lipid Res 1992; 31:65-86. [PMID: 1641397 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(92)90016-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Snyder
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Medical Sciences Division, TN 37831-0117
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16
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Abstract
The alk-1-enyl bond in plasmenylethanolamine is formed from plasmanylethanolamine by the action of a microsomal cytochrome b5-dependent desaturase. However, the origin of the alk-1-enyl linkage in plasmenylcholine, a significant subclass of phospholipids in heart tissues of certain animal species, is not yet known. We have used neonatal rat myocytes as a model to study the biosynthesis of plasmenylcholine in the present studies since they have a phospholipid composition and subclasses of 1,2-diradyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (-GPC) similar to those of neonatal rat hearts. When equal concentrations of [3H]hexadecyllyso-GPC or [3H]hexadecyllyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (-GPE) are incubated under identical conditions with myocytes for 4, 12, and 24 h, the rate of plasmenylcholine formation is faster from [3H]hexadecyllyso-GPE than from [3H]hexadecyllyso-GPC. Also, when [3H]alkyllyso-GPC and alkyllyso-[N-methyl-14C]GPC are incubated with rat myocytes for various times up to 24 h, the 3H/14C ratio in the diacyl-GPC plus alkylacyl-GPC fraction and alkyllyso-GPC remains relatively constant (3H/14C = 2.7), whereas the 3H/14C of plasmenylcholine increases from 0.3 at 2 h to 1.7 after 24 h. Finally, when the rat myocytes are prelabeled with [3H]alkyllyso-GPE for 4 h and then reincubated with either [14C]choline or [14C]methionine for 1 or 3 h, both [14C]choline and [14C]methionine are incorporated into plasmenylcholine, except the 14C/3H is much higher (5- to 15-fold) in the [14C]choline-labeled plasmenylcholine than in the [14C]methionine-labeled plasmenylcholine. Collectively, our data show plasmenylcholine is not directly derived from plasmanylcholine or lysoplasmanylcholine, but instead is formed from plasmenylethanolamine via some type of hydrolytic exchange mechanism, and the contribution of plasmenylethanolamine through methylation to the synthesis of plasmenylcholine is of limited capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Lee
- Medical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Tennessee 37831-0117
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17
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Plasmalogen biosynthesis in peroxisomal disorders: fatty alcohol versus alkylglycerol precursors. J Lipid Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Identification of endogenous 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol in myocardium and its effective utilization by choline phosphotransferase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Mead JF, Alfin-Slater RB, Howton DR, Popják G. Phosphoglyceride Metabolism. Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2107-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Wolf RA, Gross RW. Identification of neutral active phospholipase C which hydrolyzes choline glycerophospholipids and plasmalogen selective phospholipase A2 in canine myocardium. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Snyder F. Chemical and biochemical aspects of platelet activating factor: a novel class of acetylated ether-linked choline-phospholipids. Med Res Rev 1985; 5:107-40. [PMID: 2984489 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610050105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Masuzawa Y, Sugiura T, Ishima Y, Waku K. Turnover rates of the molecular species of ethanolamine plasmalogen of rat brain. J Neurochem 1984; 42:961-8. [PMID: 6699646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Diradyl-3-acetylglycerols prepared from 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (alkenylacyl-GPE, ethanolamine plasmalogen) and 1-alkyl-2-acylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (alkylacyl-GPE) of rat brain at 18 days of age were subfractionated into six species by AgNO3-impregnated TLC. The percent compositions of substractions were compared with that of 1,2-diacylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (diacyl-GPE). The incorporation rate of [1-3H]glycerol into each molecular species was also estimated to examine the turnover rate and selective synthesis of molecular species of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG). Among the molecular species of EPG, a major proportion contained polyunsaturated fatty chains, and the sum of tetraene-, pentaene-, and hexaene-containing species was greater than 65% in common with three classes of EPG. It was possible to calculate the turnover time, synthesis rate, and synthesis rate constant of ethanolamine plasmalogen in myelinating