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Iglesias Rando MR, Gorojovsky N, Zylberman V, Goldbaum FA, Craig PO. Improvement of Cellulomonas fimi endoglucanase CenA by multienzymatic display on a decameric structural scaffold. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12581-6. [PMID: 37212884 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional particles using polymeric scaffolds is an emerging technology for many nanobiotechnological applications. Here we present a system for the production of multifunctional complexes, based on the high affinity non-covalent interaction of cohesin and dockerin modules complementary fused to decameric Brucella abortus lumazine synthase (BLS) subunits, and selected target proteins, respectively. The cohesin-BLS scaffold was solubly expressed in high yield in Escherichia coli, and revealed a high thermostability. The production of multienzymatic particles using this system was evaluated using the catalytic domain of Cellulomonas fimi endoglucanase CenA recombinantly fused to a dockerin module. Coupling of the enzyme to the scaffold was highly efficient and occurred with the expected stoichiometry. The decavalent enzymatic complexes obtained showed higher cellulolytic activity and association to the substrate compared to equivalent amounts of the free enzyme. This phenomenon was dependent on the multiplicity and proximity of the enzymes coupled to the scaffold, and was attributed to an avidity effect in the polyvalent enzyme interaction with the substrate. Our results highlight the usefulness of the scaffold presented in this work for the development of multifunctional particles, and the improvement of lignocellulose degradation among other applications. KEY POINTS: • New system for multifunctional particle production using the BLS scaffold • Higher cellulolytic activity of polyvalent endoglucanase compared to the free enzyme • Amount of enzyme associated to cellulose is higher for the polyvalent endoglucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías R Iglesias Rando
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gorojovsky
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Zylberman
- Inmunova SA, Gral. San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1021 (CP 1650), Villa Lynch, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Goldbaum
- Inmunova SA, Gral. San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1021 (CP 1650), Villa Lynch, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (CP 1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Rediseño e Ingeniería de Proteínas (CRIP), UNSAM Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia (CP 1650), Gral. San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio O Craig
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Intendente Güiraldes 2160 (CP 1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mavi PS, Singh S, Kumar A. Media component bovine serum albumin facilitates the formation of mycobacterial biofilms in response to reductive stress. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:111. [PMID: 37081437 PMCID: PMC10116703 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) forms physiologically relevant biofilms harboring drug-tolerant bacteria. This observation has brought the study of mycobacterial biofilms to the forefront of tuberculosis research. We established earlier that dithiothreitol (DTT) mediated reductive stress induces cellulose-rich biofilm formation in Mtb cultures. The molecular events associated with the DTT-induced biofilm formation are not known. Furthermore, there are only limited tools for monitoring the presence of cellulose in biofilms. RESULTS To decipher the molecular events associated with DTT-induced biofilm formation, we used Mtb and non-pathogenic, fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm). We observed that DTT induces biofilm formation in Msm cultures. We explored whether media components facilitate biofilm formation in mycobacteria upon exposure to DTT. We observed that media component bovine serum albumin promotes mycobacterial biofilm formation in response to DTT. Furthermore, we analyzed the composition of extracellular polymeric substances of Msm biofilms. We found that, like Mtb biofilms, Msm biofilms are also rich in polysaccharides and proteins. We also developed a novel protein-based molecular probe for imaging cellulose by utilizing the cellulose-binding domain of cellulase CenA from Cellulomonas fimi and fusing it to fluorescent reporter mCherry. Characterization of this new probe revealed that it has a high affinity for cellulose and could be used for visualizing cellulose biosynthesis during the development of Agrobacterium biofilms. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that biological macromolecule cellulose is present in the extracellular polymeric substances of Msm biofilms using this novel probe. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that DTT-mediated reduction of media component BSA leads to the formation of nucleating foci. These nucleating foci are critical for subsequent attachment of bacterial cells and induction of EPS production. Furthermore, this new tool, IMT-CBD-mC, could be used for monitoring cellulose incorporation in plant cells, understanding cellulose biosynthesis dynamics during biofilm formation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh Mavi
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Room No 508, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India, 160036
| | - Shweta Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Room No 508, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India, 160036
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Room No 508, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India, 160036.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, 201002.
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3
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Tong X, He Z, Zheng L, Pande H, Ni Y. Enzymatic treatment processes for the production of cellulose nanomaterials: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120199. [PMID: 36876810 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials have attracted much attention in recent years because of their unique properties. Commercial or semi-commercial production of nanocellulose has been reported in recent years. Mechanical treatments for nanocellulose production are viable but highly energy-intensive. Chemical processes are well reported; however, these chemical processes are not only costly, but also cause environmental concerns and end-use related challenges. This review summarizes recent researches on enzymatic treatment of cellulose fibers for the production of cellulose nanomaterials, with focus on novel enzymatic processes with xylanase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) to enhance the efficacy of cellulase. Different enzymes are discussed, including endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase, as well as LPMO, with emphasis on the accessibility and hydrolytic specificity of LPMO enzymes to cellulose fiber structures. LPMO acts in a synergistic way with cellulase to cause significant physical and chemical changes to the cellulose fiber cell-wall structures, which facilitate the nano-fibrillation of the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada; Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Zhibin He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada.
