1
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Journeaux T, Bernardes GJL. Homogeneous multi-payload antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2024; 16:854-870. [PMID: 38760431 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Many systemic cancer chemotherapies comprise a combination of drugs, yet all clinically used antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) contain a single-drug payload. These combination regimens improve treatment outcomes by producing synergistic anticancer effects and slowing the development of drug-resistant cell populations. In an attempt to replicate these regimens and improve the efficacy of targeted therapy, the field of ADCs has moved towards developing techniques that allow for multiple unique payloads to be attached to a single antibody molecule with high homogeneity. However, the methods for generating such constructs-homogeneous multi-payload ADCs-are both numerous and complex owing to the plethora of reactive functional groups that make up the surface of an antibody. Here, by summarizing and comparing the methods of both single- and multi-payload ADC generation and their key preclinical and clinical results, we provide a timely overview of this relatively new area of research. The methods discussed range from branched linker installation to the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, with a generalized comparison tool of the most promising modification strategies also provided. Finally, the successes and challenges of this rapidly growing field are critically evaluated, and from this, future areas of research and development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Journeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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2
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Overby C, Park S, Summers A, Benoit DS. Zwitterionic peptides: Tunable next-generation stealth nanoparticle modifications. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:113-124. [PMID: 37006823 PMCID: PMC10063383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adsorption of proteins to nanoparticles (NPs), a complex process that results in a protein corona, is controlled by NP surface properties that define NP interactions in vivo. Efforts to control adsorbed protein quantity through surface modification have led to improvements in circulation time or biodistribution. Still, current approaches have yet to be identified to control adsorbed protein identities within the corona. Here, we report the development and characterization of diverse zwitterionic peptides (ZIPs) for NP anti-fouling surface functionalization with specific and controllable affinity for protein adsorption profiles defined by ZIP sequence. Through serum exposure of ZIP-conjugated NPs and proteomics analysis of the resulting corona, we determined that protein adsorption profiles depend not on the exact composition of the ZIPs but on the sequence and order of charges along the sequence (charge motif). These findings pave the way for developing tunable ZIPs to orchestrate specific ZIP-NP protein adsorption profiles as a function of ZIP charge motif to better control cell and tissue specificity and pharmacokinetics and provide new tools for investigating relationships between protein corona and biological function. Furthermore, overall ZIP diversity enabled by the diversity of amino acids may ameliorate adaptive immune responses.
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3
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Differential T cell immune responses to deamidated adeno-associated virus vector. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:255-267. [PMID: 35211638 PMCID: PMC8829777 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high safety profile demonstrated in clinical trials, the immunogenicity of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy remains a major hurdle. Specifically, T-cell-mediated immune responses to AAV vectors are related to loss of efficacy and potential liver toxicities. As post-translational modifications in T cell epitopes have the potential to affect immune reactions, the cellular immune responses to peptides derived from spontaneously deamidated AAV were investigated. Here, we report that highly deamidated sites in AAV9 contain CD4 T cell epitopes with a Th1 cytokine pattern in multiple human donors with diverse human leukocyte antigen (HLA) backgrounds. Furthermore, some peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples demonstrated differential T cell activation to deamidated or non-deamidated epitopes. Also, in vitro and in silico HLA binding assays showed differential binding to the deamidated or non-deamidated peptides in some HLA alleles. This study provides critical attributes to vector-immune-mediated responses, as AAV deamidation can impact the immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of AAV-mediated gene therapy in some patients.
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4
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Guevarra L, De Sagon SP, Teh TD, Cruz MDM, Capistrano NC, Sta. Maria AZ, Corales LM, Dalmacio LM. An immunoglobulin Y that specifically binds to an in silico-predicted unique epitope of Zika virus non-structural 1 antigen. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.335701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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5
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Recent Applications of Retro-Inverso Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168677. [PMID: 34445382 PMCID: PMC8395423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and de novo designed peptides are gaining an ever-growing interest as drugs against several diseases. Their use is however limited by the intrinsic low bioavailability and poor stability. To overcome these issues retro-inverso analogues have been investigated for decades as more stable surrogates of peptides composed of natural amino acids. Retro-inverso peptides possess reversed sequences and chirality compared to the parent molecules maintaining at the same time an identical array of side chains and in some cases similar structure. The inverted chirality renders them less prone to degradation by endogenous proteases conferring enhanced half-lives and an increased potential as new drugs. However, given their general incapability to adopt the 3D structure of the parent peptides their application should be careful evaluated and investigated case by case. Here, we review the application of retro-inverso peptides in anticancer therapies, in immunology, in neurodegenerative diseases, and as antimicrobials, analyzing pros and cons of this interesting subclass of molecules.
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6
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Azam A, Mallart S, Illiano S, Duclos O, Prades C, Maillère B. Introduction of Non-natural Amino Acids Into T-Cell Epitopes to Mitigate Peptide-Specific T-Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637963. [PMID: 33777029 PMCID: PMC7991740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-natural modifications are widely introduced into peptides to improve their therapeutic efficacy, but their impact on immunogenicity remains largely unknown. As the CD4 T-cell response is a key factor in triggering immunogenicity, we investigated the effect of introducing D-amino acids (Daa), amino isobutyric acid (Aib), N-methylation, Cα-methylation, reduced amide, and peptoid bonds into an immunoprevalent T-cell epitope on binding to a set of HLA-DR molecules, recognition, and priming of human T cells. Modifications are differentially accepted at multiple positions, but are all tolerated in the flanking regions. Introduction of Aib and Daa in the binding core had the most deleterious effect on binding to HLA-DR molecules and T-cell activation. Their introduction at the positions close to the P1 anchor residue abolished T-cell priming, suggesting they might be sufficient to dampen peptide immunogenicity. Other modifications led to variable effects on binding to HLA-DR molecules and T-cell reactivity, but none exhibited an increased ability to stimulate T cells. Altogether, non-natural modifications appear generally to diminish binding to HLA-DR molecules and hence T-cell stimulation. These data might guide the design of therapeutic peptides to make them less immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Azam
- Sanofi, Biologics Research, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.,Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sergio Mallart
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Stephane Illiano
- Sanofi R&D, Cardiovascular Diseases & Metabolism, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Olivier Duclos
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Bernard Maillère
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions in proteins. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:87-96. [PMID: 31922197 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions play an important role in the chemical modifications of proteins in vivo and in vitro. These reactions depend on protein sequence, as well as structure and dynamics. Frequently, these reactions have well-defined precedents in the organic chemistry literature, but their occurrence in proteins provides a stage for a number of novel and, perhaps, unexpected reaction products. This essay will provide an overview over a few representative examples of radical rearrangement and transfer reactions.
