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Research Progress of Analysis of Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons using On-line High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Gas Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Rasheed DM, Serag A, Abdel Shakour ZT, Farag M. Novel trends and applications of multidimensional chromatography in the analysis of food, cosmetics and medicine bearing essential oils. Talanta 2021; 223:121710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Sdrigotti N, Collard M, Purcaro G. Evolution of hyphenated techniques for mineral oil analysis in food. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:464-482. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sdrigotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
- Department of Agricultural Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine Udine 33100 Italy
| | - Maurine Collard
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
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4
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Martínez RM, Barba C, Robredo S, Herraiz M. Improving enantiomeric resolutions by avoiding peak distortion effects in on-line coupled liquid chromatography to gas chromatography. Chirality 2019; 31:879-891. [PMID: 31429160 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we study the effect of different variables affecting elution profile distortion on the enantiomeric resolution eventually achievable when working with on-line coupled liquid chromatography to gas chromatography (LC-GC). Specifically, the proposed configuration combines achiral reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and chiral gas chromatography (enantio-GC), with heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin as enantioselective stationary phase to analyse target fractions transferred (from LC to GC) via the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface. The high degree of orthogonality resulting from the combination of two chromatographic columns having very different separation mechanisms (and also requiring mobile phases in distinct physical states), as well as integration of the sample preparation step in the first dimension of the system, significantly contributed to exploit the performance of the proposed two-dimensional approach. Occasional adverse effects, which may result in severe peak distortions during LC-GC analysis and could be explained by flow instabilities due to viscous fingering, are circumvented by using the outstanding capacity of the TOTAD interface for achieving effective elimination of the eluent arriving from the LC preseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Robredo
- Laboratorio Arbitral Agroalimentario (LAA), Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Weber S, Schrag K, Mildau G, Kuballa T, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)-A Short Review. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2018; 13:1177390118777757. [PMID: 29887729 PMCID: PMC5989051 DOI: 10.1177/1177390118777757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oils (such as paraffinum liquidum or white oil), which consist of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), are widely applied in various consumer products such as medicines and cosmetics. Contamination of food with mineral oil may occur by migration of mineral oil containing products from packaging materials, or during the food production process, as well as by environmental contamination during agricultural production. Considerable analytical interest was initiated by the potential adverse health effects, especially carcinogenic effects of some aromatic hydrocarbons. This article reviews the history of mineral oil analysis, starting with gravimetric and photometric methods, followed by on-line-coupled liquid chromatography with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID), which still is considered as gold standard for MOSH-MOAH analysis. Comprehensive tables of applications in the fields of cosmetics, foods, food contact materials, and living organisms are provided. Further methods including GCxGC-MS methods are reviewed, which may be suitable for confirmation of LC-GC-FID results and identification of compound classes. As alternative to chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has recently been suggested for MOSH-MOAH analysis, especially with the possibility of detecting only the toxicologically relevant aromatic rings. Furthermore, NMR may offer potential as rapid screening especially with low-field instruments usable for raw material control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Weber
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karola Schrag
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Mildau
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan G Walch
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Huang Z, Bi YJ, Sha YF, Xie WY, Wu D, Liu BZ. Separation and Analysis of Sucrose Esters in Tobacco by Online Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:887-891. [PMID: 30101882 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a strategy of in-series combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and online LC-GC/MS was constructed for effective separation and analysis of sucrose esters in tobacco. Sucrose esters were first extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction with high efficiency and easyhandling. Online LC-GC/MS was then applied for sucrose ester clean-up and analysis. To better evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy, we limited our focus to five groups of sucrose ester isomers. Each group differed in mass from the next by 14 Da. The obtained coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9986. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.05 and 0.16 μg/ mL, respectively. The recovery was above 90% and the reproducibility was below 4%. This strategy was subsequently applied to the comparison of relative amounts of five groups of sucrose esters extracted from three different parts of aromatic tobacco. The satisfactory performance indicated that this strategy has great prospect for the rapid and high-throughput analysis of sucrose esters in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd
| | - Yan-Jiu Bi
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd
| | - Yun-Fei Sha
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd
| | - Wen-Yan Xie
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd
| | - Da Wu
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd
| | - Bai-Zhan Liu
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd
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7
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Qi D, Fei T, Sha Y, Wang L, Li G, Wu D, Liu B. A novel fully automated on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography technique used for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in tobacco and tobacco products. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:273-277. [PMID: 25476689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel fully automated on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) technique was reported and applied for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) in tobacco and tobacco products. Using a switching valve to isolate the capillary pre-column and the analytical column during the solvent evaporation period, the LC solvent can be completely removed and prevented from reaching the GC column and the detector. The established method was used to determinate the OCPs in tobacco samples. By using Florisil SPE column and employing GPC technique, polarity impurities and large molecule impurities were removed. A dynamic range 1-100ng/mL was achieved with detection limits from 1.5 to 3.3μg/kg. The method exhibited good repeatability and recoveries. This technology may provide an alternative way for trace analysis of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Qi
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Ting Fei
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yunfei Sha
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Leijun Wang
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Gang Li
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Da Wu
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Baizhan Liu
- Technical Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China.