| | - Linqiang Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
| | - Harshad Pande
- Domtar Corporation, 395 Blvd Maisonneuve West, Montreal, PQ H3A 1L6, Canada
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
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Navone L, Moffitt K, Johnston WA, Mercer T, Cooper C, Spann K, Speight RE. Bioengineered textiles with peptide binders that capture SARS-CoV-2 viral particles. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2022; 3:54. [PMID: 35991518 PMCID: PMC9376897 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-022-00278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE), face masks and ventilation are key strategies to control the transmission of respiratory viruses. However, most PPE provides physical protection that only partially prevents the transmission of viral particles. Here, we develop textiles with integrated peptide binders that capture viral particles. We fuse peptides capable of binding the receptor domain of the spike protein on the SARS-CoV-2 capsid to the cellulose-binding domain from the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II protein. The hybrid peptides can be attached to the cellulose fibres in cotton and capture SARS-CoV-2 viral particles with high affinity. The resulting bioengineered cotton captures 114,000 infective virus particles per cm2 and reduces onwards SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells by 500-fold. The hybrid peptides could be easily modified to capture and control the spread of other infectious pathogens or for attachment to different materials. We anticipate the use of bioengineered protective textiles in PPE, facemasks, ventilation, and furnishings will provide additional protection to the airborne or fomite transmission of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navone
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Kaylee Moffitt
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Wayne A. Johnston
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Tim Mercer
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Crystal Cooper
- Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Kirsten Spann
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Robert E. Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
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Deletion of AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Impacts A. nidulans Secretome and Growth on Lignocellulose. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0212521. [PMID: 35658600 PMCID: PMC9241910 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02125-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are oxidative enzymes found in viruses, archaea, and bacteria as well as eukaryotes, such as fungi, algae and insects, actively contributing to the degradation of different polysaccharides. In Aspergillus nidulans, LPMOs from family AA9 (AnLPMO9s), along with an AA3 cellobiose dehydrogenase (AnCDH1), are cosecreted upon growth on crystalline cellulose and lignocellulosic substrates, indicating their role in the degradation of plant cell wall components. Functional analysis revealed that three target LPMO9s (AnLPMO9C, AnLPMO9F and AnLPMO9G) correspond to cellulose-active enzymes with distinct regioselectivity and activity on cellulose with different proportions of crystalline and amorphous regions. AnLPMO9s deletion and overexpression studies corroborate functional data. The abundantly secreted AnLPMO9F is a major component of the extracellular cellulolytic system, while AnLPMO9G was less abundant and constantly secreted, and acts preferentially on crystalline regions of cellulose, uniquely displaying activity on highly crystalline algae cellulose. Single or double deletion of AnLPMO9s resulted in about 25% reduction in fungal growth on sugarcane straw but not on Avicel, demonstrating the contribution of LPMO9s for the saprophytic fungal lifestyle relies on the degradation of complex lignocellulosic substrates. Although the deletion of AnCDH1 slightly reduced the cellulolytic activity, it did not affect fungal growth indicating the existence of alternative electron donors to LPMOs. Additionally, double or triple knockouts of these enzymes had no accumulative deleterious effect on the cellulolytic activity nor on fungal growth, regardless of the deleted gene. Overexpression of AnLPMO9s in a cellulose-induced secretome background confirmed the importance and applicability of AnLPMO9G to improve lignocellulose saccharification. IMPORTANCE Fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that boost plant biomass degradation in combination with glycoside hydrolases. Secretion of LPMO9s arsenal by Aspergillus nidulans is influenced by the substrate and time of induction. These findings along with the biochemical characterization of novel fungal LPMO9s have implications on our understanding of their concerted action, allowing rational engineering of fungal strains for biotechnological applications such as plant biomass degradation. Additionally, the role of oxidative players in fungal growth on plant biomass was evaluated by deletion and overexpression experiments using a model fungal system.
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Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and cellulases on the production of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lai CY, Ng KL, Wang H, Lam CC, Wong WKR. Spontaneous Cleavages of a Heterologous Protein, the CenA Endoglucanase of Cellulomonas fimi, in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Insights 2021; 14:11786361211024637. [PMID: 34188486 PMCID: PMC8209791 DOI: 10.1177/11786361211024637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CenA is an endoglucanase secreted by the Gram-positive cellulolytic bacterium, Cellulomonas fimi, to the environment as a glycosylated protein. The role of glycosylation in CenA is unclear. However, it seems not crucial for functional activity and secretion since the unglycosylated counterpart, recombinant CenA (rCenA), is both bioactive and secretable in Escherichia coli. Using a systematic screening approach, we have demonstrated that rCenA is subjected to spontaneous cleavages (SC) in both the cytoplasm and culture medium of E. coli, under the influence of different environmental factors. The cleavages were found to occur in both the cellulose-binding (CellBD) and catalytic domains, with a notably higher occurring rate detected in the former than the latter. In CellBD, the cleavages were shown to occur close to potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting that these sites might serve as ‘attributive tags’ for differentiating rCenA from endogenous proteins and the points of initiation of SC. It is hypothesized that glycosylation plays a crucial role in protecting CenA from SC when interacting with cellulose in the environment. Subsequent to hydrolysis, SC would ensure the dissociation of CenA from the enzyme-substrate complex. Thus, our findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of protein turnover and enzymatic cellulolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Yin Lai
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Lun Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chui Chi Lam
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wan Keung Raymond Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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8
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The Nanofication and Functionalization of Bacterial Cellulose and Its Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030406. [PMID: 32106515 PMCID: PMC7152840 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since economic and environmental issues have become critical in the last several years, the amount of sustainable bio-based production has increased. In this article, microbial polysaccharides, including bacterial cellulose (BC), are analyzed as promising resources with the potential for applications in biofields and non-biofields. Many scientists have established various methods of BC production, nanofication, and functionalization. In particular, this review will address the essential advances in recent years focusing on nanofication methods and nanoficated BC applications as well as functionalization methods and functionalized BC applications.
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Green nanocomposite made with chitin and bamboo nanofibers and its mechanical, thermal and biodegradable properties for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 144:491-499. [PMID: 31857175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a green nanocomposite made by simply blending chitin nanofibers and bamboo cellulose nanofibers without chemically dissolving chitin and cellulose raw materials. Good biodegradability and biocompatibility of chitin in conjunction with good mechanical properties of cellulose are beneficial for developing green nanocomposite applicable for food packaging. The bamboo cellulose nanofiber (BACNF) is isolated by using a TEMPO-oxidation followed by an aqueous counter collision (ACC) method. Chitin nanofiber (CTNF) is isolated by using the ACC method. A simple blending is used to prepare the nanocomposite with different CTNF and BACNF concentration. Morphologies, mechanical properties, chemical interactions, thermal properties, water contact angles and biodegradability of the nanocomposite are investigated. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the prepared nanocomposite increased up to 3 and 1.3 times, respectively as the BACNF concentration increase. The nanocomposite exhibites better thermal stability than the pure BACNF. Furthermore, the nanocomposite is fully biodegradable within a week. Good mechanical, thermal properties as well as biodegradability of the nanocomposite are promising for possible food packaging application.