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8
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Yang J, Hu L. Immunomodulators targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 protein-protein interaction: From antibodies to small molecules. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:265-301. [PMID: 30215856 DOI: 10.1002/med.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made great strides in the recent decade, especially in the area of immune checkpoint blockade. The outstanding efficacy, prolonged durability of effect, and rapid assimilation of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies in clinical practice have been nothing short of a medical breakthrough in the treatment of numerous malignancies. The major advantages of these therapeutic antibodies over their small molecule counterparts have been their high binding affinity and target specificity. However, antibodies do have their flaws including immune-related toxicities, inadequate pharmacokinetics and tumor penetration, and high cost burden to manufacturers and consumers. These limitations hinder broader clinical applications of the antibodies and have heightened interests in developing the alternative small molecule platform that includes peptidomimetics and peptides to target the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint system. The progress on these small molecule alternatives has been relatively slow compared to that of the antibodies. Fortunately, recent structural studies of the interactions among PD-1, PD-L1, and their respective antibodies have revealed key hotspots on PD-1 and PD-L1 that may facilitate drug discovery efforts for small molecule immunotherapeutics. This review is intended to discuss key concepts in immuno-oncology, describe the successes and shortcomings of PD-1/PD-L1 antibody-based therapies, and to highlight the recent development of small molecule inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Longqin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Cancer Pharmacology Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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9
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Henninot A, Collins JC, Nuss JM. The Current State of Peptide Drug Discovery: Back to the Future? J Med Chem 2017; 61:1382-1414. [PMID: 28737935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, peptide drug discovery has experienced a revival of interest and scientific momentum, as the pharmaceutical industry has come to appreciate the role that peptide therapeutics can play in addressing unmet medical needs and how this class of compounds can be an excellent complement or even preferable alternative to small molecule and biological therapeutics. In this Perspective, we give a concise description of the recent progress in peptide drug discovery in a holistic manner, highlighting enabling technological advances affecting nearly every aspect of this field: from lead discovery, to synthesis and optimization, to peptide drug delivery. An emphasis is placed on describing research efforts to overcome the inherent weaknesses of peptide drugs, in particular their poor pharmacokinetic properties, and how these efforts have been critical to the discovery, design, and subsequent development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Henninot
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James C Collins
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John M Nuss
- Ferring Research Institute , 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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10
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Hazam PK, Jerath G, Kumar A, Chaudhary N, Ramakrishnan V. Effect of tacticity-derived topological constraints in bactericidal peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1388-1395. [PMID: 28479275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Topology is a key element in structure-activity relationship estimation while designing physiologically-active molecular constructs. Peptides may be a preferred choice for therapeutics, principally due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity and predictable metabolism. Peptide design only guarantees functional group constitution by opting specific amino acid sequence, and not their spatial orientation to bind and incite physiological response on chosen targets. This is principally because peptide conformation is subject to external flux, due to the isotactic stereochemistry of the peptide chain. Stereochemical engineering of the peptide main chain offers the possibility of multiplying the structural space of a typical sequence to many orders of magnitude, and limiting the otherwise fluxional non-specific functional group dispensation in space by offering greater conformational rigidity. We put to test, this conceptual possibility already established in theoretical models, by designing amphipathic peptide systems and experimenting with them on Gram-positive, Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The unusual conformational rigidity and stability of syndiotactic peptides enable them to retain the designed electrostatic environment, while they encounter the membrane surface. All the six designed systems exhibited bactericidal activity, pointing to the utility and specificity of stereo-engineered peptide systems for therapeutic applications. Overall, we hope that this work provides important insights and useful directives in designing novel peptide systems with antimicrobial activity, by expanding the design space, incorporating D-amino acid as an additional design variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kishore Hazam
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Gaurav Jerath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Biological and Organic Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nitin Chaudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - Vibin Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India.
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11
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Wu LC, Chen F, Lee SL, Raw A, Yu LX. Building parity between brand and generic peptide products: Regulatory and scientific considerations for quality of synthetic peptides. Int J Pharm 2017; 518:320-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Grabinski T, Kanaan NM. Novel Non-phosphorylated Serine 9/21 GSK3β/α Antibodies: Expanding the Tools for Studying GSK3 Regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:123. [PMID: 27909397 PMCID: PMC5112268 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) β and α are serine/threonine kinases involved in many biological processes. A primary mechanism of GSK3 activity regulation is phosphorylation of N-terminal serine (S) residues (S9 in GSK3β, S21 in GSK3α). Phosphorylation is inhibitory to GSK3 kinase activity because the phosphorylated N-terminus acts as a competitive inhibitor for primed substrates. Despite widespread interest in GSK3 across most fields of biology, the research community does not have reagents that specifically react with nonphosphoS9/21 GSK3β/α (the so-called "active" form). Here, we describe two novel monoclonal antibodies that specifically react with nonphosphoS9/21 GSK3β/α in multiple species (human, mouse, and rat). One of the antibodies is specific for nonphospho-S9 GSK3β (clone 12B2) and one for nonphospho-S9/21 GSK3β/α (clone 15C2). These reagents were validated for specificity and reactivity in several biochemical and immunochemical assays, and they show linear detection of nonphosphoS GSK3. Finally, these reagents provide significant advantages in studying GSK3β regulation. We used both antibodies to study the regulation of S9 phosphorylation by Akt and protein phosphatases. We used 12B2 (due to its specificity for GSK3β) and to demonstrate that protein phosphatase inhibition reduces nonphospho-S9 GSK3β levels and lowers kinase activity within cells. The ability to use the same reagent across biochemical, immunohistological and kinase activity assays provides a powerful approach for studying serine-dependent regulation of GSK3β/α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Grabinski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand RapidsMI, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand RapidsMI, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, Grand RapidsMI, USA
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13
