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Branched-chain amino acid catabolism fuels adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 12:15-21. [PMID: 26571352 PMCID: PMC4684771 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays important roles in regulating carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis, though less is known about the regulation of amino acid metabolism in adipocytes. Here we applied isotope tracing to pre–adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes to quantify the contributions of different substrates to tricarboxylic acid metabolism and lipogenesis. In contrast to proliferating cells that use glucose and glutamine for acetyl–coenzyme A (AcCoA) generation, differentiated adipocytes increased branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic flux such that leucine and isoleucine from media and/or protein catabolism accounted for as much as 30% of lipogenic AcCoA pools. Medium cobalamin deficiency caused methylmalonic acid accumulation and odd–chain fatty acid synthesis. B12 supplementation reduced these metabolites and altered the balance of substrates entering mitochondria. Finally, inhibition of BCAA catabolism compromised adipogenesis. These results quantitatively highlight the contribution of BCAAs to adipocyte metabolism and suggest that BCAA catabolism plays a functional role in adipocyte differentiation.
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Hathout L, El-Saden S. Nitrous oxide-induced B12 deficiency myelopathy: Perspectives on the clinical biochemistry of vitamin B12. J Neurol Sci 2011; 301:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this report, our goal was to summarize the current knowledge of the biochemical basis for the impaired DNA synthesis and neuropathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS We reviewed the pertinent literature and our clinical experience with cobalamin deficiency. RESULTS Studies have established that the megaloblastic hematopoiesis associated with vitamin B12 and folate deficiency is secondary to impaired DNA synthesis. Two mechanisms of impairment of DNA synthesis have been proposed: the "methylfolate trap hypothesis" and the "formate starvation hypothesis." One possibility is that both hypotheses may be contributory--that is, incoming dietary folate may be inaccessible for polyglutamation in accordance with the methylfolate trap hypothesis, whereas the formate starvation hypothesis may explain the failure to use already polyglutamated forms of folate. CONCLUSION Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency are not completely understood, nutritional anemias offer suitable models for the study of the biochemical basis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tefferi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905
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4
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Failure to detect beta-leucine in human blood or leucine 2,3-aminomutase in rat liver using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
This is a report of a 1 1/2-year-old male with megaloblastic anaemia and a progressive neurological disorder clinically resembling leucodystrophy. The child was exclusively breast fed and his mother had been a strict vegetarian for more than 4 years before the child was born. After Vitamin B12 therapy the anaemia disappeared and the neurological condition dramatically improved.
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Sadowitz PD, Livingston A, Cavanaugh RM. Developmental regression as an early manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1986; 25:369-71. [PMID: 2423284 DOI: 10.1177/000992288602500708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of previously attained developmental milestones in an infant is often associated with central nervous system tumor, neuromuscular disease, or an inborn metabolic error. An infant with developmental regression and involuntary movements who was found to be vitamin B12 deficient on the basis of unrecognized maternal vitamin B12 deficiency is described. The infant had a dramatic neurologic recovery after receiving vitamin B12. The case and a review of similar cases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. David Sadowitz
- From the State University Hospital, Upstate Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Syracuse, New York
| | - Anne Livingston
- From the State University Hospital, Upstate Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Syracuse, New York
| | - Robert M. Cavanaugh
- From the State University Hospital, Upstate Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Syracuse, New York
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Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids. Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2107-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Dowd P, Shapiro M. A nonenzymic model for the coenzyme B12-dependent isomerization of methylmalonyl-SCoA to suiccinyl-SCoA. Tetrahedron 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Fujii K, Nagasaki T, Huennekens F. Vitamin B12-dependent replication of L1210 mouse leukemia cells. A model system for cobalamin-folate inter-relationships. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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10
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van der Westhuyzen J, Cantrill RC, Fernandes-Costa F, Metz J. Lipid composition of the brain in the vitamin B12-deficient fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with neurological impairment. J Neurochem 1981; 37:543-9. [PMID: 7276938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb12521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Brennan MJ, Cantrill RC, Warner SJ, van der Westhuyzen J, Fernandes-Costa F, Kramer S, Metz J. Amino acid transmitter transport in nerve endings from normal and vitamin B12 deficient fruit bats. Brain Res 1980; 200:213-5. [PMID: 7417808 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Chester EM, Agamanolis DP, Harris JW, Victor M, Hines JD, Kark JA. Optic atrophy in experimental vitamin B12 deficiency in monkeys. Acta Neurol Scand 1980; 61:9-26. [PMID: 6771960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1980.tb02991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The clinical findings and pathological changes of the visual pathway of vitamin B12 deficient monkeys have been described. The cellular morphology and counts of the peripheral blood and bone marrow remained normal during the study (nine deficient, three controls: one still alive in each group). Visual impairment was noted in all seven of the deficient animals that were evaluated by clinical observations. Ophthalmoscopic examination disclosed optic atrophy in six of the seven deficient monkeys. Degeneration of the visual pathway was demonstrated by pathological examination in eight of the deficient group of nine (one is still alive). Loss of ganglion cells was noted in the maculae of two of three deficient animals with completed studies. In the three control animals there were neither visual disturbances nor ophthalmoscopic changes and in two animals autopsies disclosed no lesions in the visual pathways. The third animal is still alive and well.