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Dvortsov IA, Lunina NA, Demidyuk IV, Kostrov SV. Disturbed processing of the carbohydrate‐binding module of family 54 significantly impairs its binding to polysaccharides. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3414-3420. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Dvortsov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Nataliya A. Lunina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Ilya V. Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
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Djajadi DT, Pihlajaniemi V, Rahikainen J, Kruus K, Meyer AS. Cellulases adsorb reversibly on biomass lignin. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2869-2880. [PMID: 30132790 PMCID: PMC6282830 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of cellulases onto lignin is considered a major factor in retarding enzymatic cellulose degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. However, the adsorption mechanisms and kinetics are not well understood for individual types of cellulases. This study examines the binding affinity, kinetics of adsorption, and competition of four monocomponent cellulases of Trichoderma reesei during adsorption onto lignin.
TrCel7A,
TrCel6A,
TrCel7B, and
TrCel5A were radiolabeled for adsorption experiments on lignin‐rich residues (LRRs) isolated from hydrothermally pretreated spruce (L‐HPS) and wheat straw (L‐HPWS), respectively. On the basis of adsorption isotherms fitted to the Langmuir model, the ranking of binding affinities was
TrCel5A >
TrCel6A >
TrCel7B >
TrCel7A on both types of LRRs. The enzymes had a higher affinity to the L‐HPS than to the L‐HPWS. Adsorption experiments with dilution after 1 and 24 hr and kinetic modeling were performed to quantify any irreversible binding over time. Models with reversible binding parameters fitted well and can explain the results obtained. The adsorption constants obtained from the reversible models agreed with the fitted Langmuir isotherms and suggested that reversible adsorption–desorption existed at equilibrium. Competitive binding experiments showed that individual types of cellulases competed for binding sites on the lignin and the adsorption data fitted the Langmuir adsorption model. Overall, the data strongly indicate that the adsorption of cellulases onto lignin is reversible and the findings have implications for the development of more efficient cellulose degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi T Djajadi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Anne S Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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Wang P, Zhao Y, Liu J. Versatile design and synthesis of mesoporous sulfonic acid catalysts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:252-266. [PMID: 36659014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous sulfonic acid catalysts (MSAC) are widely used in acid-catalyzed reactions, including biomass conversions with plenty of polar solvents and precursors. The catalytic efficiency of MSAC is greatly affected by the microenvironment around the sulfonic acid sites. In this review, the progress on modification of microenvironment of MSAC is reviewed over the past decade. Hydrophobic modification allows MSAC prevent the adhesion of water molecules onto sulfonic acid sites, to abate the risk of reduced acid strength and catalytic efficiency. In comparison, hydrophilic properties can bring positive effect on acid-catalyzed reactions with the aid of hydrophilic interaction between polar functional groups on MSAC and hydrophilic groups of specific substrates. Amphiphilic MSAC with tunable wettability for specific substrates and solvents tend to improve the efficiency in certain reactions with mixed solvents or reactants of different polarity, especially for biphasic systems of immiscible liquids. Furthermore, much attention has been attracted on modification of surface to simulate the microenvironment of homogeneous solvents and enzyme biocatalysts in recent research. New trends of this field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
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Сarbohydrate binding module CBM28 of endoglucanase Cel5D from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii recognizes crystalline cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khatri V, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Adjallé K, Barnabé S, Beauregard M. Determination of optimal biomass pretreatment strategies for biofuel production: investigation of relationships between surface-exposed polysaccharides and their enzymatic conversion using carbohydrate-binding modules. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:144. [PMID: 29796085 PMCID: PMC5960114 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a key step for its efficient bioconversion into ethanol. Determining the best pretreatment and its parameters requires monitoring its impacts on the biomass material. Here, we used fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules method (FTCM)-depletion assay to study the relationship between surface-exposed polysaccharides and enzymatic hydrolysis of LCB. RESULTS Our results indicated that alkali extrusion pretreatment led to the highest hydrolysis rates for alfalfa stover, cattail stems and flax shives, despite its lower lignin removal efficiency compared to alkali pretreatment. Corn crop residues were more sensitive to alkali pretreatments, leading to higher hydrolysis rates. A clear relationship was consistently observed between total surface-exposed cellulose detected by the FTCM-depletion assay and biomass enzymatic hydrolysis. Comparison of bioconversion yield and total composition analysis (by NREL/TP-510-42618) of LCB prior to or after pretreatments did not show any close relationship. Lignin removal efficiency and total cellulose content (by NREL/TP-510-42618) led to an unreliable prediction of enzymatic polysaccharide hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules method (FTCM)-depletion assay provided direct evidence that cellulose exposure is the key determinant of hydrolysis yield. The clear and robust relationships that were observed between the cellulose accessibility by FTCM probes and enzymatic hydrolysis rates change could be evolved into a powerful prediction tool that might help develop optimal biomass pretreatment strategies for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Khatri
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Kokou Adjallé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Simon Barnabé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
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15
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The complete genome sequence of the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio hungatei MB2003. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:72. [PMID: 29225728 PMCID: PMC5716241 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrivibrio hungatei MB2003 was isolated from the plant-adherent fraction of rumen contents from a pasture-grazed New Zealand dairy cow, and was selected for genome sequencing in order to examine its ability to degrade plant polysaccharides. The genome of MB2003 is 3.39 Mb and consists of four replicons; a chromosome, a secondary chromosome or chromid, a megaplasmid and a small plasmid. The genome has an average G + C content of 39.7%, and encodes 2983 putative protein-coding genes. MB2003 is able to use a variety of monosaccharide substrates for growth, with acetate, butyrate and formate as the principal fermentation end-products, and the genes encoding these metabolic pathways have been identified. MB2003 is predicted to encode an extensive repertoire of CAZymes with 78 GHs, 7 CEs, 1 PL and 78 GTs. MB2003 is unable to grow on xylan or pectin, and its role in the rumen appears to be as a utilizer of monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides made available by the degradative activities of other bacterial species.
