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Abdul Kareem ZG, Yasser Al-Zamily OM, Al-Khafaji NSK. Purification and characterization of α-galactosidase isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae in the human oral cavity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129550. [PMID: 38244734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The enzyme α-Galactosidase (α-D-galactoside galactohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.22]) is an exoglycosidase that hydrolyzes the terminal α-galactosyl moieties of glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is ubiquitous in nature and possesses extensive applications in the food, pharma, and biotechnology industries. The present study aimed to purify α-galactosidase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, a bacterium isolated from the human oral cavity. The purification steps involved ammonium sulfate precipitation (70 %), dialysis, ion exchange chromatography using a DEAE-cellulose column, and affinity monolith chromatography. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis was used to determine the molecular weight of the purified enzyme. The kinetic constants, Michaelis constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax), for this enzyme were determined by using p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. The results showed that the purification fold, specific activity, and yield were 126.52, 138.58 units/mg, and 21.5 %, respectively. The SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 75 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified α-galactosidase were detected at pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The kinetic constants, Michaelis constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax), for this enzyme were 4.6 mM and 769.23 U/ml, respectively. α-galactosidase from Klebsiella pneumoniae was purified and characterized. (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that the purified enzyme appeared as single band with a molecular weight of 75 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab G Abdul Kareem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq; Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Babylon, Iraq.
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2
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Deng M, Zhou H, Liang Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Guo W, Zhao AY, Li F, Mu Y, Zhao AZ. Development of Lanzyme as the Potential Enzyme Replacement Therapy Drug for Fabry Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 13:53. [PMID: 36671438 PMCID: PMC9855849 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive multisystemic disease characterized by lysosomal enzyme deficiency. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is one of the most significant advancements and breakthroughs in treating FD. However, limited resources and the high cost of ERT might prevent patients from receiving prompt and effective therapy, thereby resulting in severe complications. Future progress in ERT can uncover promising treatment options. In this study, we developed and validated a recombinant enzyme (Lanzyme) based on a CHO-S cell system to provide a new potential option for FD therapy. Our results indicated that Lanzyme was heavily glycosylated, and its highest activity was similar to a commercial enzyme (Fabrazyme®). Our pharmacokinetic assessment revealed that the half-life of Lanzyme was up to 11 min, which is nearly twice that of the commercial enzyme. In vivo experiments revealed that Lanzyme treatment sharply decreased the accumulation levels of Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 in various tissues of FD model mice, with superior or comparable therapeutic effects to Fabrazyme®. Based on these data, Lanzyme may represent a new and promising treatment approach for FD. Building this enzyme production system for ERT can offer additional choice, potentially with enhanced efficacy, for the benefit of patients with FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan Deng
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhicheng Liang
- The School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wanyi Guo
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - April Yuanyi Zhao
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yunping Mu
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Allan Zijian Zhao
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Fabris E, Bulfoni M, Nencioni A, Nencioni E. Intra-Laboratory Validation of Alpha-Galactosidase Activity Measurement in Dietary Supplements. Molecules 2021; 26:1566. [PMID: 33809185 PMCID: PMC8000382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-galactosidase (α-Gal) is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolyzation of glycolipids and glycoprotein commonly found in dietary sources. More than 20% of the general population suffers from abdominal pain or discomfort caused by intestinal gas and by indigested or partially digested food residuals. Therefore, α-Gal is used in dietary supplements to reduce intestinal gases and help complex food digestion. Marketed enzyme-containing dietary supplements must be produced in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMPs). AIM in this work we illustrated the process used to develop and validate a spectrophotometric enzymatic assay for α-Gal activity quantification in dietary supplements. METHODS The validation workflow included an initial statistical-phase optimization of materials, reagents, and conditions, and subsequently a comparative study with another fluorimetric assay. A final validation of method performance in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, intermediate-precision repeatability, and system precision was then executed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The proven method achieved good performance in the quantitative determination of α-Gal activity in commercial food supplements in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals (ICH) guidelines and is suitable as a rapid in-house quality control test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fabris
- Biofarma Group Srl, Via Castelliere 2, Mereto di Tomba, 33036 Udine, Italy;
| | - Michela Bulfoni
- Institute of Pathology Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Nencioni
- IBSA Institut Biochimique SA, Via del Piano29, CH-6915 Pambio Noranco, Switzerland;
| | - Emanuele Nencioni
- Biofarma Group Srl, Via Castelliere 2, Mereto di Tomba, 33036 Udine, Italy;
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Prediction of improved therapeutics for fabry disease patients generated by mutagenesis of the α-galactosidase A active site, dimer interface, and glycosylation region. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dwyer B, Hu J, Madduri A, Lundberg D, Miller B, Gill J, Meiyappan M, Pan C, Miller T, Zhang B. Affinity purification of human alpha galactosidase utilizing a novel small molecule biomimetic of alpha-D-galactose. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 177:105752. [PMID: 32949707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alpha galactosidase (a-Gal) is an acidic hydrolase that plays a critical role in hydrolyzing the terminal alpha-galactoyl moiety from glycolipids and glycoproteins. There are over a hundred mutations reported for the GLA gene that encodes a-Gal that result in reduced protein synthesis, protein instability, and reduction in function. The deficiencies of a-Gal can cause Fabry disease, a rare lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by the failure to catabolize alpha-d-galactoyl glycolipid moieties. The current standard of care for Fabry disease is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) where the purified recombinant form of human a-Gal is given to patients. The manufacture of a-Gal is currently performed utilizing traditional large-scale chromatography processes. Developing an affinity resin for the purification of a-Gal would reduce the complexity of the manufacturing process, reduce costs, and potentially produce a higher quality a-Gal. After the evaluation of many small molecules, a commercially available small molecule biomimetic, N-5-Carboxypentyl-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (N5C-DGJ), was utilized for the development of a novel small molecule biomimetic affinity resin for a-Gal. Affinity purified a-Gal demonstrated a purity greater than 90%, exhibited expected thermal stability and specific activity. Complementing this affinity purification is the development of an elution buffer system that confers an increased thermal stability to a-Gal. The N5C-DGJ affinity resin tolerated sodium hydroxide sanitization with no loss of binding capacity, making it amenable to large scale purification processes and potential use in manufacturing. This novel method for purifying the challenging a-Gal enzyme can be extended to other enzyme replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dwyer
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Jun Hu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Miller
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - John Gill
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Clark Pan
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Tom Miller
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Bohong Zhang
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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Ivanova MM, Dao J, Kasaci N, Adewale B, Fikry J, Goker-Alpan O. Rapid Clathrin-Mediated Uptake of Recombinant α-Gal-A to Lysosome Activates Autophagy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E837. [PMID: 32486191 PMCID: PMC7356514 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant alpha-galactosidase A (rh-α-Gal A) is the standard treatment for Fabry disease (FD). ERT has shown a significant impact on patients; however, there is still morbidity and mortality in FD, resulting in progressive cardiac, renal, and cerebrovascular pathology. The main pathway for delivery of rh-α-Gal A to lysosome is cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) endocytosis, also known as insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) endocytosis. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of uptake of rh-α-Gal-A in different cell types, with the exploration of clathrin-dependent and caveolin assisted receptor-mediated endocytosis and the dynamics of autophagy-lysosomal functions. rh-α-Gal-A uptake was evaluated in primary fibroblasts, urine originated kidney epithelial cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from Fabry patients and healthy controls, and in cell lines HEK293, HTP1, and HUVEC. Uptake of rh-α-Gal-A was more efficient in the cells with the lowest endogenous enzyme activity. Chloroquine and monensin significantly blocked the uptake of rh-α-Gal-A, indicating that the clathrin-mediated endocytosis is involved in recombinant enzyme delivery. Alternative caveolae-mediated endocytosis coexists with clathrin-mediated endocytosis. However, clathrin-dependent endocytosis is a dominant mechanism for enzyme uptake in all cell lines. These results show that the uptake of rh-α-Gal-A occurs rapidly and activates the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita M. Ivanova
- Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.D.); (N.K.); (B.A.); (J.F.); (O.G.-A.)
