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Liu C, Zou Y, Zhang M, Chi C, Zhang D, Wu F, Ding CF. A simple strategy for d/l-carnitine analysis in food samples using ion mobility spectrometry and theoretical calculations. Food Chem 2024; 442:138457. [PMID: 38271903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a straightforward approach to the separation d/l-carnitine (d/l-Carn) using ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and theoretical calculations. Natamycin (Nat) was used as separation reagent to interact with the Carn, metal ions (G) were employed as ligand, the resultant ternary complexes [d/l-Carn + Nat + G]+ were observed experimentally. IM-MS results revealed that d/l-Carn could be baseline separated via complex formation using Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, with a maximum peak separation resolution (Rp-p) of 2.91; Theoretical calculations were performed to determine the optimal conformations of [d/l-Carn + Nat + Li/K]+, and the predicted collisional cross section values were consistent with the experimental values. Conformational analysis was used to elucidate the enantiomeric separation of d/l-Carn at the molecular level via the formation of ternary complexes. Furthermore, quantitative analyses for the determination of the enantiomers were established with effective linearity and acceptable sensitivity. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of d/l-Carn in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Manli Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chaoxian Chi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangling Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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2
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Mu Q, Tian W, Zhang J, Li R, Ji Y. Nanocrystalline Porous Materials for Chiral Separation: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7864-7879. [PMID: 38320090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Mu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanting Tian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
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3
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Tanács D, Berkecz R, Bozsó Z, Tóth GK, Armstrong DW, Péter A, Ilisz I. Liquid Chromatographic Enantioseparation of Newly Synthesized Fluorinated Tryptophan Analogs Applying Macrocyclic Glycopeptides-Based Chiral Stationary Phases Utilizing Core-Shell Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4719. [PMID: 38731937 PMCID: PMC11083430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the favorable features obtained through the incorporation of fluorine atom(s), fluorinated drugs are a group with emerging pharmaceutical importance. As their commercial availability is still very limited, to expand the range of possible candidates, new fluorinated tryptophan analogs were synthesized. Control of enantiopurity during the synthesis procedure requires that highly efficient enantioseparation methods be available. In this work, the enantioseparation of seven fluorinated tryptophans and tryptophan was studied and compared systematically to (i) develop analytical methods for enantioselective separations and (ii) explore the chromatographic features of the fluorotrytophans. For enantioresolution, macrocyclic glycopeptide-based selectors linked to core-shell particles were utilized, applying liquid chromatography-based methods. Application of the polar-ionic mode resulted in asymmetric and broadened peaks, while reversed-phase conditions, together with mobile-phase additives, resulted in baseline separation for all studied fluorinated tryptophans. The marked differences observed between the methanol and acetonitrile-containing eluent systems can be explained by the different solvation abilities of the bulk solvents of the applied mobile phases. Among the studied chiral selectors, teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycone were found to work effectively. Under optimized conditions, baseline separations were achieved within 6 min. Ionic interactions were semi-quantitatively characterized and found to not influence enantiorecognition. Interestingly, fluorination of the analytes does not lead to marked changes in the chromatographic characteristics of the methanol-containing eluents, while larger differences were noticed when the polar but aprotic acetonitrile was applied. Experiments conducted on the influence of the separation temperature indicated that the separations are enthalpically driven, with only one exception. Enantiomeric elution order was found to be constant on both teicoplanin and teicoplanin aglycone-based chiral stationary phases (L < D) under all applied chromatographic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Tanács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Zsolt Bozsó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.B.); (G.K.T.)
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.B.); (G.K.T.)
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA;
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
| | - István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (R.B.); (A.P.)