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16
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Characterization of the Micromorphology and Topochemistry of Poplar Wood during Mild Ionic Liquid Pretreatment for Improving Enzymatic Saccharification. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010115. [PMID: 28085065 PMCID: PMC6155579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) as designer solvents have been applied in biomass pretreatment to increase cellulose accessibility and therefore improve the enzymatic hydrolysis. We investigated the characterization of the micromorphology and the topochemistry of poplar wood during 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate pretreatment with mild conditions (90 °C for 20 and 40 min) by multiple microscopic techniques (FE-SEM, CLSM, and CRM). Chemical composition analysis, XRD, cellulase adsorption isotherm, and enzymatic hydrolysis were also performed to monitor the variation of substrate properties. Our results indicated that the biomass conversion was greatly enhanced (from 20.57% to 73.64%) due to the cell wall deconstruction and lignin dissolution (29.83% lignin was removed after incubation for 40 min), rather than the decrystallization or crystallinity transformation of substrates. The mild ILs pretreatment, with less energy input, can not only enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, but also provide a potential approach as the first step in improving the sequential pretreatment effectiveness in integrated methods. This study provides new insights on understanding the ILs pretreatment with low temperature and short duration, which is critical for developing individual and/or combined pretreatment technologies with reduced energy consumption.
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17
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Xiong W, Yang JK, Chen FY, Han ZG. The catalytic domain of Penicillium crustosum endoglucanase EGL1 has cellulose-binding capacity and cellulolytic activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 97:71-81. [PMID: 28010775 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellulase-mediated degradation of cellulosic materials, which is initiated by endoglucanases by the random cleavage of the glycosidic bonds between glucose units to break long cellulose molecules into shorter ones, represents a major carbon flow in the global carbon cycle. The structure of a typical endoglucanase contains a classical (α/β)8 barrel fold catalytic domain, a linker region and a cellulose-binding domain. In this study, we found that both the full-length enzyme and the catalytic domain of endoglucanase EGL1 cloned from Penicillium crustosum strain 601 have CMCase and FPase activity. A cellulose-binding assay using green fluorescent protein as a marker further showed that the catalytic domain could also bind the cellulose substrate. The three-dimensional structure of the catalytic domain of EGL1 revealed that this cellulose substrate-binding capacity of the catalytic domain may come from the hydrophobic core formed by aromatic amino acids distributed in or outside the (α/β)8 barrel fold. A glycine scanning mutagenesis assay further found that the aromatic amino acids at the bottom of the barrel fold and those adjacent to the catalytic site significantly affect the cellulolytic activity and the cellulose binding affinity of the catalytic domain. Thus, it could be speculated that the aromatic amino acids in the bottom of the barrel fold might be the main contributors in the binding capacity of the catalytic domain with the cellulose substrate, and those distributed around the active sites on the top of the enzyme might participate in moving the cellulose substrate to the active site in the barrel fold or releasing the hydrolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiang-Ke Yang
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Fang-Yuan Chen
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Han
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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18
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Mutation of a conserved tryptophan residue in the CBM3c of a GH9 endoglucanase inhibits activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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19
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Malik A. Protein fusion tags for efficient expression and purification of recombinant proteins in the periplasmic space of E. coli. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:44. [PMID: 28330113 PMCID: PMC4742420 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds occurred in majority of secreted protein. Formation of correct disulfide bonds are must for achieving native conformation, solubility and activity. Production of recombinant proteins containing disulfide bond for therapeutic, diagnostic and various other purposes is a challenging task of research. Production of such proteins in the reducing cytosolic compartment of E. coli usually ends up in inclusion bodies formation. Refolding of inclusion bodies can be difficult, time and labor consuming and uneconomical. Translocation of these proteins into the oxidative periplasmic compartment provides correct environment to undergo proper disulfide bonds formation and thus achieving native conformation. However, not all proteins can be efficiently translocated to the periplasm with the help of bacterial signal peptides. Therefore, fusion to a small well-folded and stable periplasmic protein is more promising for periplasmic production of disulfide bonded proteins. In the past decades, several full-length proteins or domains were used for enhancing translocation and solubility. Here, protein fusion tags that significantly increase the yields of target proteins in the periplasmic space are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Research Chair, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Karim Z, Afrin S, Husain Q, Danish R. Necessity of enzymatic hydrolysis for production and functionalization of nanocelluloses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:355-370. [PMID: 27049593 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1163322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) from cellulosic biomass has recently gained attention owing to their biodegradable nature, low density, high mechanical properties, economic value and renewability. They still suffer, however, some drawbacks. The challenges are the exploration of raw materials, scaling, recovery of chemicals utilized for the production or functionalization and most important is toxic behavior that hinders them from implementing in medical/pharmaceutical field. This review emphasizes the structural behavior of cellulosic biomass and biological barriers for enzyme interactions, which are pertinent to understand the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for the production of NCs. Additionally, the enzymatic catalysis for the modification of solid and NC is discussed. The utility of various classes of enzymes for introducing desired functional groups on the surface of NC has been further examined. Thereafter, a green mechanistic approach is applied for understanding at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoheb Karim
- a Division of Materials Science , Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå , Sweden
| | - Sadaf Afrin
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India
| | - Qayyum Husain
- c Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India
| | - Rehan Danish
- d Infinity Vacuum Technology , Geomdan Techpart Geomdangondan-Ro 26, Buk-Gu , Daegu , Korea
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21