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Bhatia S, Singh A, Batra N, Singh J. Microbial production and biotechnological applications of α-galactosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1294-1313. [PMID: 31747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase, (E.C. 3.2.1.22) is an exoglycosidase that target galactooligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose and branched polysaccharides like galactomannans and galacto-glucomannans by catalysing the hydrolysis of α-1,6 linked terminal galactose residues. The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from microbial, plant and animal sources. This ubiquitous enzyme possesses physiological significance and immense industrial potential. Optimization of the growth conditions and efficient purification strategies can lead to a significant increase in the enzyme production. To boost commercial productivity, cloning of novel α-galactosidase genes and their heterologous expression in suitable host has gained popularity. Enzyme immobilization leads to its greater reutilization, superior thermostability, pH tolerance and increased activity. The enzyme is well explored in food industry in the removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soymilk and sugar crystallization process. It also improves animal feed quality and biomass processing. Applications of the enzyme is in the area of biomedicine includes therapeutic advances in treatment of Fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α-gal type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation. With considerable biotechnological applications, this enzyme has been vastly commercialized and holds greater future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhinashi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Ruderfer I, Shulman A, Kizhner T, Azulay Y, Nataf Y, Tekoah Y, Shaaltiel Y. Development and Analytical Characterization of Pegunigalsidase Alfa, a Chemically Cross-Linked Plant Recombinant Human α-Galactosidase-A for Treatment of Fabry Disease. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1630-1639. [PMID: 29698600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current treatment of Fabry disease by enzyme replacement therapy with commercially available recombinant human α-Galactosidase A shows a continuous deterioration of the disease patients. Human recombinant α-Galactosidase A is a homodimer with noncovalently bound subunits and is expressed in the ProCellEx plant cell-based protein expression platform to produce pegunigalsidase alfa. The effect of covalent bonding between two α-Galactosidase A subunits by PEG-based cross-linkers of various lengths was evaluated in this study. The results show that cross-linking by a bifunctional PEG polymer of 2000 Da produces a more stable protein with improved pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties. The chemical modification did not influence the tertiary protein structure but led to an increased thermal stability and showed partial masking of immune epitopes. The developed pegunigalsidase alfa is currently tested in phase III clinical trials and has a potential to show superior efficacy versus the currently used enzyme replacement therapies in the treatment of Fabry disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Ruderfer
- Protalix Ltd. , 2 Snunit street , POB 455, Carmiel , 2161401 , Israel
| | - Avidor Shulman
- Biond Biologics Ltd. , Misgav Industrial Park, POB 4, Misgav , 2017400 , Israel
| | - Tali Kizhner
- Protalix Ltd. , 2 Snunit street , POB 455, Carmiel , 2161401 , Israel
| | - Yaniv Azulay
- Protalix Ltd. , 2 Snunit street , POB 455, Carmiel , 2161401 , Israel
| | - Yakir Nataf
- Protalix Ltd. , 2 Snunit street , POB 455, Carmiel , 2161401 , Israel
| | - Yoram Tekoah
- Protalix Ltd. , 2 Snunit street , POB 455, Carmiel , 2161401 , Israel
| | - Yoseph Shaaltiel
- Protalix Ltd. , 2 Snunit street , POB 455, Carmiel , 2161401 , Israel
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Mauer M, Sokolovskiy A, Barth JA, Castelli JP, Williams HN, Benjamin ER, Najafian B. Reduction of podocyte globotriaosylceramide content in adult male patients with Fabry disease with amenable GLA mutations following 6 months of migalastat treatment. J Med Genet 2017; 54:781-786. [PMID: 28756410 PMCID: PMC5740534 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Deficiency of α-galactosidase A (αGal-A) in Fabry disease leads to the accumulation mainly of globotriaosylceramide (GL3) in multiple renal cell types. Glomerular podocytes are relatively resistant to clearance of GL3 inclusions by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Migalastat, an orally bioavailable small molecule capable of chaperoning misfolded αGal-A to lysosomes, is approved in the European Union for the long-term treatment of patients with Fabry disease and amenable GLA (α-galactosidase A enzyme) mutations. We aimed to examine if migalastat reduces GL3 content of podocytes in Fabry disease. Methods and analysis We compared paired renal biopsies of eight adult men with amenable Fabry disease mutations at baseline and after 6 months of treatment with 150 mg migalastat every other day using quantitative unbiased electron microscopic morphometric methods. Results Migalastat treatment led to a reduction in mean total GL3 inclusion volume per podocyte in renal biopsies from baseline to 6 months. This reduction correlated precisely with reduced mean podocyte volume. There was also a direct relationship between reduction in podocyte foot process width and the reduction in mean total podocyte GL3 content following 6 months of migalastat treatment, suggestive of reduced podocyte injury. Conclusion Migalastat treatment of 6 months duration in eight male patients with Fabry disease demonstrated effective GL3 clearance from the podocyte, an important and relatively ERT-resistant glomerular cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauer
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexey Sokolovskiy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jay A Barth
- Amicus Therapeutics, Cranbury, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Behzad Najafian
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Bakunina IY, Balabanova LA, Pennacchio A, Trincone A. Hooked on α-d-galactosidases: from biomedicine to enzymatic synthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:233-45. [PMID: 25394540 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.949618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-d-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22) are enzymes employed in a number of useful bio-based applications. We have depicted a comprehensive general survey of α-d-galactosidases from different origin with special emphasis on marine example(s). The structures of natural α-galactosyl containing compounds are described. In addition to 3D structures and mechanisms of action of α-d-galactosidases, different sources, natural function and genetic regulation are also covered. Finally, hydrolytic and synthetic exploitations as free or immobilized biocatalysts are reviewed. Interest in the synthetic aspects during the next years is anticipated for access to important small molecules by green technology with an emphasis on alternative selectivity of this class of enzymes from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yu Bakunina
- a G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia and
| | - Larissa A Balabanova
- a G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vladivostok , Russia and
| | - Angela Pennacchio
- b Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Napoli , Italy
| | - Antonio Trincone
- b Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Napoli , Italy
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Meghdari M, Gao N, Abdullahi A, Stokes E, Calhoun DH. Carboxyl-terminal truncations alter the activity of the human α-galactosidase A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118341. [PMID: 25719393 PMCID: PMC4342250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked inborn error of glycolipid metabolism caused by deficiency of the human lysosomal enzyme, α-galactosidase A (αGal), leading to strokes, myocardial infarctions, and terminal renal failure, often leading to death in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of terminal α-galactoside linkages in various glycolipids. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been approved for the treatment of Fabry disease, but adverse reactions, including immune reactions, make it desirable to generate improved methods for ERT. One approach to circumvent these adverse reactions is the development of derivatives of the enzyme with more activity per mg. It was previously reported that carboxyl-terminal deletions of 2 to 10 amino acids led to increased activity of about 2 to 6-fold. However, this data was qualitative or semi-quantitative and relied on comparison of the amounts of mRNA present in Northern blots with αGal enzyme activity using a transient expression system in COS-1 cells. Here we follow up on this report by constructing and purifying mutant enzymes with deletions of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 C-terminal amino acids (Δ2, Δ4, Δ6, Δ8, Δ10) for unambiguous quantitative enzyme assays. The results reported here show that the kcat/Km approximately doubles with deletions of 2, 4, 6 and 10 amino acids (0.8 to 1.7-fold effect) while a deletion of 8 amino acids decreases the kcat/Km (7.2-fold effect). These results indicate that the mutated enzymes with increased activity constructed here would be expected to have a greater therapeutic effect on a per mg basis, and could therefore reduce the likelihood of adverse infusion related reactions in Fabry patients receiving ERT treatment. These results also illustrate the principle that in vitro mutagenesis can be used to generate αGal derivatives with improved enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Meghdari