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Ying M, Shen Q, Zhan C, Wei X, Gao J, Xie C, Yao B, Lu W. A stabilized peptide ligand for multifunctional glioma targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 243:86-98. [PMID: 27693752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptide ligands consisting of l-amino acids are subject to proteolysis in vivo. When modified on the surface of nanocarriers, those peptide ligands would readily degrade and the targeting efficacy is significantly attenuated. It has received increasing scrutiny to design stable peptide ligands for targeted drug delivery. Here, we present the design of a stable peptide ligand by the formation of a head-to-tail amide bond as an example. Even though the linear l-peptide A7R (termed LA7R) can bind specifically to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) that are overexpressed on glioma cells, neovasculature and glioma vasculogenic mimicry (VM), the tumor-homing capacity of LA7R is greatly impaired in vivo due to proteolysis (e.g. in the serum). A cyclic A7R (cA7R) peptide was identified by computer-aided peptide design and synthesized with high yield by combining solid phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation. The binding of cA7R to both receptors was theoretically and experimentally assessed. In our simulated model hydrophobic and ionic interactions dominated the binding of LA7R to receptors. It is very interesting that cA7R adopting a different structure from LA7R retained high binding affinities to receptors without affecting the hydrophobic and ionic interactions. After head-to-tail cyclization by the formation of an amide bond, cA7R exhibited exceptional stability in mouse serum. Either cA7R or LA7R was conjugated on the surface of doxorubicin (DOX) loaded liposomes (cA7R-LS/DOX or LA7R-LS/DOX). The results of in vitro cellular assays indicated that cA7R-LS/DOX not only displayed stronger anti-proliferative effect against glioma cells, but also demonstrated to be more efficient in destruction of VM and HUVEC tubes in comparison to LA7R-LS/DOX and plain liposomes (LS/DOX, without peptide conjugation). cA7R conjugation could achieve significantly higher accumulation of liposomes in glioma than did LA7R conjugation, which in turn, cA7R-LS/DOX could substantially suppress subcutaneous tumor growth when compared with other DOX formulations (free DOX, LS/DOX and LA7R-LS/DOX). The designed cyclic A7R exhibited the capability of targeting glioma cells, neovasculature and VM simultaneously in vivo. Considering the ease of synthesis, high binding affinity to receptors and increased stability of cA7R peptide in the present study, the design of head-to-tail cyclized peptides by the formation of amide bond based on computer-aided peptide design presents an alternative method to identify proteolytically stable peptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ying
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cao Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bingxin Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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14
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Uppalapati M, Lee DJ, Mandal K, Li H, Miranda LP, Lowitz J, Kenney J, Adams JJ, Ault-Riché D, Kent SBH, Sidhu SS. A Potent d-Protein Antagonist of VEGF-A is Nonimmunogenic, Metabolically Stable, and Longer-Circulating in Vivo. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1058-65. [PMID: 26745345 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptides composed entirely of d-amino acids and the achiral amino acid glycine (d-proteins) inherently have in vivo properties that are proposed to be near-optimal for a large molecule therapeutic agent. Specifically, d-proteins are resistant to degradation by proteases and are anticipated to be nonimmunogenic. Furthermore, d-proteins are manufactured chemically and can be engineered to have other desirable properties, such as improved stability, affinity, and pharmacokinetics. Thus, a well-designed d-protein therapeutic would likely have significant advantages over l-protein drugs. Toward the goal of developing d-protein therapeutics, we previously generated RFX001.D, a d-protein antagonist of natural vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) that inhibited binding to its receptor. However, RFX001.D is unstable at physiological temperatures (Tm = 33 °C). Here, we describe RFX037.D, a variant of RFX001.D with extreme thermal stability (Tm > 95 °C), high affinity for VEGF-A (Kd = 6 nM), and improved receptor blocking. Comparison of the two enantiomeric forms of RFX037 revealed that the d-protein is more stable in mouse, monkey, and human plasma and has a longer half-life in vivo in mice. Significantly, RFX037.D was nonimmunogenic in mice, whereas the l-enantiomer generated a strong immune response. These results confirm the potential utility of synthetic d-proteins as alternatives to therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti Uppalapati
- Banting
and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular
Genetics, the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Dong Jun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute
for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kalyaneswar Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute
for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Hongyan Li
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Les P. Miranda
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Joshua Lowitz
- Antibody Solutions, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - John Kenney
- Antibody Solutions, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Jarrett J. Adams
- Banting
and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular
Genetics, the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Dana Ault-Riché
- Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Stephen B. H. Kent
- Department
of Chemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute
for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Banting
and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular
Genetics, the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
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15
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Mapping of post-translational modifications of spermatid-specific linker histone H1-like protein, HILS1. J Proteomics 2015; 128:218-30. [PMID: 26257145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian spermiogenesis, haploid round spermatids undergo dramatic biochemical and morphological changes and transform into motile mature spermatozoa. A majority of the histones are replaced by transition proteins during mid-spermiogenesis and later replaced by protamines, which occupy the sperm chromatin. In mammals, 11 linker histone H1 subtypes have been reported. Among them, H1t, HILS1, and H1T2 are uniquely expressed in testis, with the expression of HILS1 and H1T2 restricted to spermiogenesis. However, there is a lack of knowledge about linker histone role in the nuclear reorganization during mammalian spermiogenesis. Here, we report a method for separation of endogenous HILS1 protein from other rat testis linker histones by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and identification of 15 novel post-translational modifications of HILS1, which include lysine acetylation and serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrate the presence of linker histone HILS1 and HILS1Y78p during different steps of spermiogenesis from early elongating to condensing spermatids.
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16
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Carrillo-Vazquez JP, Correa-Basurto J, García-Machorro J, Campos-Rodríguez R, Moreau V, Rosas-Trigueros JL, Reyes-López CA, Rojas-López M, Zamorano-Carrillo A. A continuous peptide epitope reacting with pandemic influenza AH1N1 predicted by bioinformatic approaches. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:553-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos; Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Jazmin García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación; Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge L. Rosas-Trigueros
- Laboratorio Transdisciplinario de Investigación en Sistemas Evolutivos SEPI-ESCOM-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Cesar A. Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional; Doctorado en Biotecnología ENMH-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | | | - Absalom Zamorano-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional; Doctorado en Biotecnología ENMH-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
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Croft NP, Purcell AW. Peptidomimetics: modifying peptides in the pursuit of better vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:211-26. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Krylov IS, Kashemirov BA, Hilfinger JM, McKenna CE. Evolution of an amino acid based prodrug approach: stay tuned. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:445-58. [PMID: 23339402 PMCID: PMC3788118 DOI: 10.1021/mp300663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) such as (S)-HPMPC (cidofovir, Vistide) and (S)-HPMPA have been shown to be active against a broad spectrum of DNA and retroviruses. However, their poor absorption as well as their toxicity limit the utilization of these therapeutics in the clinic. Nucleoside phosphonates are poorly absorbed primarily due to the presence of the phosphonic acid group, which ionizes at physiological pH. When dosed intravenously they display dose-limiting nephrotoxicity due to their accumulation in the kidney. To overcome these limitations, nucleoside phosphonate prodrug strategies have taken center stage in the development pathway and a number of different approaches are at various stages of development. Our efforts have focused on the development of ANP prodrugs in which a benign amino acid promoiety masks a phosphonate P-OH via a hydroxyl side chain. The design of these prodrugs incorporates multiple chemical groups (the P-X-C linkage, the amino acid stereochemistry, the C-terminal and N-terminal functional groups) that can be tuned to modify absorption, pharmacokinetic and efficacy properties with the goal of improving overall prodrug performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
