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Won D, Kang S, Li K, Bae B, Kang Y, Chen J, Youn YS, Lee J. Fabrication of chitin-glucan nanofibers: Insights into mushroom pretreatment and subsequent acidic deep eutectic solvent-based esterification. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121391. [PMID: 37940284 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms contain chitin-glucan complex (CGC), a natural copolymer of chitin and glucan, and nanofibrillation enhances its applicability. Here, a novel method was used to fabricate chitin-glucan nanofibers (CGNFs) from white button mushrooms. The first stage was to pretreat the raw mushroom using hot water and alkali to remove water-soluble glucans and alkali-soluble proteins, respectively, producing a CGC amenable to nanofibrillation. The second stage was nanofibrillation via esterification using acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and subsequent ultrasonication. Five choline chloride-based DESs containing mono- or dicarboxylic acid were tested for the CGC esterification. DESs with strong dicarboxylic acids expedited nanofibrillation by homogeneously dispersing the solid CGC, swelling CGC fibrils, and facilitating acidity-dependent esterification leading to steric and electrostatic repulsions. One CGNF, namely CGNF_CCMnA, was characterized: it contained chitin and glucan at an approximate ratio of 8:2 and exhibited desirable properties as nanomaterials, including small diameter (11 nm) and high colloidal (zeta potential < -30 mV above pH 5.8) and thermal stability (Tm, 315 °C). CGNF_CCMnA was tested for the adsorption to methylene blue, revealing a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.58 mg/g. The proposed approach is an efficient and readily applicable method to fabricate various mushroom-derived safe CGNFs and to produce related nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Won
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yua Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Tong X, He Z, Zheng L, Pande H, Ni Y. Enzymatic treatment processes for the production of cellulose nanomaterials: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120199. [PMID: 36876810 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials have attracted much attention in recent years because of their unique properties. Commercial or semi-commercial production of nanocellulose has been reported in recent years. Mechanical treatments for nanocellulose production are viable but highly energy-intensive. Chemical processes are well reported; however, these chemical processes are not only costly, but also cause environmental concerns and end-use related challenges. This review summarizes recent researches on enzymatic treatment of cellulose fibers for the production of cellulose nanomaterials, with focus on novel enzymatic processes with xylanase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) to enhance the efficacy of cellulase. Different enzymes are discussed, including endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase, as well as LPMO, with emphasis on the accessibility and hydrolytic specificity of LPMO enzymes to cellulose fiber structures. LPMO acts in a synergistic way with cellulase to cause significant physical and chemical changes to the cellulose fiber cell-wall structures, which facilitate the nano-fibrillation of the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada; Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Zhibin He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada.
| | - Linqiang Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
| | - Harshad Pande
- Domtar Corporation, 395 Blvd Maisonneuve West, Montreal, PQ H3A 1L6, Canada
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
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Ciesielski PN, Wang W, Chen X, Vinzant TB, Tucker MP, Decker SR, Himmel ME, Johnson DK, Donohoe BS. Effect of mechanical disruption on the effectiveness of three reactors used for dilute acid pretreatment of corn stover Part 2: morphological and structural substrate analysis. Biotechnol Biofuels 2014; 7:47. [PMID: 24690534 PMCID: PMC4022059 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable, naturally mass-produced form of stored solar energy. Thermochemical pretreatment processes have been developed to address the challenge of biomass recalcitrance, however the optimization, cost reduction, and scalability of these processes remain as obstacles to the adoption of biofuel production processes at the industrial scale. In this study, we demonstrate that the type of reactor in which pretreatment is carried out can profoundly alter the micro- and nanostructure of the pretreated materials and dramatically affect the subsequent efficiency, and thus cost, of enzymatic conversion of cellulose. RESULTS Multi-scale microscopy and quantitative image analysis was used to investigate the impact of different biomass pretreatment reactor configurations on plant cell wall structure. We identify correlations between enzymatic digestibility and geometric descriptors derived from the image data. Corn stover feedstock was pretreated under the same nominal conditions for dilute acid pretreatment (2.0 wt% H2SO4, 160°C, 5 min) using three representative types of reactors: ZipperClave® (ZC), steam gun (SG), and horizontal screw (HS) reactors. After 96 h of enzymatic digestion, biomass treated in the SG and HS reactors achieved much higher cellulose conversions, 88% and 95%, respectively, compared to the conversion obtained using the ZC reactor (68%). Imaging at the micro- and nanoscales revealed that the superior performance of the SG and HS reactors could be explained by reduced particle size, cellular dislocation, increased surface roughness, delamination, and nanofibrillation generated within the biomass particles during pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Increased cellular dislocation, surface roughness, delamination, and nanofibrillation revealed by direct observation of the micro- and nanoscale change in accessibility explains the superior performance of reactors that augment pretreatment with physical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Ciesielski
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Todd B Vinzant
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Melvin P Tucker
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R Decker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - David K Johnson
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Bryon S Donohoe
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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