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Gao
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abass Abdullahi
- Biology & Medical Lab Technology, Bronx Community College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Erin Stokes
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - David H. Calhoun
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- * E-mail:
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Fuller M, Mellett N, Hein LK, Brooks DA, Meikle PJ. Absence of α-galactosidase cross-correction in Fabry heterozygote cultured skin fibroblasts. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:268-73. [PMID: 25468650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder resulting from deficiency of α-galactosidase A (GLA). Traditionally, heterozygotes were considered asymptomatic carriers of FD, but it is now apparent that the asymptomatic female carrier is the exception and most heterozygotes suffer significant multisystemic disease. To determine why the process of cross-correction does not occur effectively in FD heterozygotes, we investigated GLA production and secretion in cultured skin fibroblasts as well as GLA levels in plasma. The maturation of GLA was similar in FD heterozygotes and control fibroblasts, confirming that both produce the 46kDa mature form; the same as that present in control plasma. However, the proportion of GLA secreted into the culture media was substantially less than eight other lysosomal proteins. Artificial generation of FD heterozygotes in cellulo, along with another lysosomal storage disorder, mucopolysaccharidosis type II, revealed no cross-correction in the FD system, whereas MPS II fibroblasts were able to cross-correct. In plasma, GLA was present as the 46kDa mature form, which lacks the mannose 6-phosphorylated moiety and is not able to be efficiently endocytosed by affected cells. Our evidence shows that fibroblasts secrete minimal amounts of GLA and consequently normal fibroblasts are unable to cross-correct FD fibroblasts. We suggest that symptomatic FD heterozygotes arise due to the secretion of primarily the mature form, with only small amounts of the mannose 6-phosphorylated form of GLA from unaffected cells. This limits capacity for enzyme cross correction of affected cells, despite uptake of exogenous recombinant GLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Natalie Mellett
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Kizhner T, Azulay Y, Hainrichson M, Tekoah Y, Arvatz G, Shulman A, Ruderfer I, Aviezer D, Shaaltiel Y. Characterization of a chemically modified plant cell culture expressed human α-Galactosidase-A enzyme for treatment of Fabry disease. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:259-67. [PMID: 25155442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by the loss of function of the lysosomal enzyme α-Galactosidase-A. Although two enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) are commercially available, they may not effectively reverse some of the Fabry pathology. PRX-102 is a novel enzyme for the therapy of Fabry disease expressed in a BY2 Tobacco cell culture. PRX-102 is chemically modified, resulting in a cross-linked homo-dimer. We have characterized the in-vitro and in-vivo properties of PRX-102 and compared the results with the two commercially produced α-Galactosidase-A enzymes. Results show that PRX-102 has prolonged in-vitro stability in plasma, after 1h incubation it retains 30% activity compared with complete inactivation of the commercial enzymes. Under lysosomal-like conditions PRX-102 maintains over 80% activity following 10 days of incubation, while commercial enzymes become inactive after 2days. Pharmacokinetic profile of PRX-102 measured in male Fabry mice shows a 10 fold increase in t1/2 in mice (581min) compared to approved drugs. The enzyme has significantly different kinetic parameters to the alternative ERTs available (p-value<0.05, one way ANOVA), although these differences do not indicate any significant biochemical variations. PRX-102 is uptaken to primary human Fabry fibroblasts. The repeat administration of the enzyme to Fabry mice caused significant reduction (p-value<0.05) of Gb3 in various tissues (the measured residual content was 64% in kidney, liver was cleaned, 23% in heart, 5.7% in skin and 16.2% in spleen). PRX-102 has a relatively simple glycosylation pattern, characteristic to plants, having mainly tri-mannose structures with the addition of either α(1-3)-linked fucose or β(1-2)-linked xylose, or both, in addition to various high mannose structures, while agalsidase beta has a mixture of sialylated glycans in addition to high mannose structures. This study concludes that PRX-102 is equivalent in functionality to the current ERTs available, with superior stability and prolonged circulatory half-life. Therefore we propose that PRX-102 is a promising alternative for treatment of Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Kizhner
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel
| | - Yaniv Azulay
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel
| | - Mariana Hainrichson
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel
| | - Yoram Tekoah
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel.
| | - Gil Arvatz
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel
| | - Avidor Shulman
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel
| | - Ilya Ruderfer
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel
| | - David Aviezer
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel; Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Yoseph Shaaltiel
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, 2 Snunit Street, P.O. Box 455, Carmiel 2161401, Israel
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Giugliani R, Waldek S, Germain DP, Nicholls K, Bichet DG, Simosky JK, Bragat AC, Castelli JP, Benjamin ER, Boudes PF. A Phase 2 study of migalastat hydrochloride in females with Fabry disease: selection of population, safety and pharmacodynamic effects. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 109:86-92. [PMID: 23474038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry disease (FD) is a genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) which leads to globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) accumulation in multiple tissues. We report on the safety and pharmacodynamics of migalastat hydrochloride, an investigational pharmacological chaperone given orally every other day (QOD) to females with FD. METHODS This was an open-label, uncontrolled, Phase 2 study of 12 weeks with extension to 48 weeks in nine females with FD. Doses of 50mg, 150 mg and 250 mg were given QOD. At multiple time points, α-Gal A activity and GL-3 levels were quantified in blood cells, kidney and skin. GL-3 levels were also evaluated through skin and renal histology. Each individual GLA mutation was retrospectively categorized as being amenable or not to migalastat HCl based on an in vitro α-Gal A transfection assay developed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. RESULTS Migalastat HCl was generally well tolerated. Patients with amenable mutations seem to demonstrate greater pharmacodynamic response to migalastat HCl compared to patients with non-amenable mutations. The greatest declines in urine GL-3 were observed in the three patients with amenable GLA mutations that were treated with 150 or 250 mg migalastat HCl QOD. Additionally, these three patients all demonstrated decreases in GL-3 inclusions in kidney peri-tubular capillaries. CONCLUSIONS Migalastat HCl is a candidate oral pharmacological chaperone that provides a potential novel genotype-specific treatment for FD. Treatment resulted in GL-3 substrate decrease in female patients with amenable GLA mutations. Phase 3 studies are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giugliani
- Medical Genetics Service, HCPA and Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre 90035-903, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Marchesan D, Cox TM, Deegan PB. Lysosomal delivery of therapeutic enzymes in cell models of Fabry disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:1107-17. [PMID: 22450713 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The success of enzymatic replacement in Gaucher disease has stimulated development of targeted protein replacement for other lysosomal disorders, including Anderson-Fabry disease, which causes fatal cardiac, cerebrovascular and renal injury: deficiency of lysosomal α-Galactosidase A induces accumulation of glycosphingolipids. Endothelial cell storage was the primary endpoint in a clinical trial that led to market authorization. Two α-Galactosidase A preparations are licensed worldwide, but fatal outcomes persist, with storage remaining in many tissues. We compare mechanisms of uptake of α -Galactosidase A into cells relevant to Fabry disease, in order to investigate if the enzyme is targeted to the lysosomes in a mannose-6-phosphate receptor dependent fashion, as generally believed. α -Galactosidase A uptake was examined in fibroblasts, four different endothelial cell models, and hepatic cells in vitro. Uptake of europium-labeled human α -Galactosidase A was measured by time-resolved fluorescence. Ligand-specific uptake was quantified in inhibitor studies. Targeting to the lysosome was determined by precipitation and by confocal microscopy. The quantity and location of cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptors in the different cell models were investigated using confocal microscopy. Uptake and delivery of α -Galactosidase A to lysosomes in fibroblasts is mediated by the canonical mannose-6-phosphate receptor pathway, but in endothelial cells in vitro this mechanism does not operate. Moreover, this observation is supported by a striking paucity of expression of cation independent mannose-6-phosphate receptors on the plasma membrane of the four endothelial cell models and by little delivery of enzyme to lysosomes, when compared with fibroblasts. If these observations are confirmed in vivo, alternative mechanisms will be needed to explain the ready clearance of storage from endothelial cells in patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marchesan