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Ferguson A, Khan U, Walsh M, Lee KY, Bismarck A, Shaffer MSP, Coleman JN, Bergin SD. Understanding the Dispersion and Assembly of Bacterial Cellulose in Organic Solvents. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1845-53. [PMID: 27007744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The constituent nanofibrils of bacterial cellulose are of interest to many researchers because of their purity and excellent mechanical properties. Mechanisms to disrupt the network structure of bacterial cellulose (BC) to isolate bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (BCN) are limited. This work focuses on liquid-phase dispersions of BCN in a range of organic solvents. It builds on work to disperse similarly intractable nanomaterials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, where optimum dispersion is seen for solvents whose surface energies are close to the surface energy of the nanomaterial; bacterial cellulose is shown to disperse in a similar fashion. Inverse gas chromatography was used to determine the surface energy of bacterial cellulose, under relevant conditions, by quantifying the surface heterogeneity of the material as a function of coverage. Films of pure BCN were prepared from dispersions in a range of solvents; the extent of BCN exfoliation is shown to have a strong effect on the mechanical properties of BC films and to fit models based on the volumetric density of nanofibril junctions. Such control offers new routes to producing robust cellulose films of bacterial cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auren Ferguson
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Umar Khan
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währingerstr. 42, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | | | | | - Shane D Bergin
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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Hamid SBA, Islam MM, Das R. Cellulase biocatalysis: key influencing factors and mode of action. CELLULOSE 2015; 22:2157-2182. [DOI: 10.1007/s10570-015-0672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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23
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Verma AK, Bule P, Ribeiro T, Brás JLA, Mukherjee J, Gupta MN, Fontes CMGA, Goyal A. The family 6 Carbohydrate Binding Module (CtCBM6) of glucuronoxylanase (CtXynGH30) of Clostridium thermocellum binds decorated and undecorated xylans through cleft A. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 575:8-21. [PMID: 25857803 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CtCBM6 of glucuronoxylan-xylanohydrolase (CtXynGH30) from Clostridium thermocellum was cloned, expressed and purified as a soluble ~14 kDa protein. Quantitative binding analysis with soluble polysaccharides by affinity electrophoresis and ITC revealed that CtCBM6 displays similar affinity towards decorated and undecorated xylans by binding wheat- and rye-arabinoxylans, beechwood-, birchwood- and oatspelt-xylan. Protein melting studies confirmed thermostable nature of CtCBM6 and that Ca(2+) ions did not affect its structure stability and binding affinity significantly. The CtCBM6 structure was modeled and refined and CD spectrum displayed 44% β-strands supporting the predicted structure. CtCBM6 displays a jelly roll β-sandwich fold presenting two potential carbohydrate binding clefts, A and B. The cleft A, is located between two loops connecting β4-β5 and β8-β9 strands. Tyr28 and Phe84 present on these loops make a planar hydrophobic binding surface to accommodate sugar ring of ligand. The cleft B, is located on concave surface of β-sandwich fold. Tyr34 and Tyr104 make a planar hydrophobic platform, which may be inaccessible to ligand due to hindrance by Pro68. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed Tyr28 and Phe84 in cleft A, playing a major role in ligand binding. The results suggest that CtCBM6 interacts with carbohydrates through cleft A, which recognizes equally well both decorated and un-decorated xylans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Ribeiro
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana L A Brás
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Munishwar N Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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24
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Shu Z, Wang Y, An L, Yao L. The Slowdown of the Endoglucanase Trichoderma reesei Cel5A-Catalyzed Cellulose Hydrolysis Is Related to Its Initial Activity. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7650-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501059n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Shu
- Laboratory
of Biofuels, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yefei Wang
- Laboratory
of Biofuels, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Liaoyuan An
- Laboratory
of Biofuels, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lishan Yao
- Laboratory
of Biofuels, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
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25
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Mannan specific family 35 carbohydrate-binding module (CtCBM35) of Clostridium thermocellum: structure analysis and ligand binding. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Jalak J, Väljamäe P. Multi-mode binding of Cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei to cellulose. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108181. [PMID: 25265511 PMCID: PMC4180464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of recalcitrant polysaccharides like cellulose takes place on the solid-liquid interface. Therefore the adsorption of enzymes to the solid surface is a pre-requisite for catalysis. Here we used enzymatic activity measurements with fluorescent model-substrate 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-β-D-lactoside for sensitive monitoring of the binding of cellobiohydrolase TrCel7A from Trichoderma reesei to bacterial cellulose (BC). The binding at low nanomolar free TrCel7A concentrations was exclusively active site mediated and was consistent with Langmuir's one binding site model with Kd and Amax values of 2.9 nM and 126 nmol/g BC, respectively. This is the strongest binding observed with non-complexed cellulases and apparently represents the productive binding of TrCel7A to cellulose chain ends on the hydrophobic face of BC microfibril. With increasing free TrCel7A concentrations the isotherm gradually deviated from the Langmuir's one binding site model. This was caused by the increasing contribution of lower affinity binding modes that included both active site mediated binding and non-productive binding with active site free from cellulose chain. The binding of TrCel7A to BC was found to be only partially reversible. Furthermore, the isotherm was dependent on the concentration of BC with more efficient binding observed at lower BC concentrations. The phenomenon can be ascribed to the BC concentration dependent aggregation of BC microfibrils with concomitant reduction of specific surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Jalak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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27
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Cellulosomal carbohydrate-binding module fromClostridium josuibinds to crystalline and non-crystalline cellulose, and soluble polysaccharides. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3886-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Ghosh A, Verma AK, Gautam S, Gupta MN, Goyal A. Structure and functional investigation of ligand binding by a family 35 carbohydrate binding module (CtCBM35) of β-mannanase of family 26 glycoside hydrolase from Clostridium thermocellum. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:672-86. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914070098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Zhang M, Wang B, Xu B. Mapping Single Molecular Binding Kinetics of Carbohydrate-Binding Module with Crystalline Cellulose by Atomic Force Microscopy Recognition Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6714-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503185n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Single
Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science
and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Single
Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science
and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single
Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science
and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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30
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Lim S, Chundawat SP, Fox BG. Expression, purification and characterization of a functional carbohydrate-binding module from Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 98:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Ghosh A, Luís AS, Brás JLA, Pathaw N, Chrungoo NK, Fontes CMGA, Goyal A. Deciphering ligand specificity of a Clostridium thermocellum family 35 carbohydrate binding module (CtCBM35) for gluco- and galacto- substituted mannans and its calcium induced stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80415. [PMID: 24324599 PMCID: PMC3855759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of CBM35 from Clostridium thermocellum (CtCBM35) in polysaccharide recognition. CtCBM35 was cloned into pET28a (+) vector with an engineered His6 tag and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. A homogenous 15 kDa protein was purified by immobilized metal ion chromatography (IMAC). Ligand binding analysis of CtCBM35 was carried out by affinity electrophoresis using various soluble ligands. CtCBM35 showed a manno-configured ligand specific binding displaying significant association with konjac glucomannan (Ka = 14.3×10(4) M(-1)), carob galactomannan (Ka = 12.4×10(4) M(-1)) and negligible association (Ka = 12 µM(-1)) with insoluble mannan. Binding of CtCBM35 with polysaccharides which was calcium dependent exhibited two fold higher association in presence of 10 mM Ca(2+) ion with konjac glucomannan (Ka = 41×10(4) M(-1)) and carob galactomannan (Ka = 30×10(4) M(-1)). The polysaccharide binding was further investigated by fluorescence spectrophotometric studies. On binding with carob galactomannan and konjac glucomannan the conformation of CtCBM35 changed significantly with regular 21 nm peak shifts towards lower quantum yield. The degree of association (K a) with konjac glucomannan and carob galactomannan, 14.3×10(4) M(-1) and 11.4×10(4) M(-1), respectively, corroborated the findings from affinity electrophoresis. The association of CtCBM35with konjac glucomannan led to higher free energy of binding (ΔG) -25 kJ mole(-1) as compared to carob galactomannan (ΔG) -22 kJ mole(-1). On binding CtCBM35 with konjac glucomannan and carob galactomannan the hydrodynamic radius (RH) as analysed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) study, increased to 8 nm and 6 nm, respectively, from 4.25 nm in absence of ligand. The presence of 10 mM Ca(2+) ions imparted stiffer orientation of CtCBM35 particles with increased RH of 4.52 nm. Due to such stiffer orientation CtCBM35 became more thermostable and its melting temperature was shifted to 70°C from initial 50°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ana Sofia Luís
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana L. A. Brás
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Neeta Pathaw
- North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | | | - Carlos M. G. A. Fontes
- CIISA-Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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32
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Ahmed S, Luís AS, Brás JLA, Fontes CMGA, Goyal A. Functional and structural characterization of family 6 carbohydrate-binding module (CtCBM6A) of Clostridium thermocellum α-L-arabinofuranosidase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:1272-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Rahikainen JL, Evans JD, Mikander S, Kalliola A, Puranen T, Tamminen T, Marjamaa K, Kruus K. Cellulase–lignin interactions—The role of carbohydrate-binding module and pH in non-productive binding. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:315-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Ahmed S, Luis AS, Brás JLA, Fontes CMGA, Goyal A. The family 6 carbohydrate-binding module (CtCBM6B) ofClostridium thermocellumalpha-L-arabinofuranosidase binds xylans and thermally stabilized by Ca2+ions. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.828047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Zheng Y, Zhang S, Miao S, Su Z, Wang P. Temperature sensitivity of cellulase adsorption on lignin and its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. J Biotechnol 2013; 166:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Kim HD, Choi SL, Kim H, Sohn JH, Lee SG. Enzyme-linked assay of cellulose-binding domain functions from Cellulomonas fimi on multi-well microtiter plate. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Bianchetti CM, Harmann CH, Takasuka TE, Hura GL, Dyer K, Fox BG. Fusion of dioxygenase and lignin-binding domains in a novel secreted enzyme from cellulolytic Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18574-87. [PMID: 23653358 PMCID: PMC3689997 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E is a highly cellulolytic bacterium isolated from an insect/microbe symbiotic community. When grown on lignin-containing biomass, it secretes SACTE_2871, an aromatic ring dioxygenase domain fused to a family 5/12 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM 5/12). Here we present structural and catalytic studies of this novel fusion enzyme, thus providing insight into its function. The dioxygenase domain has the core β-sandwich fold typical of this enzyme family but lacks a dimerization domain observed in other intradiol dioxygenases. Consequently, the x-ray structure shows that the enzyme is monomeric and the Fe(III)-containing active site is exposed to solvent in a shallow depression on a planar surface. Purified SACTE_2871 catalyzes the O2-dependent intradiol cleavage of catechyl compounds from lignin biosynthetic pathways, but not their methylated derivatives. Binding studies show that SACTE_2871 binds synthetic lignin polymers and chitin through the interactions of the CBM 5/12 domain, representing a new binding specificity for this fold-family. Based on its unique structural features and functional properties, we propose that SACTE_2871 contributes to the invasive nature of the insect/microbial community by destroying precursors needed by the plant for de novo lignin biosynthesis as part of its natural wounding response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Bianchetti
- From the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 and
| | - Connor H. Harmann
- From the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 and
| | - Taichi E. Takasuka
- From the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 and
| | - Gregory L. Hura
- the Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kevin Dyer
- the Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Brian G. Fox
- From the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 and