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4
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Labíková M, Svoboda J, Tůma J, Lindner W, Kohout M. Chiral recognition without π-π-interactions: Highly efficient chiral strong cation exchangers lacking an aromatic unit in the molecular structure. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464729. [PMID: 38387150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Current state-of-the-art chiral stationary phases (CSPs) enable chiral resolution of almost any racemic mixture of choice. The exceptions represent ionizable and ionized substances that fail at any attempts to resolve on commercially available CSPs. These compounds, however, can be efficiently separated on chiral ion exchangers. Commercially available Cinchona alkaloids-based chiral weak ion-exchangers are typically used for chiral resolution of organic acids, while zwitterion ion-exchangers are efficient in the resolution of acids, bases, and zwitterions. The latter possess in their structure a cation exchange unit, which alone can serve as a cornerstone of chiral strong cation exchangers facilitating chiral separation of various basic racemic mixtures. Although chiral strong cation exchangers (cSCX) are efficient CSPs, their structural variations have not been thoroughly studied so far. It was assumed that the mechanism of chiral recognition of basic compounds by cSCX is based predominantly on π-π-interactions, hydrogen bonding and steric interactions (CSP I). To verify this assumption, we aimed in our study on the design and synthesis of cSCX first lacking lateral polar substituents on the aromatic unit in the selector's structure (CSP II), and second, to replace the aromatic unit by a cyclohexane ring (CSP III and IV), thereby to omit completely the π-π-interactions. We hypothesized that this structural change should lead to a partial or complete loss of enantiorecognition power of the selectors. Surprisingly, the non-aromatic cSCXs have shown chiral recognition capability comparable to that of previously described chiral cation exchange-type CSPs: from 16 analytes screened, 11 analytes were baseline resolved and 5 partially resolved on CSP I, while non-aromatic CSP III resolved 10 analytes baseline and 6 partially. We discuss the structural motifs of the known cSCX and the novel non-aromatic selectors in a relationship with their chromatographic performance using a set of basic analytes. Moreover, we present a theory of an effective chiral recognition mechanism by two novel non-aromatic cSCXs based on the chromatographic results and quantum mechanical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Labíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Svoboda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Kuncová A, Svoboda J, Tůma J, Asnin L, Schug K, Kohout M. Chiral zwitterionic stationary phases based on Cinchona alkaloids and dipeptides - design, synthesis and application in chiral separation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464664. [PMID: 38271770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Chiral resolution of polar organic compounds such as amino acids and peptides represents an important chromatographic task due to increasing significance of natural species, which play important signaling and regulatory roles in the living organisms. Despite the number of available chiral stationary phases, this task remains challenging, since not many of the commercially available systems are capable to resolve non-derivatized zwitterionic species. In this study, we present a target-oriented design of a new class of chiral selectors. Pursuing the goal to separate amino acids, and especially short peptides, we have combined Cinchona alkaloids - quinine and quinidine - with three different biogenic dipeptides. We have synthesized six different chiral stationary phases, with selector loading of ∼200 μmol g-1, and tested their chiral recognition capabilities for acidic, basic and zwitterionic analytes using various mobile phases. We have observed that all chiral stationary phases retain the chiral anion exchange capability known for commercially available Cinchona-based columns leading to baseline or partial resolution of six out of ten analytes. The performance in chiral resolution of basic analytes is not optimum due to the weak cation exchange character of the peptidic residue. However, we report on encouraging results in the chiral resolution of short peptides, for which, depending on their structure, we see the chiral resolution of up to three stereoisomers (from four possible) in a preliminary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Kuncová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Svoboda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Kevin Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, UT Arlington, 700 Planetarium PI, TX 760 19, Arlington, United States
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Urdiain-Arraiza J, Desguin B. Versatile capillary electrophoresis method for the direct chiral separation of aliphatic and aromatic α-hydroxy acids, β-hydroxy acids and polyhydroxy acids using vancomycin as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464611. [PMID: 38181629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxy acids (HAs) are ubiquitous in nature and play significant roles in various industrial and biological processes. Most HAs harbor at least one chiral center, therefore the development of efficient chiral analysis techniques for HA stereoisomers is of crucial importance across a wide range of fields. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the chiral analysis and quantification of aliphatic and aromatic α‑hydroxy acid (AHA) enantiomers, aliphatic β‑hydroxy acid (BHA) enantiomers and aliphatic polyhydroxy acid (PHA) stereoisomers. Using a modified partial filling-counter current method with indirect UV detection, high resolution (Rs) was achieved with vancomycin as a chiral selector added to the background electrolyte composed of 10 mM of benzoic acid/L-histidine at pH 5 using a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. This method could be readily applied to the determination of the enantiomers of 12 aliphatic AHAs, 4 aromatic AHAs, 3 aliphatic BHAs, as well as to the determination of the stereoisomers of tartaric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanoic acid, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid without the need for sample derivatization. Finally, our study provides a robust and versatile strategy for the chiral and stereoselective analysis of a broad range of hydroxy acid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Urdiain-Arraiza
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benoît Desguin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
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7
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Liu C, Quan K, Chen J, Shi X, Qiu H. Chiral metal-organic frameworks and their composites as stationary phases for liquid chromatography chiral separation: A minireview. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464032. [PMID: 37148566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chiral metal organic frameworks (CMOFs) are a kind of crystal porous framework material that has attracted increasing attention due to the customizable combination of metal nodes and organic ligands. In particular, the highly ordered crystal structure and rich adjustable chiral structure make it a promising material for developing new chiral separation material systems. In this review, the progress of CMOFs and their different types of composites used as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in liquid chromatography for enantioseparation are discussed. The characteristics of CMOFs and their composites are summarized, aiming to provide new ideas for the development of CMOFs with better performance and further promote the application of CMOFs materials in enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaijun Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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9
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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10