- Department of Medicine Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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16
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Substrate inhibition of lysosomal hydrolases: α-Galactosidase A and β-glucocerebrosidase. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:941-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Corchero JL, Mendoza R, Lorenzo J, Rodríguez-Sureda V, Domínguez C, Vázquez E, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. Integrated approach to produce a recombinant, his-tagged human α-galactosidase a in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1206-17. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Guce AI, Clark NE, Salgado EN, Ivanen DR, Kulminskaya AA, Brumer H, Garman SC. Catalytic mechanism of human alpha-galactosidase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:3625-3632. [PMID: 19940122 PMCID: PMC2823503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.060145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme alpha-galactosidase (alpha-GAL, also known as alpha-GAL A; E.C. 3.2.1.22) is responsible for the breakdown of alpha-galactosides in the lysosome. Defects in human alpha-GAL lead to the development of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the buildup of alpha-galactosylated substrates in the tissues. alpha-GAL is an active target of clinical research: there are currently two treatment options for Fabry disease, recombinant enzyme replacement therapy (approved in the United States in 2003) and pharmacological chaperone therapy (currently in clinical trials). Previously, we have reported the structure of human alpha-GAL, which revealed the overall structure of the enzyme and established the locations of hundreds of mutations that lead to the development of Fabry disease. Here, we describe the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme derived from x-ray crystal structures of each of the four stages of the double displacement reaction mechanism. Use of a difluoro-alpha-galactopyranoside allowed trapping of a covalent intermediate. The ensemble of structures reveals distortion of the ligand into a (1)S(3) skew (or twist) boat conformation in the middle of the reaction cycle. The high resolution structures of each step in the catalytic cycle will allow for improved drug design efforts on alpha-GAL and other glycoside hydrolase family 27 enzymes by developing ligands that specifically target different states of the catalytic cycle. Additionally, the structures revealed a second ligand-binding site suitable for targeting by novel pharmacological chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail I Guce
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Nathaniel E Clark
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Eric N Salgado
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Dina R Ivanen
- the Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Orlova Roscha, Gatchina 188300, Leningrad District, Russia, and
| | - Anna A Kulminskaya
- the Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Orlova Roscha, Gatchina 188300, Leningrad District, Russia, and
| | - Harry Brumer
- the Department of Biotechnology, Royal Insitute of Technology (KTH), 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott C Garman
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.
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19
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Fabry disease: From dermatologic entity to a treatable multi-organ disease. Clin Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(10)00266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Clarke JTR, West ML, Bultas J, Schiffmann R. The pharmacology of multiple regimens of agalsidase alfa enzyme replacement therapy for Fabry disease. Genet Med 2009; 9:504-9. [PMID: 17700388 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318133fb1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This 10-week study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of varying doses of agalsidase alfa and evaluate the effect of dose and dosing frequency on plasma Gb3 levels. METHODS Eighteen adult male Fabry patients, naive to enzyme replacement therapy, were randomized to one of five regimens: 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg weekly; 0.2 mg/kg every other week (the approved dose); or 0.4 mg/kg every other week. Intravenous infusion rate was 0.1 mg/kg per 20 minutes. Plasma Gb3 levels were assessed at baseline and periodically during the study. RESULTS The mean half-life was 56-76 minutes, and the mean volume of distribution at steady state was 17%-18% of body weight, with no significant association between dose and half-life, clearance, or volume of distribution at steady state. The area under the curve was linearly proportional to the dose from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg. Baseline average plasma Gb3 was 9.12 +/- 2.61 nmol/mL and after 10 weeks of treatment was significantly reduced by about 50% in each group with no statistically significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of plasma Gb3 levels was independent of dose or dose frequency in the range tested. These observations, coupled with the clinical trial experience of both agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta, indicate that the standard dose of agalsidase alfa is sufficient to maximally reduce plasma Gb3. However, because plasma Gb3 is not a validated surrogate of disease severity in Fabry disease, further clinical study will be required to determine the optimal dosing regimen for providing maximal clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe T R Clarke
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Lieberman RL, D'aquino JA, Ringe D, Petsko GA. Effects of pH and iminosugar pharmacological chaperones on lysosomal glycosidase structure and stability. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4816-27. [PMID: 19374450 PMCID: PMC2699628 DOI: 10.1021/bi9002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human lysosomal enzymes acid-beta-glucosidase (GCase) and acid-alpha-galactosidase (alpha-Gal A) hydrolyze the sphingolipids glucosyl- and globotriaosylceramide, respectively, and mutations in these enzymes lead to the lipid metabolism disorders Gaucher and Fabry disease, respectively. We have investigated the structure and stability of GCase and alpha-Gal A in a neutral-pH environment reflective of the endoplasmic reticulum and an acidic-pH environment reflective of the lysosome. These details are important for the development of pharmacological chaperone therapy for Gaucher and Fabry disease, in which small molecules bind mutant enzymes in the ER to enable the mutant enzyme to meet quality control requirements for lysosomal trafficking. We report crystal structures of apo GCase at pH 4.5, at pH 5.5, and in complex with the pharmacological chaperone isofagomine (IFG) at pH 7.5. We also present thermostability analysis of GCase at pH 7.4 and 5.2 using differential scanning calorimetry. We compare our results with analogous experiments using alpha-Gal A and the chaperone 1-deoxygalactonijirimycin (DGJ), including the first structure of alpha-Gal A with DGJ. Both GCase and alpha-Gal A are more stable at lysosomal pH with and without their respective iminosugars bound, and notably, the stability of the GCase-IFG complex is pH sensitive. We show that the conformations of the active site loops in GCase are sensitive to ligand binding but not pH, whereas analogous galactose- or DGJ-dependent conformational changes in alpha-Gal A are not seen. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from alpha-Gal A unfolding indicate two-state, van't Hoff unfolding in the absence of the iminosugar at neutral and lysosomal pH, and non-two-state unfolding in the presence of DGJ. Taken together, these results provide insight into how GCase and alpha-Gal A are thermodynamically stabilized by iminosugars and suggest strategies for the development of new pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Lieberman
- Structural Neurology Lab at the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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22
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Ries M, Clarke JT, Whybra C, Mehta A, Loveday KS, Brady RO, Beck M, Schiffmann R. Enzyme replacement in Fabry disease: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of agalsidase alpha in children and adolescents. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47:1222-30. [PMID: 17698592 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007305299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This multicenter, open-label study evaluated pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of agalsidase alpha in pediatric compared with adult patients with Fabry disease. The pharmacokinetic parameters of pediatric patients (19 boys, 5 girls, 6-18 years old; mean age, 11.8 years) were compared to those of adult male and female patients who participated in other clinical studies. All patients received agalsidase alpha at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg infused over 40 minutes every other week. Agalsidase alpha exhibited a biphasic serum elimination profile with a maximum serum concentration at the end of the 40-minute infusion; <1% of the maximum concentration was detected 8 hours after dosing. In children, serum clearance was 2.0 to 9.4 mL/min/kg and tended to decrease with increasing age. The average clearance in children, 3.7 +/- 1.5 mL/min/kg (mean +/- SD), was significantly greater than that measured in 33 adults (2.3 +/- 0.7 mL/min/kg, P < .0001). Mean terminal elimination half-life of agalsidase alpha was prolonged in week 25 compared with baseline (150 vs 66 minutes) in 8 of 19 male children. The magnitude of the reduction of plasma globotriaosylceremide was similar in all age groups and was independent of area under the curve and other pharmacokinetic parameters. Except for clearance in younger patients, agalsidase alpha appears to have comparable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in pediatric and adult Fabry patients of both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ries