| | - Boris A. Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
| | | | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744 USA
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Theoretical analysis of the neuraminidase epitope of the Mexican A H1N1 influenza strain, and experimental studies on its interaction with rabbit and human hosts. Immunol Res 2013; 56:44-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Wilkinson BL, Day S, Chapman R, Perrier S, Apostolopoulos V, Payne RJ. Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Self-Assembling and Self-Adjuvanting Tricomponent Glycopeptide Cancer-Vaccine Candidates. Chemistry 2012; 18:16540-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Steinstraesser L, Hauk J, Schubert C, Al-Benna S, Stricker I, Hatt H, Shai Y, Steinau HU, Jacobsen F. Suppression of soft tissue sarcoma growth by a host defense-like lytic peptide. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18321. [PMID: 21483840 PMCID: PMC3069083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is an anatomically and histologically heterogeneous neoplasia that shares a putative mesenchymal cell origin. The treatment with common chemotherapeutics is still unsatisfying because of association with poor response rates. Although evidence is accumulating for potent oncolytic activity of host defense peptides (HDPs), their potential therapeutic use is often limited by poor bioavailability and inactivation in serum. Therefore, we tested the designer host defense-like lytic D,L-amino acid peptide [D]-K3H3L9 on two STS cell lines in vitro and also in an athymic and syngeneic mouse model. In recent studies the peptide could show selectivity against prostate carcinoma cells and also an active state in serum. Methods In vitro the human synovial sarcoma cell line SW982, the murine fibrosarcoma cell line BFS-1 and primary human fibroblasts as a control were exposed to [D]-K3H3L9, a 15mer D,L-amino acid designer HDP. Cell vitality in physiological and acidic conditions (MTT-assay), cell growth (BrdU) and DNA-fragmentation (TUNEL) were investigated. Membrane damage at different time points could be analyzed with LDH assay. An antibody against the tested peptide and recordings using scanning electron microscopy could give an inside in the mode of action. In vivo [D]-K3H3L9 was administered intratumorally in an athymic and syngeneic (immunocompetent) mouse model with SW982 and BFS-1 cells, respectively. After three weeks tumor sections were histologically analyzed. Results The peptide exerts rapid and high significant cytotoxicity and antiproliferating activity against the malignant cell lines, apparently via a membrane disrupting mode of action. The local intratumoral administration of [D]-K3H3L9 in the athymic and syngeneic mice models significantly inhibited tumor progression. The histological analyses of the tumor sections revealed a significant antiproliferative, antiangiogenic activity of the treatment group. Conclusion These findings demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo oncolytic activity of [D]-K3H3L9 in athymic and syngeneic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Steinstraesser
- Laboratory for Wound Healing and Molecular Oncology, Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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van Groen T, Kadish I, Wiesehan K, Funke S, Willbold D. In vitro and in vivo Staining Characteristics of Small, Fluorescent, Aβ42-Binding D-Enantiomeric Peptides in Transgenic AD Mouse Models. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:276-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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van Groen T, Wiesehan K, Funke SA, Kadish I, Nagel-Steger L, Willbold D. Reduction of Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaque load in transgenic mice by D3, A D-enantiomeric peptide identified by mirror image phage display. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1848-52. [PMID: 19016284 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van Groen
- Dept. Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Camacho CJ, Katsumata Y, Ascherman DP. Structural and thermodynamic approach to peptide immunogenicity. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4:e1000231. [PMID: 19023401 PMCID: PMC2577884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the conventional paradigm of humoral immunity, B cells recognize their cognate antigen target in its native form. However, it is well known that relatively unstable peptides bearing only partial structural resemblance to the native protein can trigger antibodies recognizing higher-order structures found in the native protein. On the basis of sound thermodynamic principles, this work reveals that stability of immunogenic proteinlike motifs is a critical parameter rationalizing the diverse humoral immune responses induced by different linear peptide epitopes. In this paradigm, peptides with a minimal amount of stability (ΔGX<0 kcal/mol) around a proteinlike motif (X) are capable of inducing antibodies with similar affinity for both peptide and native protein, more weakly stable peptides (ΔGX>0 kcal/mol) trigger antibodies recognizing full protein but not peptide, and unstable peptides (ΔGX>8 kcal/mol) fail to generate antibodies against either peptide or protein. Immunization experiments involving peptides derived from the autoantigen histidyl-tRNA synthetase verify that selected peptides with varying relative stabilities predicted by molecular dynamics simulations induce antibody responses consistent with this theory. Collectively, these studies provide insight pertinent to the structural basis of immunogenicity and, at the same time, validate this form of thermodynamic and molecular modeling as an approach to probe the development/evolution of humoral immune responses. In the current paradigm of immune system recognition, T cell receptors bind to relatively short peptide sequences complexed with major histocompatibility complex proteins on the surface of antigen presenting cells, while B cell receptors recognize unprocessed protein structures. Yet, ample data exist showing that peptide immunization can trigger B cell responses targeting both the immunizing peptide and peptidelike motifs contained within intact protein—despite the fact that the folding stability of such peptides is often quite low. Using thermodynamic modeling and the technique of molecular dynamics simulations, this work provides a cogent framework for understanding the relative capacity of inherently unstable peptide structures to faithfully trigger B cell antibody production against specific conformational motifs found in native/intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Camacho
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJC); (DPA)
| | - Yasuhiro Katsumata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dana P. Ascherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJC); (DPA)
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25
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Andolfi A, Cimmino A, Cantore PL, Iacobellis NS, Evidente A. Bioactive and Structural Metabolites of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia Species Causal Agents of Cultivated Mushrooms Diseases. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1177391x0800200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas tolaasii, P. reactans and Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola, are responsible of diseases on some species of cultivated mushrooms. The main bioactive metabolites produced by both Pseudomonas strains are the lipodepsipeptides (LDPs) tolaasin I and II and the so called White Line Inducing Principle (WLIP), respectively, LDPs which have been extensively studied for their role in the disease process and for their biological properties. In particular, their antimicrobial activity and the alteration of biological and model membranes (red blood cell and liposomes) was established. In the case of tolaasin I interaction with membranes was also related to the tridimensional structure in solution as determined by NMR combined with molecular dynamic calculation techniques. Recently, five news minor tolaasins, tolaasins A-E, were isolated from the culture filtrates of P. tolaasii and their chemical structure was determined by extensive use of NMR and MS spectroscopy. Furthermore, their antimicrobial activity was evaluated on target micro-organisms (fungi–-including the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus spp.–-chromista, yeast and bacteria). The Gram positive bacteria resulted the most sensible and a significant structure-activity relationships was apparent. The isolation and structure determination of bioactive metabolites produced by B. gladioli pv. agaricicola are still in progress but preliminary results indicate their peptide nature. Furthermore, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the culture filtrates of B. gladioli pv. agaricicola, as well as the O-chain and lipid A, from the lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) of the three bacteria, were isolated and the structures determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pietro Lo Cantore
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Sante Iacobellis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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26