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Áragón A, Toledano RM, Cortés JM, Vázquez AM, Villén J. Use of nitrogen to remove solvent from through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface during analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by large volume injection in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:224-8. [PMID: 24657145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface allows large volume injection (LVI) in gas chromatography and the on-line coupling of liquid chromatography and gas chromatography (LC-GC), enabling the LC step to be carried out in normal as well as in reversed phase. However, large amounts of helium, which is both expensive and scarce, are necessary for solvent elimination. We describe how slight modification of the interface and the operating mode allows nitrogen to be used during the solvent elimination steps. In order to evaluate the performance of the new system, volumes ranging from 20 to 100μL of methanolic solutions of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were sampled. No significant differences were found in the repeatability and sensitivity of the analyses of standard PAH solutions when using nitrogen or helium. The performance using the proposed modification was similar and equally satisfactory when using nitrogen or helium for solvent elimination in the TOTAD interface. In conclusion, the use of nitrogen will make analyses less expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Áragón
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Rosa M Toledano
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José M Cortés
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Ana M Vázquez
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jesús Villén
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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Martínez RM, Herraiz M, Santa-María G, Barba C. On-line coupled reversed phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography: a new sealing design for the TOTAD interface. Talanta 2014; 120:23-9. [PMID: 24468337 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Total elimination of the eluent resulting from the pre-separation step is the critical point when coupling LC to GC. As a helium flow is applied during transfer to eliminate the solvent, the interface used for linking the two chromatographic systems must be properly sealed to prevent gas leaks and to achieve an effective evaporation of the eluent. The aim of this work was to improve the performance of the Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption (TOTAD) interface to remove the eluent coming from LC by modifying the way in which the injector sealing system is held in place. As with the original design, the new approach makes it possible to transfer high volumes at a high rate, but the proposed modification also simplifies the experimental work because the displacement risk of the sealing system is reduced. Analyses of an ester mixture by RPLC-GC were performed to confirm the applicability of the system modification. In this work, volumes of up to 5 ml, at flow rates as high as 2 ml/min, were transferred from LC to GC with almost complete solvent removal even when working in reversed phase mode in the LC step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Santa-María
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Barba C, Santa-María G, Herraiz M, Martínez RM. Direct enantiomeric analysis of Mentha essential oils. Food Chem 2013; 141:542-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Esche R, Carcelli A, Barnsteiner A, Sforza S, Engel KH. Analysis of phytosteryl and phytostanyl fatty acid esters in enriched dairy foods: a combination of acid digestion, lipid extraction, and on-line LC-GC. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Programmed temperature vaporizing injector to filter off disturbing high boiling and involatile material for on-line high performance liquid chromatography gas chromatography with on-column transfer. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte L. Sample pre-fractionation of environmental and food samples using LC-GC multidimensional techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Toledano RM, Martínez RM, Barba C, Cortés JM, Calvo MM, Santa-María G, Herraiz M. A quick method for identifying radiolytic hydrocarbons in low-fat-containing food. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:479-484. [PMID: 22806617 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As radiation-induced alterations of the lipid fraction of foods are related to their initial fat content, concentrations of fat degradation products used as irradiation markers are expected to be lower when irradiating low-fat-containing foods. Thus the sensitivity required when applying analytical methods for identifying irradiation markers in foods eventually depends on their respective amounts of fat. The aim of this study was to perform the qualitative analysis of characteristic hydrocarbons resulting from irradiation of samples with a fat content as low as 25 g kg(-1). RESULTS A rapid extraction using a small amount of ethyl acetate was the unique sample pretreatment required to accomplish the analysis of radiolytic markers by using on-line coupling of reverse phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (RPLC/GC/MS). Efficient elimination of the large volumes (up to 2170 µL) directly transferred from LC to GC was achieved by optimising the operation mode of the through-oven transfer adsorption/desorption system used as interface. CONCLUSION The reported procedure allowed confirmation, in less than 65 min, of the occurrence of up to five irradiation markers, namely n-pentadecane, 1-hexadecene, 1,7-hexadecadiene, n-heptadecane and 8-heptadecene, in cooked ham irradiated at doses as low as 2 kGy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Toledano