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D03, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1260, USA
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23
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Sirrs SM, Clarke JT. Agalsidase alfa therapy for Fabry disease. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:147-154. [PMID: 30754174 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder that results in neuropathic pain, progressive renal dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and stroke in affected individuals. The disease is caused by mutations in the GLA gene coding for α galactosidase A. The resulting deficiency of this enzyme causes accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids in various tissues. Recombinant human agalsidase alfa has been developed to treat patients with Fabry disease. Preliminary data on this form of enzyme replacement therapy suggest that it improves pain, stabilizes renal function and improves cardiac hypertrophy in some patients. More data are needed on the ability of this therapy to prevent cardiac events, stroke and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Sirrs
- a Diamond Health Care Center, Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic, 4th Floor, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Joe Tr Clarke
- b Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e ave Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4. ;
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24
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Conzelmann E, Sandhoff K. Glycolipid and glycoprotein degradation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:89-216. [PMID: 3310533 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123065.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Conzelmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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25
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Conzelmann E, Sandhoff K. Activator proteins for lysosomal glycolipid hydrolysis. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 32:1-23. [PMID: 3553853 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110539.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Yasuda K, Chang HH, Wu HL, Ishii S, Fan JQ. Efficient and rapid purification of recombinant human alpha-galactosidase A by affinity column chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 37:499-506. [PMID: 15358377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A) metabolizes neutral glycosphingolipids that possess alpha-galactoside residues at the non-reducing terminus, and inherited defects in the activity of alpha-Gal A lead to Fabry disease. We describe here an efficient and rapid purification procedure for recombinant alpha-Gal A by sequential Concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose and immobilized thio-alpha-galactoside (thio-Gal) agarose column chromatography. Optimal elution conditions for both columns were obtained using overexpressed human alpha-Gal A. We recommend the use of a mixture of 0.9 M methyl alpha-mannoside and 0.9 M methyl alpha-glucoside in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 6.0) with 0.1 M NaCl for the maximum recovery of glycoproteins with multiple high-mannose type sugar chains from Con A column chromatography, and that the Con A column should not be reused for the purification of glycoproteins that are used for structural studies. Binding of the enzyme to the thio-Gal column requires acidic condition at pH 4.8. A galactose-containing buffer (25 mM citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5.5, with 0.1 M galactose, and 0.1 M NaCl) was used to elute alpha-Gal A. This procedure is especially useful for the purification of mutant forms of alpha-Gal A, which are not stable under conventional purification techniques. A protocol that purifies an intracellular mutant alpha-Gal A (M279I) expressed in COS-7 cells within 6h at 62% overall yield is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Yasuda
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1498, Fifth Avenue at 100th Street, New York, NY 10029, USA
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27
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Kimura A, Kanekura T, Saito Y, Sagawa K, Nosaka M, Kanzaki T, Tsuji T. Blood group A glycosphingolipid accumulation in the hair of patients with α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency. Life Sci 2005; 76:1817-24. [PMID: 15698859 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the hair of individuals with blood group AB, the level of blood group A glycosphingolipids is much lower than that of blood group B. We hypothesized that in hair, blood group A determinants are converted by alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (alpha-NAGA, E.C.3.2.1.49) to H determinants. To address our hypothesis, the relative amount of ABH glycosphingolipids in hairs and nails of normal subjects, patients with Kanzaki disease, and heterozygous carriers of alpha-NAGA deficiency were analyzed by dot-blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In hair from normal subjects with blood group B, ABH glycosphingolipids consisted of 88% blood group B- and 12% blood group H glycosphingolipids. In blood group A subjects, 14% were group A- and 86% were group H glycosphingolipids. In Kanzaki patients, 81% were blood group A- and 19% were blood group H glycosphingolipids. In 2 alpha-NAGA deficiency carriers, the ABH glycosphingolipids consisted of 67% blood group A- and 33% blood group H glycosphingolipids. These results indicate that blood group A glycosphingolipids are catabolized to H glycosphingolipids by alpha-NAGA, resulting in lower levels of blood group A glycosphingolipids in the hair of normal subjects, and alpha-NAGA deficiency causes accumulation of blood group A glycosphingolipids in the hair of Kanzaki patients. This finding is of clinical relevance because it suggests that hair may be used to diagnose and assess the alpha-NAGA status of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
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28
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Yoshimitsu M, Sato T, Tao K, Walia JS, Rasaiah VI, Sleep GT, Murray GJ, Poeppl AG, Underwood J, West L, Brady RO, Medin JA. Bioluminescent imaging of a marking transgene and correction of Fabry mice by neonatal injection of recombinant lentiviral vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16909-14. [PMID: 15550536 PMCID: PMC534735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407572101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful therapy for many inherited disorders could be improved if the intervention were initiated early. This is especially true for lysosomal storage disorders. Earlier intervention may allow metabolic correction to occur before lipid buildup has irreversible consequences and/or before the immune system mounts limiting responses. We have been developing gene therapy to treat lysosomal storage disorders, especially Fabry disease. We describe studies directed toward metabolic correction in neonatal animals mediated by recombinant lentiviral vectors. To develop this method, we first injected a marking lentiviral vector that engineers expression of luciferase into the temporal vein of recipient neonatal animals. The use of a cooled charged-coupled device camera allowed us to track transgene expression over time in live animals. We observed intense luciferase expression in many tissues, including the brain, that did not diminish over 24 weeks. Next, we injected neonatal Fabry mice a single time with a therapeutic lentiviral vector engineered to express human alpha-galactosidase A. The injection procedure was well tolerated. We observed increased plasma levels of alpha-galactosidase A activity starting at our first plasma collection point (4 weeks). Levels of alpha-galactosidase A activity were found to be significantly elevated in many tissues even after 28 weeks. No immune response was observed against the corrective transgene product. Increased levels of enzyme activity also led to significant reduction of globotriaosylceramide in the liver, spleen, and heart. This approach provides a method to treat lysosomal storage disorders and other disorders before destructive manifestations occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Garman SC, Garboczi DN. The molecular defect leading to Fabry disease: structure of human alpha-galactosidase. J Mol Biol 2004; 337:319-35. [PMID: 15003450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease afflicting 1 in 40,000 males with chronic pain, vascular degeneration, cardiac impairment, and other symptoms. Deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase (alpha-GAL) causes an accumulation of its substrate, which ultimately leads to Fabry disease symptoms. Here, we present the structure of the human alpha-GAL glycoprotein determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure is a homodimer with each monomer containing a (beta/alpha)8 domain with the active site and an antiparallel beta domain. N-linked carbohydrate appears at six sites in the glycoprotein dimer, revealing the basis for lysosomal transport via the mannose-6-phosphate receptor. To understand how the enzyme cleaves galactose from glycoproteins and glycolipids, we also determined the structure of the complex of alpha-GAL with its catalytic product. The catalytic mechanism of the enzyme is revealed by the location of two aspartic acid residues (D170 and D231), which act as a nucleophile and an acid/base, respectively. As a point mutation in alpha-GAL can lead to Fabry disease, we have catalogued and plotted the locations of 245 missense and nonsense mutations in the three-dimensional structure. The structure of human alpha-GAL brings Fabry disease into the realm of molecular diseases, where insights into the structural basis of the disease phenotypes might help guide the clinical treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Garman
- Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook II, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Kameda S, Maruyama H, Higuchi N, Iino N, Nakamura G, Miyazaki J, Gejyo F. Kidney-targeted naked DNA transfer by retrograde injection into the renal vein in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 314:390-5. [PMID: 14733917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a novel kidney-targeted gene transfer technique in rats, using the retrograde renal vein injection of naked plasmid DNA. Many animal disease models are created in mice by transgenic or knockout technologies. However, it is much harder to perform renal vein injection in mice than in rats because they have a thin and short vein. Here we transferred the mouse interleukin (IL)-10 gene into mice by retrograde renal vein injection, using an IL-10 and immunoglobulin fusion protein (IL-10/Fc) (96-kDa) expression plasmid, pCAGGS-IL10/Fc. We observed a dose-response relationship between serum IL-10 levels and the amount of injected DNA. The serum IL-10 levels peaked at day 1 and then were sustained for at least 2 weeks. These results demonstrate that the kidney-targeted naked plasmid DNA transfer of mice by retrograde renal vein injection can be achieved, and the kidney serves as a depot organ for the production of large proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kameda
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, 951-8120 Niigata, Japan
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Onal S, Telefoncu A. Preparation and properties of alpha-galactosidase chemically attached to activated chitin. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 31:339-55. [PMID: 12906314 DOI: 10.1081/bio-120023163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Galactosidase (alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) from watermelon was covalently immobilized on chitin. The immobilized alpha-galactosidase exhibited an activity of 0.61 U per g of carrier and an activity yield of 67%. The properties of free and immobilized alpha-galactosidase were also searched and compared. The results showed that, optimum conditions for activity were not affected by immobilization. The optimum pH and temperature for free and immobilized enzyme found as pH 6.0 and 65 degress C, respectively. Compared with the free enzyme, the temperature and pH stabilities of the immobilized enzyme were similar. Both the enzymes were stable between pH 2-10 and below 50 degrees C. The Km values for free and immobilized enzyme were determined using p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG) and raffinose as substrates. Operational stability of the immobilized enzyme was investigated by using both substrates. The operational half-life (t 1/2) was calculated as 34 h for PNPG and 28 h for raffinose. The immobilized alpha-galactosidase was also utilized in the hydrolysis of raffinose. The immobilization procedure on chitin was cheap and also easy to carry out, and the immobilized enzyme had good properties that the potential for practical application is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçil Onal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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Inoue K, Hiratake J, Mizutani M, Takada M, Yamamoto M, Sakata K. Beta-glycosylamidine as a ligand for affinity chromatography tailored to the glycon substrate specificity of beta-glycosidases. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1477-90. [PMID: 12829393 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An affinity adsorbent for beta-glycosidases has been prepared by using beta-glycosylamidine as a ligand. beta-Glucosylamidine and beta-galactosylamidine, highly potent and selective inhibitors of beta-glucosidases and beta-galactosidases, respectively, were immobilized by a novel one-pot procedure involving the addition of a beta-glycosylamine and 2-iminothiolane.HCl simultaneously to a matrix modified with maleimido groups via an appropriate spacer to give an affinity adsorbent for beta-glucosidases and beta-galactosidases, respectively. This one-pot procedure enables various beta-glycosylamidine ligands to be formed and immobilized conveniently according to the glycon substrate specificities of the enzymes. A crude enzyme extract from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) and a beta-galactosidase from Penicillium multicolor were chromatographed directly on each affinity adsorbent to give a beta-glucosidase and a beta-galactosidase to apparent homogeneity in one step by eluting the column with glucose or by a gradient NaCl elution, respectively. The beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were inhibited competitively by a soluble form of the corresponding beta-glycosylamidine ligand with an inhibition constant (K(i)) of 2.1 and 0.80 microM, respectively. Neither enzyme was bound to the adsorbent with a mismatched ligand, indicating that the binding of the glycosidases was of specific nature that corresponds to the glycon substrate specificity of the enzymes. The ease of preparation and the selective nature of the affinity adsorbent should promise a large-scale preparation of the affinity adsorbent for the purification and removal of specific glycosidases according to their glycon substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Inoue
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Onal S, Telefoncu A. Comparison of chitin and Amberlite IRA-938 for alpha-galactosidase immobilization. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 31:19-33. [PMID: 12602814 DOI: 10.1081/bio-120018001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Watermelon alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) was immobilized on a natural (chitin) and a synthetic anion-exchange (Amberlite IRA-938) support by covalent coupling methods. The procedure entails the activation of supports with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), followed by immobilization of the enzyme on to these supports without and with a spacer arm; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Optimization of activation was performed by changing the CDI concentrations and coupling efficiencies. The comparison of two immobilization techniques for both chitin and Amberlite IRA-938 was made by comparing different enzyme concentrations against enzyme activity yield. Furthermore, the storage stability of the immobilized enzymes was also investigated and chitin immobilized alpha-galactosidase was found to be better. Although the activity yield of immobilized enzymes were the same for both supports, the short storage stability of immobilized enzyme on Amberlite IRA-938 is currently a drawback to its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçil Onal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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Taylor SG, Osman N, McKenzie IFC, Sandrin MS. Reduction of alpha-Gal expression by relocalizing alpha-galactosidase to the trans-Golgi network and cell surface. Glycobiology 2002; 12:729-39. [PMID: 12460941 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwf076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the most effective means of modifying cell surface carbohydrates has required the intracellular overexpression of glycosyltransferases or glycosidases and is dependent on the enzymes occupying a cellular localization close to the carbohydrate structures they modify. We report on relocalizing the lysosomal resident glycosidase human alpha-galactosidase to other regions of the cell, Golgi and cell surface, where it is in closer proximity for cleaving the carbohydrate structure Galalpha(1,3)Gal. Relocalization of alpha-galactosidase was achieved by using the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains from the human protein furin, which is known to localize in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and cell surface. Two chimeric forms of alpha-galactosidase were generated, one directing it to the TGN of the cell and the other to the cell surface, as shown by confocal microscopy. The relocalized enzymes have the ability to cleave terminal alpha-galactose as detected by expression on the cell surface. Furthermore, when expressed as a transgene in mice, the TGN form of alpha-galactosidase was more effective at decreasing cell surface terminal alpha-galactose than was the native lysosomal form. When expressed in conjunction with the alpha1,2fucosyltransferase that also decreases Galalpha(1,3)Gal, the reduction was additive. The ability to relocalize enzymes that modify cell surface carbohydrate structures has far-reaching implications in biology and may be useful in such fields as xenotransplantation and treatment of glycosidase disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Taylor
- John Connell Laboratory of Glycobiology, Austin Research Institute, Austin, USA