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Sand SL, Haug TM, Nissen-Meyer J, Sand O. The bacterial peptide pheromone plantaricin A permeabilizes cancerous, but not normal, rat pituitary cells and differentiates between the outer and inner membrane leaflet. J Membr Biol 2007; 216:61-71. [PMID: 17639368 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-007-9030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plantaricin A (PlnA) is a 26-mer peptide pheromone with membrane-permeabilizing, strain-specific antibacterial activity, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum C11. We investigated the membrane-permeabilizing effects of PlnA on cultured cancerous and normal rat anterior pituitary cells using patch-clamp techniques and microfluorometry (fura-2). Cancerous cells displayed massive permeabilization within 5 s after exposure to 10-100 microM PlnA. The membrane depolarized to nearly 0 mV, and the membrane resistance decreased to a mere fraction of the initial value after less than 1 min. In outside-out membrane patches, 10 microM PlnA induced membrane currents reversing at 0 mV, which is compatible with an unspecific conductance increase. The D and L forms of the peptide had similar potency, indicating a nonchiral mechanism for the membrane-permeabilizing effect. Surprisingly, inside-out patches were insensitive to 1 mM PlnA. Primary cultures of normal rat anterior pituitary cells were also insensitive to the peptide. Thus, PlnA differentiates between plasma membranes and membrane leaflets. Microfluorometric recordings of [Ca(2+)](i) and cytosolic concentration of fluorochrome verified the rapid permeabilizing effect of PlnA on cancerous cells and the insensitivity of normal pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre L Sand
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO 0316, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Nanda V, DeGrado WF. Computational design of heterochiral peptides against a helical target. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:809-16. [PMID: 16417370 DOI: 10.1021/ja054452t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides incorporating D-amino acids occasionally occur in nature and are an important class of pharmaceutical molecules. With the use of heterochiral Monte Carlo (HCMC), a method inspired by the de novo design of proteins, we develop peptide scaffolds for interacting with a molecular target, a left-handed alpha-helix. The HCMC approach concurrently seeks to optimize a peptide sequence, its internal conformation, and its docked conformation with a target surface. Several major classes of interactions are observed: (1) homochiral interactions between two alphaL helices, (2) heterochiral interactions between an alphaL and an alphaR helix, and (3) heterochiral interactions between the alphaL target and novel nonhelical structures. We explore the application of HCMC to simulating the preferential enantioselectivity of heterochiral complexes. Implications for biomimetic design in molecular recognition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Nanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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28
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Lins L, Charloteaux B, Heinen C, Thomas A, Brasseur R. "De novo" design of peptides with specific lipid-binding properties. Biophys J 2006; 90:470-9. [PMID: 16275638 PMCID: PMC1367053 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.068213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe an in silico method to design peptides that can be made of non-natural amino acids and elicit specific membrane-interacting properties. The originality of the method holds in the capacities developed to design peptides from any non-natural amino acids as easily as from natural ones, and to test the structure stability by an angular dynamics rather than the currently-used molecular dynamics. The goal of this study was to design a non-natural tilted peptide. Tilted peptides are short protein fragments able to destabilize lipid membranes and characterized by an asymmetric distribution of hydrophobic residues along their helix structure axis. The method is based on the random generation of peptides and their selection on three main criteria: mean hydrophobicity and the presence of at least one polar residue; tilted insertion at the level of the acyl chains of lipids of a membrane; and conformational stability in that hydrophobic phase. From 10,000,000 randomly-generated peptides, four met all the criteria. One was synthesized and tested for its lipid-destabilizing properties. Biophysical assays showed that the "de novo" peptide made of non-natural amino acids is helical either in solution or into lipids as tested by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and is able to induce liposome fusion. These results are in agreement with the calculations and validate the theoretical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lins
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium
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29
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Raschke A, Strich S, Huppke S, Neugebauer M, Geuther E, Bertling W, Walders B, Reiser C, Hess J. Induction and detection of long-lasting peptide-specific antibody responses in pigs and beef cattle: a powerful technology for tracing meat processing chains from stock farmers to sales counters. Food Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Muller S, Benkirane N, Guichard G, Van Regenmortel MH, Brown F. The potential of retro-inverso peptides as synthetic vaccines. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:1429-38. [PMID: 15992041 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.9.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Retro-inverso peptides, also known as all-D-retro or retro-enantio peptides, are composed of D-amino acids assembled in the reverse order from that of the parent L-sequence. Since the orientation of the side-chains in a retro-inverso analogue is very similar to that in the parent L-peptide, this leads to a high level of antigenic cross-reactivity between the two peptides. The potential of retro-inverso peptides as synthetic vaccines has been investigated in the case of foot-and-mouth disease. A single inoculation of retro-inverso peptide corresponding to residues 141-159 of the VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus induced longer-lasting and higher antibody titres in immunised animals than the corresponding L-peptides. The antibodies cross-reacted strongly with virus particles and with L-peptides and conferred substantial protection in guinea-pigs challenged with the cognate virus. Retro-inverso peptides have considerable potential as synthetic vaccines, since their increased resistance to proteases may overcome one of the major drawbacks of classical L-peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muller
- UPR 9021, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire & Cellulaire, 15 rue R Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Walders B, Raschke A, Neugebauer M, Geuther E, Bertling W, Reiser C, Buck A, Strich S, Hess J. Blending of a conventional Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine with a positive marker: tracking of immunised pigs by peptide-specific antibodies raised to the marker component. Res Vet Sci 2005; 78:135-41. [PMID: 15563920 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly immunodominant marker antigens simply blended to existing veterinary vaccines may represent a smart approach for addressing the still open issue of vaccination compliance. This approach was evaluated by blending a widely deployed Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine with a peptide-KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) conjugate as marker. Piglets were vaccinated twice with: (i) a combination of the M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine and the marker, (ii) M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine, (iii) marker alone or (iv) placebo dose only. All piglets which received the M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine/marker formulation or, as control, the marker blended with Montanide IMS1313 adjuvant responded to the respective immunisation from day 21 to 77 post vaccination as seropositive for the appropriate peptide and KLH. However, the responder rate to M. hyopneumoniae of piglets administered with M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine/marker was slightly reduced at day 35 and 49 post immunisation in comparison with piglets vaccinated with M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine alone. Accordingly, we conclude that this marker technology could be successfully applied to label a whole set of vaccines prevented that the blending process will be optimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Walders
- Responsif GmbH, Schallershofer Str. 84, D-91056 Erlangen, Germany