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Vandevenne M, Campisi V, Freichels A, Gillard C, Gaspard G, Frère JM, Galleni M, Filée P. Comparative functional analysis of the human macrophage chitotriosidase. Protein Sci 2013; 20:1451-63. [PMID: 21674664 DOI: 10.1002/pro.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work analyses the chitin-binding and catalytic domains of the human macrophage chitotriosidase and investigates the physiological role of this glycoside hydrolase in a complex mechanism such as the innate immune system, especially its antifungal activity. Accordingly, we first analyzed the ability of its chitin-binding domain to interact with chitin embedded in fungal cell walls using the β-lactamase activity reporter system described in our previous work. The data showed that the chitin-binding activity was related to the cell wall composition of the fungi strains and that their peptide-N-glycosidase/zymolyase treatments increased binding to fungal by increasing protein permeability. We also investigated the antifungal activity of the enzyme against Candida albicans. The antifungal properties of the complete chitotriosidase were analyzed and compared with those of the isolated chitin-binding and catalytic domains. The isolated catalytic domain but not the chitin-binding domain was sufficient to provide antifungal activity. Furthermore, to explain the lack of obvious pathologic phenotypes in humans homozygous for a widespread mutation that renders chitotriosidase inactive, we postulated that the absence of an active chitotriosidase might be compensated by the expression of another human hydrolytic enzyme such as lysozyme. The comparison of the antifungal properties of chitotriosidase and lysozyme indicated that surprisingly, both enzymes have similar in vitro antifungal properties. Furthermore, despite its more efficient hydrolytic activity on chitin, the observed antifungal activity of chitotriosidase was lower than that of lysozyme. Finally, this antifungal duality between chitotriosidase and lysozyme is discussed in the context of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylène Vandevenne
- Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Chimie B6a, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
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Guo J, Catchmark JM. Binding Specificity and Thermodynamics of Cellulose-Binding Modules from Trichoderma reesei Cel7A and Cel6A. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1268-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300810t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Intercollege
Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, §Department of Agricultural and Biological
Engineering, ‡Center for NanoCellulosics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Catchmark
- Intercollege
Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, §Department of Agricultural and Biological
Engineering, ‡Center for NanoCellulosics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
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Thongekkaew J, Ikeda H, Masaki K, Iefuji H. Fusion of cellulose binding domain from Trichoderma reesei CBHI to Cryptococcus sp. S-2 cellulase enhances its binding affinity and its cellulolytic activity to insoluble cellulosic substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 52:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Larroque M, Barriot R, Bottin A, Barre A, Rougé P, Dumas B, Gaulin E. The unique architecture and function of cellulose-interacting proteins in oomycetes revealed by genomic and structural analyses. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:605. [PMID: 23140525 PMCID: PMC3532174 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oomycetes are fungal-like microorganisms evolutionary distinct from true fungi, belonging to the Stramenopile lineage and comprising major plant pathogens. Both oomycetes and fungi express proteins able to interact with cellulose, a major component of plant and oomycete cell walls, through the presence of carbohydrate-binding module belonging to the family 1 (CBM1). Fungal CBM1-containing proteins were implicated in cellulose degradation whereas in oomycetes, the Cellulose Binding Elicitor Lectin (CBEL), a well-characterized CBM1-protein from Phytophthora parasitica, was implicated in cell wall integrity, adhesion to cellulosic substrates and induction of plant immunity. RESULTS To extend our knowledge on CBM1-containing proteins in oomycetes, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis on 60 fungi and 7 oomycetes genomes leading to the identification of 518 CBM1-containing proteins. In plant-interacting microorganisms, the larger number of CBM1-protein coding genes is expressed by necrotroph and hemibiotrophic pathogens, whereas a strong reduction of these genes is observed in symbionts and biotrophs. In fungi, more than 70% of CBM1-containing proteins correspond to enzymatic proteins in which CBM1 is associated with a catalytic unit involved in cellulose degradation. In oomycetes more than 90% of proteins are similar to CBEL in which CBM1 is associated with a non-catalytic PAN/Apple domain, known to interact with specific carbohydrates or proteins. Distinct Stramenopile genomes like diatoms and brown algae are devoid of CBM1 coding genes. A CBM1-PAN/Apple association 3D structural modeling was built allowing the identification of amino acid residues interacting with cellulose and suggesting the putative interaction of the PAN/Apple domain with another type of glucan. By Surface Plasmon Resonance experiments, we showed that CBEL binds to glycoproteins through galactose or N-acetyl-galactosamine motifs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the evolution and biological roles of CBM1-containing proteins from oomycetes. We show that while CBM1s from fungi and oomycetes are similar, they team up with different protein domains, either in proteins implicated in the degradation of plant cell wall components in the case of fungi or in proteins involved in adhesion to polysaccharidic substrates in the case of oomycetes. This work highlighted the unique role and evolution of CBM1 proteins in oomycete among the Stramenopile lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Larroque
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - Roland Barriot
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, Toulouse F-31000, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; LMGM, Toulouse F-31000, France
| | - Arnaud Bottin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - Annick Barre
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
- Present address: Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire PHARMA-DEV IRD UMR 152, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
- Present address: Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire PHARMA-DEV IRD UMR 152, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
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Kim IJ, Ko HJ, Kim TW, Choi IG, Kim KH. Characteristics of the binding of a bacterial expansin (BsEXLX1) to microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:401-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Structural basis for entropy-driven cellulose binding by a type-A cellulose-binding module (CBM) and bacterial expansin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14830-5. [PMID: 22927418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of modular cellulases, type-A cellulose-binding modules (CBMs) bind to crystalline cellulose and enhance enzyme effectiveness, but structural details of the interaction are uncertain. We analyzed cellulose binding by EXLX1, a bacterial expansin with ability to loosen plant cell walls and whose domain D2 has type-A CBM characteristics. EXLX1 strongly binds to crystalline cellulose via D2, whereas its affinity for soluble cellooligosaccharides is weak. Calorimetry indicated cellulose binding was largely entropically driven. We solved the crystal structures of EXLX1 complexed with cellulose-like oligosaccharides to find that EXLX1 binds the ligands through hydrophobic interactions of three linearly arranged aromatic residues in D2. The crystal structures revealed a unique form of ligand-mediated dimerization, with the oligosaccharide sandwiched between two D2 domains in opposite polarity. This report clarifies the molecular target of expansin and the specific molecular interactions of a type-A CBM with cellulose.