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Maranville E, Zhu A. The carboxyl terminus of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase is critical for enzyme activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 373:225-30. [PMID: 10620342 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the carboxyl (C)-terminal region of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase (alpha-GAL) has been studied by expressing C-terminal deletion mutants in the methylotrophic yeast strain Pichia pastoris. A previous study of human alpha-galactosidase determined that enzyme activity increased when up to 10 amino acid residues were deleted. Deleting 11 residues reduced activity, and deleting 12 residues abolished activity. In our studies, alpha-GAL activity is reduced when one or two amino acids are deleted, as is enzyme secretion directed by P. pastoris signal sequences. The pH profile is similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. Deleting 3 or more residues from the C-terminal end results in a complete loss of both enzyme secretion and activity. The C-terminus of alpha-GAL seems to play an important role in overall enzyme conformation and may directly affect the proper conformation of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maranville
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, New York, 10021, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bierfreund
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Germany
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Takenaka T, Qin G, Brady RO, Medin JA. Circulating alpha-galactosidase A derived from transduced bone marrow cells: relevance for corrective gene transfer for Fabry disease. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:1931-9. [PMID: 10466627 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950017293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-gal A). We previously engineered a retrovirus encoding human alpha-gal A and demonstrated enzymatic correction of patient cells. Further, we demonstrated metabolic cooperativity, in that corrected cells secrete alpha-gal A that can be taken up and utilized by bystander cells in vitro. In the present study, we created a system to examine and quantitate this phenomenon in vivo. To differentiate from endogenous alpha-gal A, we constructed a retroviral vector (pUMFG/alpha-gal A/FLAG) containing a fusion form of alpha-gal A with a specific tag sequence at the carboxy terminus. The catalytic activity of the fusion protein was identical to wild-type alpha-gal A. The fusion protein was overexpressed in and secreted by transduced patient cells. In uptake studies, the fusion protein was detected in the lysosome-enriched fraction of recipient cells. We then examined the effectiveness of the pUMFG/alpha-g A/FLAG retroviral vector in vivo. Murine bone marrow (BM) cells were transduced and transplanted into irradiated hosts. After 9 weeks, proviral DNA was detected by PCR in peripheral blood and BM mononuclear cells. More importantly, specific fusion protein enzymatic activity could be demonstrated in those cells and in plasma. Thus, we have demonstrated that overexpressed alpha-gal A enters the circulation from transduced BM cells and is stable over a significant period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takenaka
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kase R, Shimmoto M, Itoh K, Utsumi K, Kotani M, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Sakuraba H. Immunohistochemical characterization of transgenic mice highly expressing human lysosomal alpha-galactosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1406:260-6. [PMID: 9630664 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human lysosomal alpha-galactosidase predominantly hydrolyzes ceramide trihexoside. A transgenic mouse line, C57BL/6CrSIc-TgN(GLA) 1951 Rin, highly expressing human alpha-galactosidase, has been established and investigated biochemically and immunohistochemically in order to clarify the distribution of the expressed enzyme proteins and to evaluate it as a donor model of organ transplantation therapy for Fabry disease caused by a genetic defect of alpha-galactosidase. In these transgenic mice, about five copies of the transgene were integrated, and alpha-galactosidase activity was expressed in liver, kidney, heart, spleen, small intestine, submaxillary gland, skeletal muscle, cerebrum, cerebellum, bone marrow cells and serum. The enzyme activity was about 22 to 11,080-fold higher than that in non-transgenic mice. In liver, heart and kidney tissues, which are important organs for transplantation studies, sufficient amounts of alpha-galactosidase mRNAs were transcribed, and the expressed enzymes, with molecular weights of 54-60 kDa, are abundant in the liver (enzyme activity: 53,965 nmol h-1 mg-1 protein) and heart (39,906 nmol h-1 mg-1 protein), followed by in the kidney tissue (9177 nmol h-1 mg-1 protein), respectively. An immunohistochemical microscopic study clearly demonstrated the distribution of the expressed enzyme proteins in kidney and liver tissues. Highly expressed alpha-galactosidase was detected in glomerular cells, tubular cells and hepatocytes. These transgenic mice will be useful as a donor model for experimental organ transplantation, and also it will enable recurrent biopsies and long-term observation. The organ transplantation data on mice will provide us with important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kase
- Department of Clinical Genetics, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 18-22, Honkomagome-3, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
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Matsuura F, Ohta M, Ioannou YA, Desnick RJ. Human alpha-galactosidase A: characterization of the N-linked oligosaccharides on the intracellular and secreted glycoforms overexpressed by Chinese hamster ovary cells. Glycobiology 1998; 8:329-39. [PMID: 9499380 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A) is the lysosomal glycohydrolase that cleaves the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties of various glycoconjugates. Overexpression of the enzyme in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells results in high intracellular enzyme accumulation and the selective secretion of active enzyme. Structural analysis of the N -linked oligosaccharides of the intracellular and secreted glycoforms revealed that the secreted enzyme's oligosaccharides were remarkably heterogeneous, having high mannose (63%), complex (30%), and hybrid (5%) structures. The major high mannose oligosaccharides were Man5-7GlcNAc2 species. Approximately 40% of the high mannose and 30% of the hybrid oligosaccharides had phosphate monoester groups. The complex oligosaccharides were mono-, bi-, 2,4-tri-, 2,6-tri- and tetraantennary with or without core-region fucose, many of which had incomplete outer chains. Approximately 30% of the complex oligosaccharides were mono- or disialylated. Sialic acids were mostly N -acetylneuraminic acid and occurred exclusively in alpha2, 3-linkage. In contrast, the intracellular enzyme had only small amounts of complex chains (7.7%) and had predominantly high mannose oligosaccharides (92%), mostly Man5GlcNAc2 and smaller species, of which only 3% were phosphorylated. The complex oligosaccharides were fucosylated and had the same antennary structures as the secreted enzyme. Although most had mature outer chains, none were sialylated. Thus, the overexpression of human alpha-Gal A in CHO cells resulted in different oligosaccharide structures on the secreted and intracellular glycoforms, the highly heterogeneous secreted forms presumably due to the high level expression and impaired glycosylation in the trans- Golgi network, and the predominately Man5-7GlcNAc2 cellular glycoforms resulting from carbohydrate trimming in the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-02, Japan
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Fitzmaurice TF, Desnick RJ, Bishop DF. Human alpha-galactosidase A: high plasma activity expressed by the -30G-->A allele. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:643-57. [PMID: 9323559 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005366224351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human alpha-galactosidase A (EC 3.2.1.22; alpha-Gal A) is the lysosomal exoglycosidase responsible for the hydrolysis of terminal alpha-galactosyl residues from glycoconjugates and is the defective enzyme causing Fabry disease (McKusick 301500). An unusally elevated level of plasma alpha-Gal A activity (> 2.5 times the normal mean) was detected in two unrelated normal males and the elevated activities were inherited as X-linked traits in their families. Sequencing of the alpha-Gal A coding region, intron/exon boundaries and 5'-flanking region from the proband identified a single mutation, a G-->A transition 30 nt upstream from the initiation of translation codon in exon 1. The -30G-->A mutation occurred in a putative NF kappa B/Ets consensus binding site that was recently shown to inhibit protein binding to the 5'-untranslated region of the gene, providing a possible explanation for its high activity. To further characterize the mutation, the mRNA and protein expressed by this variant allele were studied. Purified plasma and lymphoblast alpha-Gal A activity from individuals with the -30G-->A mutation had normal physical and kinetic properties. In vitro translation of mRNAs from the cloned normal and high plasma activity alleles resulted in similar levels of alpha-Gal A protein, indicating that this mutation did not enhance translation. These findings suggest that the -30G-->A mutation in the 5'-untranslated region of the alpha-Gal A gene enhances transcription, presumably by interfering with the binding of negatively-acting transcription factors which normally decrease alpha-Gal A expression in various cells. Preliminary studies of the frequency of the -30G-->A mutation in 395 unrelated normal males of mixed ancestry revealed two additional unrelated individuals who had high plasma enzymatic activity and the mutation, confirming the effect of this mutation on enzyme expression and suggesting that about 0.5% of normal individuals have high plasma alpha-Gal A activity due to this variant allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Fitzmaurice