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
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Hyphenated liquid chromatography–gas chromatography technique: Recent evolution and applications. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 1: Method of analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:56-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barba C, Martínez RM, Calvo MM, Santa-María G, Herraiz M. Chiral analysis by online coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chirality 2012; 24:420-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Rosa M. Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Marta M. Calvo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Guillermo Santa-María
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
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Martínez RM, Barba C, Calvo MM, Santa-María G, Herraiz M. Rapid recognition of irradiated dry-cured ham by on-line coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Food Prot 2011; 74:960-6. [PMID: 21669074 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of on-line coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography (RPLC-GC) with the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface and mass spectrometry (MS) was proposed for testing different types of commercial Spanish dry-cured ham for irradiation treatment at various doses (0, 1.5, 2, and 4 kGy). The qualitative analysis of radiation-specific compounds (e.g., n-pentadecane, 1-hexadecene, 1,7-hexadecadiene, n-heptadecane, 8-heptadecene, and 2-dodecylcyclobutanone) can be simultaneously established in a single run with samples that have or have not been irradiated. The overall analysis, which takes less than 100 min, includes a rapid extraction step using a small amount of dichloromethane-methanol (1:1, vol/vol) and anhydrous sodium sulfate, the subsequent fractionation of the sample in the first dimension of the system (RPLC), the transfer of the target fraction to the second dimension, the GC separation, and the MS detection. The calculated limits of detection in ham were lower than 22 ng/g. Repeatability studies provided relative standard deviation values of 0.8 to 13.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Memory effects with the on-column interface for on-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography: The Y-interface. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8652-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Multidimensional chromatography in food analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7110-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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Biedermann M, Haase-Aschoff P, Grob K. Wax ester fraction of edible oils: Analysis by on-line LC-GC-MS and GC×GC-FID. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters as well as wax esters for evaluating the quality of olive oils. Eur Food Res Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-008-0907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Hoh E, Mastovska K. Large volume injection techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Kaal ER, Kurano M, Geiβler M, Janssen HG. Hyphenation of aqueous liquid chromatography to pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the comprehensive characterization of water-soluble polymers. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Díaz-Plaza EM, Cortés JM, Vázquez A, Villén J. Automated determination of pesticide residues in olive oil by on-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface with electron-capture and nitrogen–phosphorus detectors operating simultaneously. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:145-50. [PMID: 17643444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in olive oil is presented. Pesticides are analyzed by on-line coupling reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface with subsequent simultaneous electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection by post-column splitter. An autosampler is employed and the olive oil is simply filtered before the chromatographic analysis. Organophosphorus, organochlorine and triazine pesticides are determined in one run. The limits of detection are below the required maximum residue levels and calibration curves are linear in the range tested. Repeatabilities (intra-day and inter-days) are good. The method was satisfactory applied to the routine analysis of numerous olive oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Díaz-Plaza
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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28
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Kerkdijk H, Mol HGJ, van der Nagel B. Volume Overload Cleanup: An Approach for On-Line SPE-GC, GPC-GC, and GPC-SPE-GC. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7975-83. [PMID: 17896824 DOI: 10.1021/ac0701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new concept for cleanup, based on volume overloading of the cleanup column, has been developed for on-line coupling of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-phase extraction (SPE), or both, to gas chromatography (GC). The principle is outlined and the applicability demonstrated by the determination of pesticide residues in food matrixes using integrated and automated cleanup-GC-MS. Compared to conventional approaches for on-line cleanup-GC, the new technique involves introduction of much smaller volumes (e.g., 2-20 microL) into the GC without sacrificing method LODs. The much smaller injection volumes involved greatly simplify on-line coupling, improve robustness, and increase attractiveness for implementation in routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Kerkdijk
- Department of Analytical Research, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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29
