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Kato Y, Matsumoto M, Takano N, Hirao M, Matsuda K, Tozuka T, Onda N, Nakamichi S, Takeuchi S, Miyanaga A, Noro R, Gemma A, Seike M. Induction of resistance to neurotrophic tropomyosin-receptor kinase inhibitors by HMGCS2 via a mevalonate pathway. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7393. [PMID: 38923428 PMCID: PMC11194613 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) has shown dramatic efficacy against malignant tumors harboring an NTRK fusion gene. However, almost all tumors eventually acquire resistance to NTRK-TKIs. METHOD To investigate the mechanism of resistance to NTRK-TKIs, we established cells resistant to three types of NTRK-TKIs (larotrectinib, entrectinib, and selitrectinib) using KM12 colon cancer cells with a TPM3-NTRK1 rearrangement. RESULT Overexpression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) was observed in three resistant cells (KM12-LR, KM12-ER, and KM12-SR) by microarray analysis. Lower expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) was found in two cells (KM12-ER and KM12-SR) in which HMGCS2 was overexpressed compared to the parental KM12 and KM12-LR cells. In resistant cells, knockdown of HMGCS2 using small interfering RNA improved the sensitivity to NTRK-TKI. Further treatment with mevalonolactone after HMGCS2 knockdown reintroduced the NTRK-TKI resistance. In addition, simvastatin and silibinin had a synergistic effect with NTRK-TKIs in resistant cells, and delayed tolerance was observed after sustained exposure to clinical concentrations of NTRK-TKI and simvastatin in KM12 cells. In xenograft mouse models, combination treatment with entrectinib and simvastatin reduced resistant tumor growth compared with entrectinib alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HMGCS2 overexpression induces resistance to NTRK-TKIs via the mevalonate pathway in colon cancer cells. Statin inhibition of the mevalonate pathway may be useful for overcoming this mechanistic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Masaru Matsumoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Natsuki Takano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Mariko Hirao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Kuniko Matsuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Takehiro Tozuka
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Naomi Onda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Shinji Nakamichi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Susumu Takeuchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiko Miyanaga
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Rintaro Noro
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Masahiro Seike
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
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The Association between Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Caucasian Women Stratified According to Glycemic Status. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103307. [PMID: 34684308 PMCID: PMC8538048 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the glycemic status-stratified relationships between total serum branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged Caucasian women. The study included 349 women divided into 2 subgroups: a normoglycemic group (NG, n = 184) and a dysglycemic group (DG, n = 165). Blood samples, anthropometric parameters, and blood pressure were measured. HOMA-IR, albumin-corrected calcium (CCa), and fatty liver index (FLI) were calculated. BCAA concentrations were higher in the women with dysglycemia. BCAAs moderately correlated with BMI and FLI in the NG group and with BMI, FLI, total calcium (TCa), CCa, HbA1c, TG/HDL-C, and HDL-C in the DG group. After adjusting for age and BMI, correlations for TCa, CCa, HbA1c, HDL-C, and TG/HDL-C remained significant. The coexistence of increased BCAAs with dysglycemic status was associated with markedly higher concentrations of TCa, CCa, HbA1c, and TG, which were not observed in the DG women with low level of BCAAs. Multiple regression showed that TCa or CCa, age and BCAAs were significantly associated with HbA1c independently of BMI only in the DG group. We conclude that dysglycemia in particular predisposes women to a significant relationship between total BCAAs and circulating calcium and HbA1c, and that these relationships are independent of BMI and may reflect the pathophysiological calcium-dependent mechanisms connecting BCAAs with metabolic disturbances.
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Balaz M, Becker AS, Balazova L, Straub L, Müller J, Gashi G, Maushart CI, Sun W, Dong H, Moser C, Horvath C, Efthymiou V, Rachamin Y, Modica S, Zellweger C, Bacanovic S, Stefanicka P, Varga L, Ukropcova B, Profant M, Opitz L, Amri EZ, Akula MK, Bergo M, Ukropec J, Falk C, Zamboni N, Betz MJ, Burger IA, Wolfrum C. Inhibition of Mevalonate Pathway Prevents Adipocyte Browning in Mice and Men by Affecting Protein Prenylation. Cell Metab 2019; 29:901-916.e8. [PMID: 30581121 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent research focusing on brown adipose tissue (BAT) function emphasizes its importance in systemic metabolic homeostasis. We show here that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the mevalonate pathway leads to reduced human and mouse brown adipocyte function in vitro and impaired adipose tissue browning in vivo. A retrospective analysis of a large patient cohort suggests an inverse correlation between statin use and active BAT in humans, while we show in a prospective clinical trial that fluvastatin reduces thermogenic gene expression in human BAT. We identify geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate as the key mevalonate pathway intermediate driving adipocyte browning in vitro and in vivo, whose effects are mediated by geranylgeranyltransferases (GGTases), enzymes catalyzing geranylgeranylation of small GTP-binding proteins, thereby regulating YAP1/TAZ signaling through F-actin modulation. Conversely, adipocyte-specific ablation of GGTase I leads to impaired adipocyte browning, reduced energy expenditure, and glucose intolerance under obesogenic conditions, highlighting the importance of this pathway in modulating brown adipocyte functionality and systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Balaz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Anton S Becker
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Balazova
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Leon Straub
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Gani Gashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Irene Maushart
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Hua Dong
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Moser
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Carla Horvath
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Vissarion Efthymiou
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Yael Rachamin
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Modica
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Zellweger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bacanovic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Stefanicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukas Varga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Profant
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zürich, ETH Zürich/University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Murali K Akula
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Bergo
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Falk
- Department of Medical Data Management, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Johannes Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.
| | - Irene A Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.
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Zhang D, Yang H, Kong X, Wang K, Mao X, Yan X, Wang Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Li J, Chen L, Wu J, Wei M, Yang J, Guan Y. Proteomics analysis reveals diabetic kidney as a ketogenic organ in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E287-95. [PMID: 20959534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. To date, the molecular mechanisms of DN remain largely unclear. The present study aimed to identify and characterize novel proteins involved in the development of DN by a proteomic approach. Proteomic analysis revealed that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase 2 (HMGCS2), the key enzyme in ketogenesis, was increased fourfold in the kidneys of type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Consistently, the activity of HMGCS2 in kidneys and 24-h urinary excretion of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) were significantly increased in db/db mice. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR studies further demonstrated that HMGCS2 was highly expressed in renal glomeruli of db/db mice, with weak expression in the kidneys of control mice. Because filtered ketone bodies are mainly reabsorbed in the proximal tubules, we used RPTC cells, a rat proximal tubule cell line, to examine the effect of the increased level of ketone bodies. Treating cultured RPTC cells with 1 mM β-HB significantly induced transforming growth factor-β1 expression, with a marked increase in collagen I expression. β-HB treatment also resulted in a marked increase in vimentin protein expression and a significant reduction in E-cadherin protein levels, suggesting an enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in RPTCs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that diabetic kidneys exhibit excess ketogenic activity resulting from increased HMGCS2 expression. Enhanced ketone body production in the diabetic kidney may represent a novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Zhang
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Ctr., Haidian District, Beijing, China
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