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Rizzino A, Rizzino H, Sato G. Defined media and the determination of nutritional and hormonal requirements of mammalian cells in culture. Nutr Rev 1979; 37:369-78. [PMID: 394042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1979.tb06646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Babior BM, Krouwer JS. The mechanism of adenosylcobalamin-dependent reactions. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 6:35-102. [PMID: 222536 DOI: 10.3109/10409237909105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fehling C, Jägerstad M, Akesson B, Axelsson J, Brun A. Effects of vitamin B12 deficiency on lipid metabolism of the rat liver and nervous system. Br J Nutr 1978; 39:501-13. [PMID: 638120 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19780066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Rats bred from vitamin B12-depleted dams were fed on a vitamin B12-deficient diet for 12-15 months and developed a severe vitamin B12 deficiency, as judged from methylmalonic acid excretion and tissue vitamin B12 levels at slaughter. Control rats were supplemented with vitamin B12 in the drinking-water. 2. Neurological signs were recorded after 7 months but the motor nerve conduction velocities remained normal. Neuropathological examination revealed mild changes in the peripheral nerves but no changes in the central nervous system. 3. The amounts of total lipids and phospholipids were normal, but in all examined tissues the proportions of pentadecanoate (C15 fatty acid) and heptadecanoate (C17 fatty acid) were considerably increased in vitamin B12 deficiency. 4. 3H2O was incorporated to the same extent into the fatty acids of nervous tissue from vitamin B12-deficient and control rats after 48 h. Less 3H was found in the liver fatty acids of the vitamin B12-deficient rats. 5. Neurological dysfunction can be demonstrated in the vitamin B12-deficient rat; the relation of the biochemical and neuropathological changes to the neurological signs needs further study.
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Volpe JJ, Marasa JC. A role for thiamine in the regulation of fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured cells of neural origin. J Neurochem 1978; 30:975-81. [PMID: 26733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb12389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Ramsey RB, Fischer VW. Effect of 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (cycloleucine) on developing rat central nervous system phospholipids. J Neurochem 1978; 30:447-57. [PMID: 624950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb06549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Ramsey RB, Scott T, Banik NL. Fatty acid composition of myelin isolated from the brain of a patient with cellular deficiency of co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12. J Neurol Sci 1977; 34:221-32. [PMID: 925711 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(77)90070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myelin fractionation and subsequent lipid isolation have been carried out on a brain from a patient who suffered from a cellular deficiency of the adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12. Examination of the fatty acid composition of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids indicated a relative enrichment of odd-chain fatty acids which were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy as C15, C15:1, C17 and C17:1. A mixture of methyl branched C17 fatty acids was also identified. Odd-chain fatty acids accounted for 9.8% of the total fatty acid in the myelin choline phospholipid conpared to control values of 1.2%. The affected brain myelin phospholipids had a lower unsaturated fatty acid content. Examination of the myelin sphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cerebroside and sulfatide, yielded abnormal fatty acid profiles. The sphingomyelin contained only small amounts of C24:1 fatty acid. Both normal and hydroxy fatty acid containing cerebroside and sulfatide had reduced levels of C24 fatty acid. Determination of the relative hydroxy and normal fatty acid content of the galactolipids indicated an abnormally high hydroxy fatty acid level. Abnormal fatty acid profiles of brain cerebral sphingolipids have not been previously described in cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. Whether or not these alterations are characteristic will only be established by estimating sphingolipids in other such cases.