rat brain by the equation of Zilversmit et al. since the time-dependent change of specific activity and the distribution of molecular species indicated that each molecular species of alkenylacyl-GPE is synthesized from the corresponding species of alkylacyl-GPE. The observed turnover time of ethanolamine plasmalogen was about 5 h. The observed turnover times of the various molecular species were of the order: tetraene greater than or equal to hexaene greater than pentaene greater than or equal to monoene greater than or equal to diene. The synthesis rate constants of each molecular species, in the formation of alkenylacyl-GPE from alkylacyl-GPE, were of the order: hexaene greater than tetraene greater than pentaene greater than diene greater than or equal to monoene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Witter B, Gunawan J, Debuch H. On the phospholipid metabolism of glial cell primary cultures. II. Metabolism of 1-alkyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine during time course. J Neurochem 1983; 40:64-9. [PMID: 6848668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb12653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultures were prepared from newborn rat brain. After 16-18 days, they consisted mainly of mature and immature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, as judged by immunohistochemistry. To study the metabolism of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, the cells were incubated with 1-[1-3H] alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (1-alkyl-GPE), for 1-20 h. Five main products were formed: 1-alkyl-2-acyl-GPE; 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC); 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-GPE (ethanolamine plasmalogen); 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-GPC (choline plasmalogen); and 1-alkyl-glycerol. Acylation of the substrate was the main reaction during the first 3 h of incubation, whereas desaturation to plasmalogen reached a maximum after 12 h. Greater amounts of radioactivity were observed in the phosphatidylcholine fraction after longer incubation times. Only small amounts of choline plasmalogen were observed. The phosphatidylethanolamine fraction consisted of 26.5% diacyl, 27.5% alkyl-acyl-, and 46.0% alkenyl-acyl-compounds, whereas the corresponding data for the phosphatidylcholine fraction were 78.5, 16.4, and 5.1%, respectively, after 20 h of incubation. Hydrolysis of the substrate to 1-alkyl-glycerol was a minor reaction.
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Illig HK, Witter B, Gunawan J, Ahrens P, Debuch H. Phospholipid metabolism of glial cell primary cultures, IV. Metabolism of 1-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine between 1 and 20 hours incubation. HOPPE-SEYLER'S ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE 1982; 363:709-16. [PMID: 7129362 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1982.363.2.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Primary cell cultures prepared from newborn rat brain were incubated on the 16th or 17th day with the substrate 1-([1-3H]-1-alkenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (lysoplasmalogen) for 1-20 h. The internalization of the substrate into the cells depended on the incubation time as well as on the amount of substrate. At any given time the acylation reaction to 2-acyl-1-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (plasmalogen) was the most important event amounting to nearly 50-60% of the total radioactivity incorporated. Unchanged substrate was found in only small amounts within the cells. During incubation, the formation of 2-acyl-1-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (choline plasmalogen) increased, reaching saturation after 6 h with nearly 40% of the total radioactivity within the cells. These results were compared with those previously obtained with the substrate 1-([1-3H]alkyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine under the same conditions. The acylation of this substrate as well as its conversion to the choline-containing analogue had been observed. Furthermore plasmalogen formation was also determined as a slow enzyme reaction. Both series of experiments showed a high acylation rate of 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine and a slow desaturation rate of the 1-alkyl compound. Thus, the following pathway of plasmalogen formation is proposed: 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine leads to 1-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine leads to 2-acyl-1-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