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Fankhauser-Noti A, Fiselier K, Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K. Epoxidized soy bean oil migrating from the gaskets of lids into food packed in glass jars. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1082:214-9. [PMID: 16035364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The migration of epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) from the gasket in the lids of glass jars into foods, particularly those rich in edible oil, often far exceeds the legal limit (60 mg/kg). ESBO was determined through a methyl ester isomer of diepoxy linoleic acid. Transesterification occurred directly in the homogenized food. From the extracted methyl esters, the diepoxy components were isolated by normal-phase LC and transferred on-line to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection using the on-column interface in the concurrent solvent evaporation mode. The method involves verification elements to ensure the reliability of the results for every sample analyzed. The detection limit is 2-5 mg/kg, depending on the food. Uncertainty of the procedure is below 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fankhauser-Noti
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, P.O. Box, CH-8030 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Ve?e?a Z, Barto?�kov� A, Sklensk� J, Miku?ka P. A Large Volume Injection Procedure for GC-MS Determination of PAHs and PCBs. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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de Koning S, Janssen HG, Brinkman UAT. Group-type characterisation of mineral oil samples by two-dimensional comprehensive normal-phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1058:217-21. [PMID: 15595671 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) and capillary gas chromatography (GC) are complementary techniques, which makes them ideally suited for hyphenated and comprehensive coupling. In this work, an LC and a GC equipped with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer were on-line and comprehensively coupled (LC x GC-ToF MS) for the analysis of mineral oil samples. Classes of compounds present in the oil like paraffins, mono-aromatic and multi-aromatic compounds were separated by normal-phase LC. with a subsequent boiling-point separation within each class by means of GC. Sub-groups present in each class of compounds were distinguished by selecting their unique masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjaak de Koning
- LECO Instrumente, Separation Science Group, Marie-Bernays-Ring 31, 41199 Mönchengladbach, Germany.
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32
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Venter A, Rohwer ER. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Supercritical Fluid and Gas Chromatography with Independent Fast Programmed Heating of the Gas Chromatographic Column. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3699-706. [PMID: 15228344 DOI: 10.1021/ac035538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With comprehensive two-dimensional supercritical fluid and fast, independent temperature-programmed gas chromatography (SFCxGC), a polar column was used in the first dimension to achieve group-type analysis. The eluent of this separation was repetitively sampled and transferred to a fast, resistively heated gas chromatograph to obtain the boiling point distribution over the entire polarity separation. The SFC was operated isothermally with stopped flow to provide a sufficient time span for the GC analysis. The GC analysis had a typical cycle time of 1 min for the system demonstrated here. During this time, the GC column was independently heated at a rate of 450 degrees C/min to 250 degrees C and actively cooled again to -50 degrees C before the next GC injection took place. The analysis of petrochemical samples is presented to illustrate the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Venter
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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33
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de Koning S, Janssen HG, van Deursen M, Brinkman UAT. Automated on-line comprehensive two-dimensional LC×GC and LC×GC-ToF MS: Instrument design and application to edible oil and fat analysis. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:397-409. [PMID: 15335075 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After a successful off-line feasibility study, the automation of comprehensively coupled liquid chromatography and gas chromatography (LC x GC) has been studied. Important aspects to consider when developing automated LG x GC include the relative speeds of the two dimensions, the compatibility of the LC eluent (type and flow rate) with the GC dimension, and the column loadabilities. Because the GC separation is relatively slow, the LC instrument has to be operated in the stop-flow mode. Two interfaces for transferring large numbers of subsequent LC fractions to the GC were constructed: one based on a six-port switching valve, and one which uses a dual side-port syringe. Both interfaces were found to perform fully acceptably. The actual transfer of the LC fraction to the GC was realised using a standard split injector to vaporise the compounds and LC eluent. Gas phase splitting was applied to match LC mass load and GC column loadability. The standard deviations of the peak areas obtained in this way were better than 7% (n = 6). The reliability of the system was demonstrated by the problem-free analysis of large series of oil and fat samples, with the focus on both intact triglycerides and their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Finally, the hyphenation of the automated LC x GC system to a sensitive and rapid-scanning time-of-flight mass spectrometer was realised. By using LC x GC-ToF MS, the information density of the chromatograms could be improved even further, which allowed easy identification of individual compounds as well as compound groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjaak de Koning