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Abstract
Severe neurological complications (either peripheral neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration of the cord or cerebral changes) are a characteristic feature in some patients with marked vitamin B12 deficiency. Although Addisonian pernicious anaemia (PA) is the major cause of this neurological syndrome, the disorder has been described in association with other conditions in which there is a profound depletion of vitamin B12 stores. Sixteen patients with vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy, associated with PA, have been HLA-typed for 27 alleles of the A and B loci and compared with 53 cases of PA without neurological damage and 60 controls of the same ethnic group. There is a significantly increased frequency of the HLA phenotype. A12;B12 (44% instead of 4% in PA patients without neurological damage) in the disease group studied (P less than 0.0005). The signficance of these findings in relation to the pathogenesis of vitamin B12 neuromyelopathy is discussed.
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Sato K, Ueda S, Shimizu S. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in a methanol-utilizing bacterium. Protaminobacter ruber. FEBS Lett 1976; 71:248-50. [PMID: 12008 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Volpe JJ, Marasa JC. Regulation of palmitic acid synthesis in cultured glial cells: effects of glucocorticoid on fatty acid synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid and sterol synthesis. J Neurochem 1976; 27:841-5. [PMID: 9487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb05144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Biochemical and ultrastructural hepatic changes during vitamin B12 deficiency in animals and man. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Frenkel EP, Kitchens RL. Intracellular localization of hepatic propionyl-CoA carboxylase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in humans and normal and vitamin B12 deficient rats. Br J Haematol 1975; 31:501-13. [PMID: 24458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular localization of the enzymes in the vitamin B12 dependent pathway which involves the oxidation of propionate was studied in rat liver obtained from normal and vitamin B12 deficient rats as well as from man. The subcellular site of propionyl CoA carboxylase and the vitamin B12 dependent-methylmalonyl CoA mutase were determined. All of the activity of these two enzymes was demonstrated to be in the mitochondria and those enzymes were shown to be loosely bound to the inner membrane-matrix portion of the mitochondria. Vitamin B12 deficiency did not alter the subcellular localization. Finally, a rapid enzymatic assay for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase was described.
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Volpe JJ, Marasa JC. Regulation of palmitic acid synthesis in cultured glial cells: effects of lipid on fatty acid synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid and sterol synthesis. J Neurochem 1975; 25:333-40. [PMID: 240002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb06976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Neurological damage in vitamin B12-depleted bats. Nutr Rev 1975; 33:217-9. [PMID: 1097967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb05221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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27
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Siddons RC. Changes in folate metabolism in baboons Papio cynocephalus treated with 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol-B12. Br J Haematol 1975; 29:263-71. [PMID: 1191547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb01820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
After the intramuscular administration of the vitamin B12 analogue, 2-methyl-2-aminopropanol-B12, to vitamin B12-depleted baboons (Papio cynocephalus) the effects on vitamin B12 and folate metabolism have been studied. The 'apparent' serum vitamin B12 and the serum folate concentrations increased, the liver folate concentrations decreased, and the liver vitamin B12 concentrations were unchanged. The analogue caused a marked increase in the amount of formiminoglutamic acid excreted after a histidine load whereas the amount of methylmalonic acid excreted after a valine load decreased. The rate of red blood cell regeneration after venesection was normal in baboons treated with the analogue and there was no evidence of megaloblastic haemopoiesis. Two baboons given the analogue developed a partial loss of utilization and lack of co-ordination in the hind limbs.
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Bissell MG, Rubinstein LJ, Bignami A, Herman MM. Characteristics of the rat C-6 glioma maintained in organ culture systems. Production of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the absence of gliofibrillogenesis. Brain Res 1974; 82:77-89. [PMID: 4373142 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gompertz D. Inborn errors of organic acid metabolism. CLINICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1974; 3:107-30. [PMID: 4609643 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(74)80028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Huennekens FM, DiGirolamo PM, Fujii K, Henderson GB, Jacobsen DW, Neef VG, Rader JI. Folic acid and vitamin B12: transport and conversion to coenzyme forms. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1974; 12:131-53. [PMID: 4156820 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(74)90011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lipid Metabolism in Cultured Cells1 1This review was aided by Grants RR-107 and AM-14526 from the National Institutes of Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024912-1.50009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Frenkel EP, Kitchens RL, Johnston JM. The Effect of Vitamin B12 Deprivation on the Enzymes of Fatty Acid Synthesis. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abnormal fatty acids in rat glial cells cultured in vitamin B 12 -deficient medium. Nutr Rev 1973; 31:63-4. [PMID: 4702213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1973.tb05987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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