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Weber N, Richter I. Formation of ether lipids and wax esters in mammalian cells. Specificity of enzymes with regard to carbon chains of substrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 711:197-207. [PMID: 6920284 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of radioactivity from individual constituents of an equimolar mixture of saturated straight-chain alcohols (14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0) and of nearly uniform mixtures of isomeric cis- or trans-octadecenols (delta 8-delta 16) into alkyl, alk-1-enyl and acyl moieties of diradylglycerophosphocholines and diradylglycerophosphoethanolamines and into alkyl and acyl moieties of wax esters was studied in rat brain as well as in L 1210 and S 180 ascites cells. The pattern of incorporation of radioactivity from the substrates into alkyl and alk-1-enyl moieties of ether phospholipids and into alkyl moieties of wax esters reveals the following: (1) The enzymes catalyzing the biosynthesis of alkylacylglycerols, the common intermediates of cholinephospholipids and ethanolaminephospholipids, have no substrate specificity with regard to position of the double bond of either cis- or trans-octadecenols or of intermediate ether lipids derived therefrom. (2) CDPcholine:diradylglycerol cholinephosphotransferases exhibit a strong preference for alkylacylglycerols with cis-8, cis-9 and cis-10-octadecenyl moieties, but no preference for the double bond position in the trans-octadecenylacylglycerols. (3) CDPethanolamine:diredylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferases have no substrate specificity with regard to position of the double bond in cis- or trans-octadecenyl moieties of alkylacylglycerols. (4) THe enzyme systems catalyzing the biosynthesis of alkylacylglycerophosphocholines and alkylacylglycerophosphoethanolamines exhibit substrate specificity with regard to chain-length of saturated alcohols and intermediate ether lipids derived therefrom. (5) Alkylacylglycerophosphoethanolamine desaturase and (6) wax ester synthase are highly specific for alkylacylglycerophosphoethanolamines and long-chain alcohols, respectively, with regard to chain-length of saturated alkyl moieties, but not with regard to position of double bonds of cis- or trans-octadecenyl moieties.
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Hajra AK, Bishop JE. Glycerolipid biosynthesis in peroxisomes via the acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 386:170-82. [PMID: 7046569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Chapter 2 Plasmalogens and O-alkyl glycerophospholipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Davis PA, Hajra AK. Assay and properties of the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of 1-O-alkyl dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 211:20-9. [PMID: 7030211 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
[1-3H, 1-14C]Palmitaldehyde (3H:14C = 15) was injected intracerebrally to 18-day-old rats and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was followed over a 24-h period. The substrate was metabolized primarily by oxidation to palmitic acid with loss of tritium and, to a lesser extent, by reduction to hexadecanol. The alkyl moieties of the ethanolamine phospholipids showed considerably lower 3H:14C ratios than the substrate, indicating a substantial participation in either lipid synthesis by tritium-free alcohols derived from 14C-labeled fatty acids. Virtually no 3H radioactivity was found in alkenyl moieties, indicating stereospecificity of both reduction of aldehyde and dehydrogenation of alkyl to alkenyl glycerolipid. The data are consistent with the general concept that plasmalogen biosynthesis proceeds exclusively through fatty alcohols and alkyl glycerolipids and that fatty aldehydes cannot be utilized directly.
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Herrmann H, Gercken G. Incorporation of [1-14C]octadecanol into the lipids of Leishmania donovani. Lipids 1980; 15:179-85. [PMID: 7374369 DOI: 10.1007/bf02540966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After incubation of stationary phase Leishmania donovani with [1-14C]octadecanol, about 70% of the precursor was taken up within 3 hr. Wax esters and acyl moieties of glycerolipids contained most of the 14C-activity from 3 to 6 hr, because octadecanol was partly oxidized to stearate. Ether moieties were only weakly labeled. After 40 hr, 1-0-alkyl and 1-0-alk-1'-enyl diacylglycerols as well as 1-0-alkyl and 1-0-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines contained nearly all of the radioactivity. Most of the label in the neutral ether lipids was located in the alkyl ether side chain, whereas, in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction, most of the label was found in the alkenyl ether side chain. Administration of 1-0-[1-14C]hexadecyl glycerol resulted in rapid labeling of the vinyl ether side chain of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (1 hr) increasing further at 2.5 hr. Most of the radioactivity in the alkoxy diacylglycerols was found in the 1-0-alkyl moiety.