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Papo N, Braunstein A, Eshhar Z, Shai Y. Suppression of human prostate tumor growth in mice by a cytolytic D-, L-amino Acid Peptide: membrane lysis, increased necrosis, and inhibition of prostate-specific antigen secretion. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5779-86. [PMID: 15313920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene-encoded host defense peptides are used as part of the innate immunity, and many of them act by directly lysing the cell membrane of the pathogen. A few of these peptides showed anticancer activity in vitro but could not be used in vivo because of their inactivation by serum. We designed a 15-amino acid peptide, composed of D- and L-amino acids (diastereomer), which targets both androgen-independent and androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma cell lines (CL1, 22RV1, and LNCaP). Most importantly, we observed a complete arrest of growth in CL1 and 22RV1 xenografts treated intratumorally with the diastereomer. This was also accompanied by a lowering of prostate-specific antigen serum levels secreted by the 22RV1 xenograft. Furthermore, the diastereomer synergized with conventional chemotherapeutics. In contrast, the parental all l-amino acids peptide was highly active only in vitro and could not discriminate between tumor and nontumor cells. Fluorescent confocal microscopy, histopathologic examination, and cell permeability studies (depolarization of transmembrane potential and release of an encapsulated dye) suggest a necrotic mechanism of killing, after a threshold concentration of peptide has been reached. Its destructive killing effect and the simple sequence of the diastereomer make it an attractive chemotherapeutic candidate possessing a new mode of action, with potential to be developed additionally for the treatment of prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Papo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Jourdan F, Lazzaroni S, Méndez BL, Lo Cantore P, de Julio M, Amodeo P, Iacobellis NS, Evidente A, Motta A. A left-handed alpha-helix containing both L- and D-amino acids: the solution structure of the antimicrobial lipodepsipeptide tolaasin. Proteins 2003; 52:534-43. [PMID: 12910453 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The 18-amino acid cytolytic lipodepsipeptide tolaasin, produced in culture by virulent strains of Pseudomonas tolaasii, is the causal agent of the brown blotch disease of the cultivated mushroom. Tolaasin has a sequence of D-amino acids in its N-terminal region, then alternates L- and D-amino acids, and bears a C-terminal lactone macrocycle composed of 5-residues. The solution structure of tolaasin in sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied by 2D-NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulated annealing calculations. Tolaasin forms an amphipathic left-handed alpha-helix in the regionDPro2-DalloThr14 comprising the sequence of seven D-amino acids and the adjacent L-D-L-D-D-region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recognized example of a left-handed alpha-helix including both D- and L-amino acids. The lactone macrocycle adopts a "boat-like" conformation and is shifted from the helical axis as to form a "golf-club" overall conformation. These structural features will be of importance in understanding, and preventing, tolaasin's role in the bacterial colonization of the host plant, and its toxic action on cells. Furthermore, the observed antimicrobial activity together with the potential resistance to enzymatic degradation and the increased antigenicity (both due to the presence of L- and D-amino acids) strongly suggests for tolaasin a potential role as a template model for the design of new therapeutic antibacterial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Jourdan
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare del CNR, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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Papo N, Shai Y. New lytic peptides based on the D,L-amphipathic helix motif preferentially kill tumor cells compared to normal cells. Biochemistry 2003; 42:9346-54. [PMID: 12899621 DOI: 10.1021/bi027212o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in cancer therapy, there is an urgent need for drugs with a new mode of action that will preferentially kill cancer cells. Several cationic antimicrobial peptides, which bind strongly to negatively charged membranes, were shown to kill cancer cells slightly better than normal cells. This was explained by a slight increase (3-9%) in the level of the negatively charged membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) in many cancer cells compared to their normal counterparts. Unfortunately, however, these peptides are inactivated by serum components. Here we synthesized and investigated the anticancer activity and the role of peptide charge, peptide structure, and phospholipid headgroup charge on the activity of a new group of diastereomeric lytic peptides (containing D- and L-forms of leucine and lysine; 15-17 amino acids long). The peptides are highly toxic to cancer cells, to a degree similar to or larger than that of mitomycin C. However, compared with mitomycin C and many native antimicrobial peptides, they are more selective for cancer cells. The peptides were investigated for (i) their binding to mono- and bilayer membranes by using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique, (ii) their ability to permeate membranes by using fluorescence spectroscopy, (iii) their structure and their effect on the lipid order by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and (iv) their ability to bind to cancer versus normal cells by using confocal microscopy. The data suggest that the peptides disintegrate the cell membrane in a detergent-like manner. However, in contrast to native antimicrobial peptides, the diastereomers bind and permeate similarly zwitterionic and PS-containing model membranes. Therefore, cell selectivity is probably determined mainly by improved electrostatic attraction of the peptides to acidic components on the surface of cancer cells (e.g., O-glycosylation of mucines). The simple composition of the diastereomeric peptides and their stability regarding enzymatic degradation by serum components make them excellent candidates for new chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Papo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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Papo N, Shahar M, Eisenbach L, Shai Y. A novel lytic peptide composed of DL-amino acids selectively kills cancer cells in culture and in mice. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:21018-23. [PMID: 12646578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211204200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The high toxicity of most chemotherapeutic drugs and their inactivation by multidrug resistance phenotypes motivated extensive search for drugs with new modes of action. We designed a short cationic diastereomeric peptide composed of d- and l-leucines, lysines, and arginines that has selective toxicity toward cancer cells and significantly inhibits lung metastasis formation in mice (86%) with no detectable side effects. Its ability to depolarize the transmembrane potential of cancer cells at the same rate (within minutes) and concentration (3 micro m), at which it shows biological activity, suggests a killing mechanism that involves plasma membrane perturbation. Confocal microscopy experiments verified that the cells died as a result of acute injury, swelling, and bursting, suggesting necrosis. Biosensor binding experiments and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using model membranes have substantiated its high selectivity toward cancer cells. Although this is an initial study that looked at tumor formation rather than the ability of the peptides to reduce established tumors, the simple sequence of the peptide, its high solubility, substantial resistance to degradation, and inactivation by serum components might make it a good candidate for future anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Papo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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Rossi M, Manfredi V, Ruvo M, Fassina G, Verdoliva A. Sequence-simplification and chimeric assembly: new models of peptide antigen modification. Mol Immunol 2002; 39:443-51. [PMID: 12413695 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-simplified variants of a 15-mer peptide antigen, identified by amino acid side chains in alternating positions were synthesized introducing glycine residues alternatively in the parent peptide sequence and used to induce antibodies in rabbit. They reacted to a significant extent with anti-parent peptide antibodies, and in addition, affinity purified antibodies against these halved forms recognized with similar affinity and specificity, the starting peptide in affinity chromatography, optical biosensor and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments, while no cross-reactivity was detected between reduced antigens. These findings suggest that a peptide antigen can display two molecular surfaces of recognition, identified by side chains of residues in alternating positions. Each surface can even take part in antigen/antibody interaction independently, thus indicating the possibility to select and assembly sequence-simplified forms belonging to different epitopes, also deriving from different molecules, to generate new structures incorporating a two-fold antigen/antibody specificity. Two "chimeric" forms were then synthesized starting from the P15 and P13 complementary peptides, both able to bind interleukin 2. These structures, showing simultaneously trans-surfaces of recognition belonging to both parent forms, have been found to retain antigenic properties against antibodies of simplified P15 derivatives showing the same molecular surface of recognition. In addition, anti-chimeric antibodies recognized both P15 and P13 starting peptides, while no cross-antibody recognition was observed between chimeric antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rossi