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Wang S, Cui GZ, Song XF, Feng Y, Cui Q. Efficiency and stability enhancement of cis-epoxysuccinic acid hydrolase by fusion with a carbohydrate binding module and immobilization onto cellulose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:708-17. [PMID: 22843080 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cis-epoxysuccinic acid hydrolase (CESH) is an enzyme that catalyzes cis-epoxysuccinic acid to produce enantiomeric L(+)-tartaric acid. The production of tartaric acid by using CESH would be valuable in the chemical industry because of its high yield and selectivity, but the low stability of CESH hampers its application. To improve the stability of CESH, we fused five different carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) to CESH and immobilized the chimeric enzymes on cellulose. The effects of the fusion and immobilization on the activity, kinetics, and stability of CESH were compared. Activity measurements demonstrated that the fusion with CBMs and the immobilization on cellulose increased the pH and temperature adaptability of CESH. The chimeric enzymes showed significantly different enzyme kinetics parameters, among which the immobilized CBM30-CESH exhibited twofold catalytic efficiency compared with the native CESH. The half-life measurements indicated that the stability of the enzyme in its free form was slightly increased by the fusion with CBMs, whereas the immobilization on cellulose significantly increased the stability of the enzyme. The immobilized CBM30-CESH showed the longest half-life, which is more than five times the free native CESH half-life at 30 °C. Therefore, most CBMs can improve enzymatic properties, and CBM30 is the best fusion partner for CESH to improve both its enzymatic efficiency and its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
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45
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Gao Z, Mori T, Kondo R. The pretreatment of corn stover with Gloeophyllum trabeum KU-41 for enzymatic hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:28. [PMID: 22559172 PMCID: PMC3436736 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment is an essential step in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass for bio-ethanol production. The dominant concern in this step is how to decrease the high cost of pretreatment while achieving a high sugar yield. Fungal pretreatment of biomass was previously reported to be effective, with the advantage of having a low energy requirement and requiring no application of additional chemicals. In this work, Gloeophyllum trabeum KU-41 was chosen for corn stover pretreatment through screening with 40 strains of wood-rot fungi. The objective of the current work is to find out which characteristics of corn stover pretreated with G. trabeum KU-41 determine the pretreatment method to be successful and worthwhile to apply. This will be done by determining the lignin content, structural carbohydrate, cellulose crystallinity, initial adsorption capacity of cellulase and specific surface area of pretreated corn stover. RESULTS The content of xylan in pretreated corn stover was decreased by 43% in comparison to the untreated corn stover. The initial cellulase adsorption capacity and the specific surface area of corn stover pretreated with G. trabeum were increased by 7.0- and 2.5-fold, respectively. Also there was little increase in the cellulose crystallinity of pretreated corn stover. CONCLUSION G. trabeum has an efficient degradation system, and the results indicated that the conversion of cellulose to glucose increases as the accessibility of cellulose increases due to the partial removal of xylan and the structure breakage of the cell wall. This pretreatment method can be further explored as an alternative to the thermochemical pretreatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Gao
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu, University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Toshio Mori
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu, University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Kondo
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu, University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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46
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Wang S, Ye X, Chen J, Rao P. A novel chitinase isolated from Vicia faba and its antifungal activity. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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47
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Abbott DW, Boraston AB. Quantitative approaches to the analysis of carbohydrate-binding module function. Methods Enzymol 2012; 510:211-31. [PMID: 22608728 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415931-0.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are important components of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Their primary functions are to assist in substrate turnover by targeting appended catalytic modules to substrate and concentrating appended catalytic modules on the surface of substrate. Presented here are four well-established methodologies for investigating and quantifying the CBM-polysaccharide binding relationship. These methods include: (1) the solid state depletion assay, (2) affinity gel electrophoresis, (3) UV difference and fluorescence spectroscopy, and (4) isothermal titration calorimetry. In addition, entropy-driven CBM-crystalline cellulose binding events and differential approaches to calculating stoichiometry with polyvalent polysaccharide ligands are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Park H, Ahn J, Lee J, Lee H, Kim C, Jung JK, Lee H, Lee EG. Expression, immobilization and enzymatic properties of glutamate decarboxylase fused to a cellulose-binding domain. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:358-68. [PMID: 22312257 PMCID: PMC3269691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli-derived glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was fused to the cellulose-binding domain (CBD) and a linker of Trichoderma harzianum endoglucanase II. To prevent proteolysis of the fusion protein, the native linker was replaced with a S3N10 peptide known to be completely resistant to E. coli endopeptidase. The CBD-GAD expressed in E. coli was successfully immobilized on Avicel, a crystalline cellulose, with binding capacity of 33 ± 2 nmolCBD-GAD/gAvicel and the immobilized enzymes retained 60% of their initial activities after 10 uses. The results of this report provide a feasible alternative to produce GABA using immobilized GAD through fusion to CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Park
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.A.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (C.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
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Kalashnikova I, Bizot H, Cathala B, Capron I. Modulation of Cellulose Nanocrystals Amphiphilic Properties to Stabilize Oil/Water Interface. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:267-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kalashnikova
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymeres
Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Hervé Bizot
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymeres
Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Cathala
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymeres
Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Capron
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymeres
Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
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50
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Hii KL, Yeap SP, Mashitah MD. Cellulase production from palm oil mill effluent in Malaysia: Economical and technical perspectives. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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