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Strosznajder J, Radominska-Pyrek A, Horrocks LA. Choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid synthesis in isolated synaptosomes of rat brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 574:48-56. [PMID: 38851 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(79)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substantial activities of cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) and ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.1) were found with lysed synaptosomes but not with intact synaptosomes isolated from adult rat brains. Synaptosomal and non-synaptosomal microsomal transferases were similar in kinetic properties. Substantial activities of synaptosomal transferases have not been described previously. Part of the glycerophospholipids in synaptosomal membranes may be synthesized in the nerve ending in addition to the glycerophospholipids supplied by axonal transport. The synthesis of the alkylacyl type of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids was moderately inhibited by 1 mM ATP and 1 microM cyclic AMP. This synthesis was also inhibited by more than 50% by 1 mM norepinephrine and to a lesser extent by 5 mM hydroxytryptamine and 1 mM acetylcholine. Cyclic AMP may mediate the effects of biogenic amines. The relative synthesis of different glycerophospholipid classes and the relative proportion of alkylacyl type (plasmalogen precursors) and diacyl type of glycerophospholipids may be influenced by the levels of adenine nucleotides and/or biogenic amines. Elevated cyclic AMP levels will decrease the synthesis of plasmalogen precursors.
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Mangold HK. Synthesis and biosynthesis of alkoxylipids. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (INTERNATIONAL ED. IN ENGLISH) 1979; 18:493-503. [PMID: 115343 DOI: 10.1002/anie.197904933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Natarajan V, Schmid HH. Biosynthesis and utilization of long-chain alcohols in rat brain: aspects of chain length specificity. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 187:215-22. [PMID: 655720 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Paltauf F. Isolation of soluble proteins capable of stimulating aerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 85:263-70. [PMID: 639820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The terminal step during aerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis is catalyzed by a microsomal desaturase system which converts 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine to 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine (ethanolamine plasmalogen). The reaction depends on oxygen and NAD(P)H and is stimulated 3-10-fold by soluble activating factors contained in the 100 000 X g supernatant. Two stimulating proteins have been isolated from pig kidney; the partially purified proteins have identical molecular weights (27 000) but differ in their respective isoelectric points (protein I, 5.1 and protein II, 4.9). Both proteins behave identically in the biochemical studies conducted. Exogenous substrate binds to the stimulating proteins; the transfer of ethanolamine, but not of choline phospholipids, from liposomes to microsomes is enhanced by the stimulating proteins. They stimulate plasmalogen synthesis from either exogenous or endogenous substrate (synthesized from alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine by microsomal transacylases). The stimulating proteins have no enzymatic activity themselves; it is suggested that they affect events within the membrane and function as specific mediators between the membrane-bound enzyme system and the lipophilic substrate.
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Paltauf F. Studies on soluble proteins stimulating plasmalogen biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 101:387-95. [PMID: 665374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9071-2_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Holub BJ, Kuksis A. Metabolism of molecular species of diacylglycerophospholipids. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1978; 16:1-125. [PMID: 362863 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024916-9.50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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39
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Yavin E. Base stimulation of phospholipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cells. I. Kinetics of incorporation of N-methylated ethanolamine bases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 489:278-89. [PMID: 922030 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(77)90147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of nitrogen bases on the regulation of phospholipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cell cultures were investigated. An increase in the total cellular phospholipids was observed up to 24 h following plating. Addition of monomethyl- and dimethylethanolamine bases resulted in a stimulation of the synthesis of their corresponding phospholipids. The average rates of synthesis of phosphatidylmonomethyl- and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine were 0.09 and 0.12 nmol/microgram DNA per h, respectively. The labeling patterns of the various phospholipid species from ortho[32P]phosphate have been determined. They suggest that the synthesis of the analogs proceeded entirely via a phosphate mediated pathway rather than through a base exchange mechanism. A number of distinct patterns for the incorporation of bases into acyl-, alkyl- and alkenyl-containing phosphoglyceride species were indicated. The polar head group composition appeared to be intimately related to the type of bond of the hydrocarbon residue.