- TECNOGEN S.C.p.A., Parco Scientifico, 81015 Piana di Monte Verna (CE), Italy
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37
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Du APC, Limal D, Semetey V, Dali H, Jolivet M, Desgranges C, Cung MT, Briand JP, Petit MC, Muller S. Structural and immunological characterisation of heteroclitic peptide analogues corresponding to the 600-612 region of the HIV envelope gp41 glycoprotein. J Mol Biol 2002; 323:503-21. [PMID: 12381305 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The conformational and immunological properties of different analogues corresponding to the 600-612 disulfide loop of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp41 glycoprotein envelope were studied. Fourteen analogues were designed and synthesised; namely, a series of seven analogues in which the disulfide bond was replaced by a lactam bridge and a series of seven analogues in which one residue of each analogue at a time, was replaced by its corresponding homologised alpha-amino acid (beta(3)-amino acid). In the case of the lactam analogues, the influence of the two possible CO-NH and NH-CO orientations of the lactam bridge as well as the size of the lactam ring was explored. The analogues were tested in ELISA with monoclonal antibodies raised against the 600-612 cyclic parent peptide as well as with sera from HIV-1 infected patients. A structural analysis of the parent and analogue peptides was carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d(6)) using two-dimensional NMR techniques and molecular dynamics simulations. Comparison of the own conformation of the cyclic analogues with their either strong or weak reactivity with the antibodies reveals structural features that may be correlated with the antibody reactivity. Thus, a close structural similarity, particularly a characteristic orientation of the side-chains of residues Lys606, Leu607 and Ile608 in the loop, was found in certain beta(3)-analogues that were better recognised than the parent peptide by anti-peptide mouse monoclonal antibodies and patients' antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Phan Chan Du
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7568 CNRS-INPL, 54000, Nancy, France
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Abstract
Living organisms of all types produce a large repertoire of gene-encoded, net positively charged, antimicrobial peptides as part of their innate immunity to microbial invasion. Despite significant variations in composition, length and secondary structure most antimicrobial peptides are active in micromolar concentrations, suggesting a common general mechanism for their mode of action. Many antimicrobial peptides bind bacterial phospholipid membranes up to a threshold concentration, followed by membrane permeation/disintegration (the "carpet" mechanism). Recent data suggest that the details of the permeation pathways may vary for different peptides and are assigned to different modes of action. Accumulating data reveal that the molecular basis for cell selectivity is the ability of peptides to specifically bind the negatively charged bacterial membrane, as well as their oligomeric state in solution and in the membrane. Based on the "carpet" mechanism and the role of the peptide oligomeric state, a novel group of diastereomeric (containing D- and L-amino acids) antimicrobial peptides were developed. These peptides may serve as promising templates for the future designs of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel.
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Iwai LK, Duranti MA, Abel LC, Juliano MA, Kalil J, Juliano L, Cunha-Neto E. Retro-inverso peptide analogues of Trypanosoma cruzi B13 protein epitopes fail to be recognized by human sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Peptides 2001; 22:853-60. [PMID: 11390013 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Retro inverso (RI) analogues of antigenic synthetic peptides, which are made of D-amino acids with a reversed sequence, may mimic the side chain conformation of natural all-L peptides. RI analogues were cross-reactively recognized by antibodies and CD4+ T cells reactive against natural all-L synthetic peptides or native proteins in animal models. Since peptides containing D-amino acids are highly resistant to proteolytic digestion, cross-reactive RI analogues may be ideal for in vivo administration to humans as synthetic peptide vaccines or immunomodulators. B13 is an immunodominant tandemly repetitive protein from Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite that is the causative antigen of Chagas' disease. In order to test whether RI peptides can be recognized by human antibody and T cells, we synthesized two all-L peptides containing the immunodominant B (S12) and T (S15.7) cell epitopes of B13 protein from T. cruzi and their retro (R, made of all-L amino acids with reversed sequence), inverso (I, made of all-D amino acids) and RI analogues. Recognition of peptides S12, S12-R, S12-I and S12-RI by anti-B13 antibodies in sera from T. cruzi-infected patients was tested in competitive ELISA assay with recombinant B13 protein as the solid phase antigen. Peptides S15.7 and its topological analogues were tested at the 10-50 microM range in proliferation assays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from S15.7-responder individuals. The median percentage inhibition of B13 ELISA for peptide S12 was 94%, while those of the RI analogue or the other topological analogues were below 12%. While peptide S15.7 was recognized by PBMC from all subjects tested, none recognized the RI analogue of the S15.7 T cell epitope. Our results indicate that cross-reactivity with natural epitopes is not an universal property of RI analogues. This may limit the general applicability of the use of cross-reactive RI analogues as human vaccines and immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Iwai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), and Division of Allergy and Immunopathology, Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Phan-Chan-Du A, Petit MC, Guichard G, Briand JP, Muller S, Cung MT. Structure of antibody-bound peptides and retro-inverso analogues. A transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and molecular dynamics approach. Biochemistry 2001; 40:5720-7. [PMID: 11341837 DOI: 10.1021/bi001151h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structures of the two L-peptides, H-CGGIRGERA-OH, called L(A), and H-CGGIRGERG-OH, called L(G), corresponding or close to the IRGERA sequence present in the C-terminal region (residues 130-135) of histone H3, and their retro-inverso analogues HO-mAreGriGGC-NH2, called RI(mA), and HO-mGreGriGGC-NH2, called RI(mG), have been studied by two-dimensional 1H NMR and molecular dynamics calculations in association with a monoclonal antibody generated against L(A). At 25 degrees C, the affinity constants of the monoclonal antibody with respect to RI(mA) and RI(mG) were 75- and 270-fold higher than those measured with the homologous L(A) and L(G) peptides, respectively. Due to the spontaneous epimerization of the mA malonic residue, RI(mA) gave rise to two sets of resonances. With regard to the NH amide region, one set was similar to that for RI(mG) while the second was similar to those for the parent L-peptides L(A) and L(G). The antibody-bound conformations of the two couples of L- and retro-inverso peptides have been analyzed using molecular modeling calculations based on the transferred NOE interproton distances. Folded structures appeared in both cases with a type II' beta-turn in the parent GGIR sequence and a type I' beta-turn in the retro-inverso reGr sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phan-Chan-Du
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, Groupe ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, B.P. 451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
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Geva M, Izhaky D, Mickus DE, Rychnovsky SD, Addadi L. Stereoselective recognition of monolayers of cholesterol, ent-cholesterol, and epicholesterol by an antibody. Chembiochem 2001; 2:265-71. [PMID: 11828454 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010401)2:4<265::aid-cbic265>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between a monoclonal antibody and four distinct monolayers with varying degrees of structural, chemical, and stereochemical similarity were studied and quantified. The antibody, raised and selected against cholesterol monohydrate crystals, interacts with cholesterol monolayers stereospecifically, but not enantiospecifically. Monolayers of ent-cholesterol molecules, which are chemically identical to cholesterol and whose structure is the exact mirror image of the cholesterol monolayer, interact with the antibody to the same extent as the cholesterol monolayers. The affinity of the antibody for both enantiomeric monolayers is extremely high. However, the antibody does not interact with monolayers of epicholesterol, which is an epimer of cholesterol: The hydroxy group in epicholesterol is in the 3alpha position rather than in the 3beta position, imposing a different angle between the hydroxy group and the rigid steroid backbone, and a different packing of the molecules. Monolayers of triacontanol, a long-chain primary aliphatic alcohol, interact with the antibody to a lesser extent than the cholesterol and ent-cholesterol monolayers, presumably due to the structural flexibility of the triacontanol molecule. The lack of chiral discrimination by the antibody is thus correlated to the level at which the chirality is exposed at the surface of the monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geva