- LECO Instrumente, Separation Science Group, Marie-Bernays-Ring 31, 41199 Mönchengladbach, Germany
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34
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Sanchez R, Vázquez A, Riquelme D, Villén J. Direct analysis of pesticide residues in olive oil by on-line reversed phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography using an automated through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6098-6102. [PMID: 14518929 DOI: 10.1021/jf030182r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated on-line reversed phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography system is described. The system uses a prototype of the automated through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. The system is demonstrated by presenting a new rapid method for the determination of pesticide residue in olive oil, which is injected directly with no sample pretreatment step other than filtration. Methanol:water is used as the eluent in the LC preseparation step, while the LC fraction containing the pesticide is automatically transferred to the gas chromatograph. Detection limits of pesticides varied from 0.18 to 0.44 mg/L when a flame ionization detector was used. As an example, relative standard deviation and linear calibration are presented for terbutryne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanchez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 02071 Albacete, Spain
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35
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Batlle R, Carlsson H, Tollbäck P, Colmsjö A, Crescenzi C. Enhanced detection of nitroaromatic explosive vapors combining solid-phase extraction-air sampling, supercritical fluid extraction, and large-volume injection-GC. Anal Chem 2003; 75:3137-44. [PMID: 12964762 DOI: 10.1021/ac0207271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A complete method for sampling and analyzing of energetic compounds in the atmosphere is described. The method consists of the hyphenation of several techniques: active air sampling using a solid-phase extraction cartridge to collect the analytes, extraction of the sorbed analytes by toluene/methyl tert-butyl ether modified supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and analysis of the extract by large-volume injection GC-nitrogen/phosphorus detection. The GC system is equipped with a loop-type injection interface with an early solvent vapor exit, a utilizing concurrent solvent evaporation technique. Chemometric approaches, based on a Plackett-Burman screening design and a central composite design for response surface modeling, were used to determine the optimum SFE conditions. The relative standard deviations of the optimized method were determined to be 4.3 to 7.7%, giving raise to method detection limits ranging from 0.06 to 0.36 ng in the sampling cartridge, equivalent to 6.2-36.4 pg/L in the atmosphere, standard sampling volume 10 L. The analytical method was applied to characterize headspace composition above military grade trinitrotoluene (TNT). Results confirm that 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) constitute the largest vapor flux, but TNT, 2,6-DNT, and trinitrobenzene TNB were also consistently detected in all the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Batlle
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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37
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Ruiz del Castillo M, Caja M, Blanch G, Herraiz M. Chiral Evaluation of Aroma-active Compounds in Real Complex Samples. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb08240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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39
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Shimmo M, Hyötyläinen T, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. On-line coupled supercritical fluid extraction-liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of organic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Grob K, Vass M, Biedermann M, Neukom HP. Contamination of animal feed and food from animal origin with mineral oil hydrocarbons. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2001; 18:1-10. [PMID: 11212542 DOI: 10.1080/02652030010003503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Oils and fats used for the production of animal feed can become contaminated with mineral oil material originating from gas oils (C18-C35) or synthetic oils (poly-alpha olefins, C25 to beyond C45). An important cause is assumed to be the discharge of waste oils, such as motor oil and hydraulic oils. Mineral oil material was analysed by on-line LC-GC-FID directly in the fat or in a raw extract from animal feed or foodstuffs. In Switzerland in summer/autumn 1999 concentrations in oils and fats for feed production were often found to be between 100 and 1000 mg/kg. In the feeds, the average concentration was around 100 mg/kg with values ranging up to a maximum of 1000 mg/kg; few samples were free of contamination. In animal body fat, the average concentration determined in summer 1999 was 25 mg/kg, with a maximum of 150 mg/kg, although in samples from December 1999, contamination was substantially lower. In the fat phase of eggs, the average concentration was 30 mg/kg, with a maximum of 80 mg/kg. Paraffin oil is used for feed production, which may account for part of the contamination problem (e.g. eggs).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, PO Box, CH-8030 Zurich, Switzerland.
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