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Schmid HH, Bandi PC, Madson TH, Baumann WJ. Substrate specificity in plasmalogen biosynthesis. Desaturation of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl-2-acylglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine in developing rat brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 488:172-8. [PMID: 889857 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(77)90135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1-O-[1'-14C]Hexadecyloxyethyl rac-glycerol was administered to 18-day-old rats by intracerebral injection, and incorporation of radioactivity into the brain lipids was determined after 6, 24 and 48 h. Some of the substrate was catabolized by oxidative cleavage of either of the two ether bonds. Cleavage in the hexadecyloxyethyl moiety yielded labeled palmitic acid, whereas oxidative cleaveage of the glycol glycerol ether bond produced O-hexadecyl glycolic acid. The substrate was also incorporated as such into both ethanolamine and choline phospholipids. Evidence is presented for the desaturation by rat brain of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine to the plasmalogen analogue, while the corresponding choline phospholipid was not desaturated.
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Kamp HH, Wirtz WA, Baer PR, Slotboom AJ, Rosenthal AF, Paltauf F, van Deenem LL. Specificity of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. Biochemistry 1977; 16:1310-6. [PMID: 557337 DOI: 10.1021/bi00626a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver stimulates the specific transfer of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from rat liver microsomes to mitochondria or phospholipid vesicles (Wirtz, K.W.A., Kamp, H.H., and van Deenen, L.L.M. (1972), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 274, 606). In the present study, it has been established which components of the PC molecule are essential to the specific interaction with the protein. Radiochemically labeled analogues of PC have been synthesized with modifications in the polar and apolar moiety, and their transfer was measured between donor and acceptor vesicles. Relative to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (egg yolk PC), transfer is inhibited or abolished when (a) the distance between phosphorus and nitrogen is decreased or increased and (b) a methyl group on the quaternary nitrogen is removed or substituted by an ethyl or propyl group. Transfer is much less affected when (a) the ester bonds are replaced by ether or carbon-carbon bonds, (b) the PC molecule contains two saturated fatty acids, and (c) the D stereoisomer is used. It is concluded that the protein has a binding site which interacts specifically with the phosphorylcholine head group and which cannot accommodate substantial configurational changes. Interaction with the apolar moiety of PC is less specific. However, lyso-PC is not transferred, suggesting that two hydrocarbon chains are required to stabilize the exchange protein-phospholipid complex. Interaction of [14C]PC-labeled exchange protein with vesicles of different phospholipid compositon has been analyzed by measuring the release of [14C]PC into these vesicles. Vesicles of egg PC or dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine function as acceptors, in contrast to vesicles of sphingomyelin or phosphatidylethanolamine.
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Radominska-Pyrek A, Strosznajder J, Dabrowiecki Z, Goracci G, Chojnacki T, Horrocks LA. Enzymic synthesis of ether types of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides by microsomal fractions from rat brain and liver. J Lipid Res 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Some Specific Pathways of Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids. Biochemistry 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-492550-2.50017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Pugh EL, Kates M. Direct desaturation of eicosatrienoyl lecithin to arachidonoyl lecithin by rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Yavin E, Zeigler BP. Regulation of phospholipid metabolism in differentiating cells from rat brain cerebral hemispheres in culture. Serine incorporation into serine phosphoglycerides: base exchange and decarboxylation patterns. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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48
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Mackenzie CG, Reiss OK, Moritz E, Mackenzie JB. Metabolism of glycerol monoethers in cultured liver cells and implications for monoglyceride pathways. J Lipid Res 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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49
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Baker RC, Wykle RL, Lockmiller JS, Snyder F. Identification of a soluble protein stimulator of plasmalogen biosynthesis and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 177:299-306. [PMID: 999288 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Paltauf F. An improved synthesis of 1-0-[3H] alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylethanolamine with an unsaturated acyl chain. Chem Phys Lipids 1976; 17:148-54. [PMID: 991375 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(76)90058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the synthesis of 1-0-[9', 10'-(3)H2] octadecyl-2-octadecenoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylethanol-amine, starting from rac 1-0-octadecen-9'-ylglycerol. The sn-1-alkyl enantiomer is obtained by an enzymatic reaction involving deacylation of rac 1-0-octadecen-9'-yl-2-octadecenoyl-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-N-(tert.-butyloxycarbonyl) ethanolamine with phospholipase A2. The resulting lyso compound is tritiated with 3H2 in the presence of platinum catalyst and reacylated with oleoyl anhydride to yield the final product.
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