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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42
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Dumortier H, Monneaux F, Jahn-Schmid B, Briand JP, Skriner K, Cohen PL, Smolen JS, Steiner G, Muller S. B and T cell responses to the spliceosomal heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2 and B1 in normal and lupus mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2297-305. [PMID: 10925319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies directed against spliceosomal heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a typical feature of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and mixed-connective tissue disease. With the aim of investigating a potential pathogenic role of these Abs, we have studied the Ab response to A2/B1 hnRNPs in different murine models of lupus. The specificity of anti-A2/B1 Abs was tested with a series of 14 overlapping synthetic peptides covering the region 1-206 of A2 that contains most of the epitopes recognized by patients' Abs. A major epitope recognized very early during the course of the disease by Abs from most of MRL lpr/lpr mice but not from other lupus mice and from mice of different MHC haplotypes immunized against B1 was identified in residues 50-70. This peptide contains a highly conserved sequence RGFGFVTF also present in other hnRNPs and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Abs reacting with a second A2 epitope identified in residues 35-55 were detectable several weeks later, suggesting an intramolecular B cell epitope spreading during the course of the disease. We identified several T cell epitopes within the region 35-175 that generated an effective Th cell response with IL-2 and IFN-gamma secretion in nonautoimmune CBA/J mice sharing the same MHC haplotype H-2k as MRL/lpr mice. None of the peptides stimulated T cells primed in vivo with B1. Because Abs to peptide 50-70 were detected significantly earlier than Abs reacting with other A2 peptides and the protein itself, it is possible that within the protein, this segment contains residues playing an initiator role in the induction of the anti-A2/B1 and antispliceosome Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dumortier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Propre de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
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Epitope mapping for the anti-rabbit cholesteryl ester transfer protein monoclonal antibody that selectively inhibits triglyceride transfer. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Petit MC, Benkirane N, Guichard G, Du AP, Marraud M, Cung MT, Briand JP, Muller S. Solution structure of a retro-inverso peptide analogue mimicking the foot-and-mouth disease virus major antigenic site. Structural basis for its antigenic cross-reactivity with the parent peptide. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3686-92. [PMID: 9920919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic activity of a 19-mer peptide corresponding to the major antigenic region of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its retro-enantiomeric analogue was found to be completely abolished when they were tested in a biosensor system in trifluoroethanol. This suggests that the folding pattern, which is alpha-helix in trifluoroethanol (confirmed by CD measurement), does not correspond to the biologically relevant conformation(s) recognized by antibodies. The NMR structures of both peptides were thus determined in aqueous solution. These studies showed that the two peptides exhibit similar folding features, particularly in their C termini. This may explain in part the cross-reactive properties of the two peptides in aqueous solution. However, the retro-inverso analogue appears to be more rigid than the parent peptide and contains five atypical beta-turns. This feature may explain why retro-inverso foot-and-mouth disease virus peptides are often better recognized than the parent peptide by anti-virion antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS, ENSIC-INPL, 54000 Nancy, France
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Abstract
There has been a regain of interest in the immunological applications of peptides assembled partly or totally from D-amino acids. Such peptides are much more stable to proteolysis than natural L-peptides and they have considerable potential as synthetic vaccines and as immunomodulators in T-cell responses. Retro-inverso, also called retro-all-D or retroenantio, peptide analogues that closely mimic the structure of protein antigens are obtained by assembling amino acid residues in the reverse order from that in the parent peptides and replacing L- by D-amino acids. Retro-all-D peptides corresponding to an immunodominant epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus have been shown to elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies in experimental animals. Certain retro-all-D peptide analogues of T-cell epitopes are able to bind to MHC class II molecules and may either lead to T-cell activation or inhibit deleterious T-cell responses.
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47
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Lauer JL, Fields GB. Design and Use of Synthetic Peptides as Biological Models. Proteins 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012058785-8/50005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Woo J, Iyer S, Cornejo MC, Gao L, Cuturi C, Soulillou JP, Buelow R. Immunosuppression by D-isomers of HLA class I heavy chain (amino acid 75 to 84)-derived peptides is independent of binding to HSC70. Transplantation 1997; 64:1460-7. [PMID: 9392312 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199711270-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptides derived from the class I heavy chain were shown to modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo. A peptide derived from HLA-B2702 (2702.75-84) inhibited differentiation of cytotoxic T cells as well as T cell and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Peptide-mediated immunomodulation seemed to be independent of the MHC proteins expressed by responder and stimulator cells. In vivo studies in rodents demonstrated prolongation of heart and skin allograft survival after peptide therapy. Here, the correlation between the peptide's biological activity and its amino acid sequence was analyzed using peptides derived from amino acid 75-84 of several mouse, rat, and human MHC class I proteins as well as peptides with single amino acid substitutions in the 2702.75-84 sequence. METHODS Peptides consisting of both L- and D-amino acids were tested for inhibition of murine and human T cell-mediated and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, binding to hsc70, and prolongation of heart allograft survival in vivo. RESULTS Replacement of glutamic acid residue (E) at position 75 with valine (V) resulted in a peptide [2702.75-84(E>V)] with increased in vitro and in vivo activity but unchanged affinity for hsc70. Surprisingly, both L- and D-isomers of 2702.75-84 and 2702.75-84(E>V) inhibited cytotoxic cells in vitro and prolonged heart allograft survival in vivo. However, as expected, the peptides consisting of D-amino acids did not bind to hsc70. CONCLUSION Assuming that both D- and L-isomers modulate immune responses by similar mechanisms, these results suggest that the peptides' effect is independent of binding to hsc70.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- SangStat Medical Corporation, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Abstract
AbstractMalaria-parasitized erythrocytes have increased endothelial adherence due to exposure of previously buried intramembranous sites of band 3. Because sickle erythrocytes also show increased adhesiveness and because the membrane portion of band 3 is aggregated in both types of cells, we examined the role of band 3 in sickle cell adhesiveness. Synthetic peptides derived from the second and third exofacial, interhelical regions of band 3 completely inhibited the abnormal adherence of sickle cells to an endothelial monolayer in a static assay. This effect was observed independently of plasma factors, required micromolar levels of peptide, was sequence-specific, and was found with both L- and D-isomers. The active peptides also inhibited the increased adherence induced by low-dose calcium loading of normal red blood cells. Finally, a monoclonal antibody against an active peptide specifically immunostained a fraction of sickle cells. These findings implicate a role for band 3 in at least one type of sickle cell adhesiveness via the exposure of normally cryptic membrane sites.
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Hünenberger PH, Granwehr JK, Aebischer JN, Ghoneim N, Haselbach E, van Gunsteren WF. Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Hydrogen-Bonded Diastereomeric Interactions in a Model Complex. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja970503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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