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Kase R, Bierfreund U, Klein A, Kolter T, Itoh K, Suzuki M, Hashimoto Y, Sandhoff K, Sakuraba H. Only sphingolipid activator protein B (SAP-B or saposin B) stimulates the degradation of globotriaosylceramide by recombinant human lysosomal alpha-galactosidase in a detergent-free liposomal system. FEBS Lett 1996; 393:74-6. [PMID: 8804427 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of globotriaosylceramide (GbO-se3Cer) by insect-cell derived recombinant human alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) was carried out in a detergent-free liposomal system in order to mimic intralysosomal conditions. GbOse3Cer incorporated into unilamellar liposomes was used as the substrate, and naturally occurring sphingolipid activator proteins, rather than detergents, were used to stimulate the enzyme reaction. The degradation of GbOse3Cer was dependent on the presence of both alpha-galactosidase and sphingolipid activator protein B (SAP-B or saposin B). It proceeded optimally at pH 4.6, and was enhanced by increasing amounts of both alpha-galactosidase (0.24-24 mU/50 microliters assay) and SAP-B (0-5 micrograms/50 microliters assay). The enzyme reaction was not affected by SAP-A, SAP-C, or SAP-D. Therefore, our results indicate that only SAP-B is essential for the degradation of GbOse3Cer by alpha-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kase
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
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Gelb BD, Shi GP, Chapman HA, Desnick RJ. Pycnodysostosis, a lysosomal disease caused by cathepsin K deficiency. Science 1996; 273:1236-8. [PMID: 8703060 DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5279.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 684] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis, an autosomal recessive osteochondrodysplasia characterized by osteosclerosis and short stature, maps to chromosome 1q21. Cathepsin K, a cysteine protease gene that is highly expressed in osteoclasts, localized to the pycnodysostosis region. Nonsense, missense, and stop codon mutations in the gene encoding cathepsin K were identified in patients. Transient expression of complementary DNA containing the stop codon mutation resulted in messenger RNA but no immunologically detectable protein. Thus, pycnodysostosis results from gene defects in a lysosomal protease with highest expression in osteoclasts. These findings suggest that cathepsin K is a major protease in bone resorption, providing a possible rationale for the treatment of disorders such as osteoporosis and certain forms of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gelb
- Department of Human Genetics and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Chapter 1a Normal and pathological catabolism of glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Saifudeen Z, Desnick RJ, Ehrlich M. A mutation in the 5' untranslated region of the human alpha-galactosidase A gene in high-activity variants inhibits specific protein binding. FEBS Lett 1995; 371:181-4. [PMID: 7672123 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00891-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, normal individuals were identified who had high levels of plasma alpha-galactosidase A activity and a G to A transition in the 5' untranslated (5' UT) region of the alpha-galactosidase A gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the wild-type sequence at the site of this mutation complexed with specific nuclear proteins. A standard NF-kappa B site competed with the 5' UT site for formation of these DNA-protein complexes. Complex formation was inhibited by the transition mutation. Therefore, the wild-type site might down-modulate expression of the alpha-galactosidase A gene from this 5' untranslated region, which includes a previously described protein-binding site for another family of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, methylated DNA-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Saifudeen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Horinouchi K, Erlich S, Perl DP, Ferlinz K, Bisgaier CL, Sandhoff K, Desnick RJ, Stewart CL, Schuchman EH. Acid sphingomyelinase deficient mice: a model of types A and B Niemann-Pick disease. Nat Genet 1995; 10:288-93. [PMID: 7670466 DOI: 10.1038/ng0795-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) result from the deficient activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). An animal model of NPD has been created by gene targeting. In affected animals, the disease followed a severe, neurodegenerative course and death occurred by eight months of age. Analysis of these animals showed their tissues had no detectable ASM activity, the blood cholesterol levels and sphingomyelin in the liver and brain were elevated, and atrophy of the cerebellum and marked deficiency of Purkinje cells was evident. Microscopic analysis revealed 'NPD cells' in reticuloendothelial organs and characteristic NPD lesions in the brain. Thus, the ASM deficient mice should be of great value for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of NPD, and for investigations into the role of ASM in signal transduction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Horinouchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Ishii S, Kase R, Sakuraba H, Fujita S, Sugimoto M, Tomita K, Semba T, Suzuki Y. Human alpha-galactosidase gene expression: significance of two peptide regions encoded by exons 1-2 and 6. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1204:265-70. [PMID: 8142468 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two proteins with alpha-galactosidase activity, alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-GalA) and alpha-galactosidase B (alpha-GalB, or alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase; alpha-NAGA) have a high homology of amino-acid sequence. Point mutations of the alpha-GalA gene have been reported only in the exons 1, 2 or 6. In this study, the exon 1-2 and/or 6 sequences of alpha-GalA cDNA were partly substituted by the corresponding regions of alpha-GalB cDNA, and three chimeric proteins were prepared by the baculovirus expression system: CMB12 with substitution at the exon 1-2 region, CMB6 at the exon 6 region, and CMB126 at both regions. They all preserved alpha-GalA antigenicity. Their kinetic properties toward 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-galactopyranoside were compared with those of alpha-GalA. The catalytic activity was slightly low in CMB12, decreased to 1/10 in CMB6, and restored to a significant degree in CMB126. Km was more than 4-fold higher for CMB6 and CMB126 than for alpha-GalA. The pH optimum was 4.0 for both CMB12 and alpha-GalA, 4.8 for CMB6, and 4.6 for CMB126 and alpha-GalB. The catalytic activity was inhibited most by galactosamine in CMB6, and less in alpha-GalB, CMB126, alpha-GalA and CMB12 in decreasing order. The 50% inhibition concentrations of melibiose (Gal alpha 1-6Glc) and methyl alpha-galactopyranoside were 2.5- to 3-fold higher for CMB126 than for alpha-GalA. These results indicate that the low affinity of CMB126 to the substrate was caused by a reduced affinity to terminal alpha-linked galactose. We conclude that (1) the two regions encoded by exons 1-2 and 6 contribute to the alpha-galactosidic cleavage, and (2) an increase in Km of CMB6 or CMB126, with chimeric substitutions at the exon 6 region, was caused by a loss of affinity toward terminal alpha-linked galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ishii
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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Eng CM, Desnick RJ. Molecular basis of Fabry disease: mutations and polymorphisms in the human alpha-galactosidase A gene. Hum Mutat 1994; 3:103-11. [PMID: 7911050 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease, an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism, results from mutations in the alpha-galactosidase A gene at Xq22.1. Studies of the mutations in unrelated Fabry families have identified a variety of lesions indicating the molecular genetic heterogeneity underlying the disease. Forty-nine different mutations have been described including five partial gene deletions, one partial gene duplication, nine small deletions and insertions, three splice junction consensus site alterations, and 31 coding region single base substitutions. Most mutations resulted in the classical disease phenotype; however, five missense mutations were detected in atypical hemizygotes who were asymptomatic or had symptoms confined to the heart, including N215S, which was described in three unrelated atypical males. Most mutations were confined to a single pedigree with the exception of N215S, R227Q, R227X, R342Q, and R342X, which were each found in several unrelated families. Five of the 14 coding region CpG dinucleotides were sites of point mutations including the CpGs in codons 227 and 342, which were each mutated in both orientations. The identification of the mutation in a given Fabry family permits precise prenatal diagnosis and heterozygote detection of other family members with this X-linked recessive disease. Studies of additional Fabry families will provide information on the nature and frequency of the mutations causing this disease as well as potential insights into the structure/function relationships of this lysosomal hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Eng
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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Production of ?-galactosidase by Monascus grown on soybean and sugarcane wastes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 9:529-33. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00386288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/1993] [Accepted: 03/18/1993] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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