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Zhang YP, Xiong LX, Wang Y, Li K, Wang BJ, Xie SM, Zhang JH, Yuan LM. Preparation of chiral stationary phase based on a [3+3] chiral polyimine macrocycle by thiol-ene click chemistry for enantioseparation in normal-phase and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463253. [PMID: 35732093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyimine macrocycles are a new class of organic macrocycles with cyclic structures, well-defined molecular cavities, and multiple cooperative binding sites, which have recently aroused considerable research interest in molecular recognition and separation. Herein, we report the bonding of a [3+3] chiral polyimine macrocycle (H3L, C78H78N6O3) on thiol-functionalized silica gel using thiol-ene click chemistry to prepare a chiral stationary phase (CSP) for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fabricated column exhibited excellent chiral separation capability under both normal-phase and reversed-phase conditions. Fourteen and 10 racemates were well resolved on the column in normal-phase mode (using n-hexane/isopropanol as the mobile phase) and reversed-phase mode (using methanol/water as the mobile phase), respectively, including alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, epoxides and organic acids. Moreover, the column also shows good selectivity toward positional isomers. Six positional isomers (dinitrobenzene, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, nitrobrobenzene and nitrochlorobenzene) were well separated on the column. In addition, the effects of the injection mass and mobile phase composition on the separation were investigated. The column shows good reproducibility and stability after multiple injections with the relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 5) of the retention time and resolution being < 0.96 % and 0.65 %, respectively. This study indicates that this type of chiral polyimine macrocycles is a promising chiral selector for HPLC enantioseparation and will push forward the applications of more novel chiral macrocycles for chiral chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ling-Xiao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Kuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Bang-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Jun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
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11
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The Use of Antibiotics as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113601. [PMID: 35684535 PMCID: PMC9181903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is becoming an essential issue in modern pharmaceutical research as regulatory agencies emphasize the safety and efficiency of enantiomers in drug development. The development of efficient and reliable chiral separation methods became a necessity in the last 30 years, and capillary electrophoresis (CE), due to its relatively low costs and “green” features, is attracting increased attention. Cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives are the most frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in CE, however, the use of antibiotics as CSs represents an interesting alternative. Various classes of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, ansamycins, glycopeptides, lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclines) have been used more or less successfully for the enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotics offer the possibility of a multitude of potential interactions (electrostatic, inclusion, hydrogen bonding, etc.) due to their chemical diversity, allowing the enantio-separation of analytes with a wide range of structural characteristics. This article aims to review the application of various classes of antibiotics in the CE enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic physiochemical characteristics, variables impacting enantio-separation, advantages, and disadvantages when certain antibiotics are used as CSs in CE are also explored.
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12
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Gonçalves L, Cravo S, Fernandes C, Tiritan ME. Development and evaluation of Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase for flash chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463156. [PMID: 35623191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography is the most applied methodology for enantioseparation in preparative and semi-preparative scale; however, flash chromatography is seldom the first choice. This work proposes a new sustainable method to achieve pure enantiomers in mg scale. Herein, the functionalization of silica for flash chromatography columns with a suitable chiral selector, for subsequent quantitative enantioseparation of chiral compounds, is described. Accordingly, the Whelk-O®1 chiral selector was bonded to flash silica and packed into a reused solid phase extraction cartridge. For the evaluation of the enantioselective performance of the flash column, the enantiomers of a chiral derivative of xanthone were quantitatively enantioseparated with an average recovery of 70% and an enantiomer ratio (e.r.) of 99% and 97% for each enantiomer. Evaluation with the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen was also performed, resulting in an average recovery of 95% and 89% and 95% e.r. for each enantiomer. The flash column showed high stability and load ability, versatility, and good reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layane Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cravo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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13
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Guo S, Huang C, Bo C, Ma S, Gong B, Ou J. Comparison of vancomycin-immobilized chiral stationary phase with its derivative for enantioseparation of drugs in high-performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Guo S, Huang C, Zhang N, Ma S, Bo C, Gong B, Ou J. Enantioseparation in high performance liquid chromatography: preparation and evaluation of a vancomycin-based chiral stationary phase via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1221-1231. [PMID: 35237778 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic technique based on a chiral stationary phase (CSP) has been explored for enantioseparation. Herein, poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(GMA)) brushes were grafted on the surface of silica gel via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), followed by the introduction of vancomycin as a chiral selector. The as-synthesized material was characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), proving the formation of vancomycin-immobilized brushes. Then the resulting CSP was explored to separate 7 racemic drugs (bicalutamide, 1-benzyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid, chlorpheniramine maleate, fluoxetine hydrochloride, verapamil hydrochloride, benzoxazocine hydrochloride and isoprenaline hydrochloride) in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Several factors affecting the enantioseparation performance of the vancomycin-immobilized CSP, including the triethylamine (TEA) content in the buffer, pH value, content of organic solvent in the mobile phase, flow rate and injection volume, were mainly optimized. Under the optimal conditions, baseline separation of fluoxetine hydrochloride (RS = 2.52) was achieved, which was better than that on a commercial Chirobiotic V column, while enantioseparation of bicalutamide (RS = 1.01), chlorpheniramine maleate (RS = 0.77), 1-benzyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid (RS = 0.67), isoprenaline hydrochloride (RS = 0.73), verapamil hydrochloride (RS = 0.91) and benzoxazocine hydrochloride (RS = 1.03) was partly achieved. It was concluded that SI-ATRP is a robust way to fabricate vancomycin-based CSPs for enantioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Shujuan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunmiao Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Bolin Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Junjie Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Liu R, Tang X, Xiong R, Li L, Du X, He L. Simultaneous determination of fourteen β 2-agonist enantiomers in food animal muscles by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1193:123169. [PMID: 35180545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Illegal drug residues in animal derived foods are closely related to human's life and health. Studies on illegal drug residues and the metabolism, such as β2-agonists in animals have attracted more and more attention. In most cases, β2-agonists are suppliedand used astheracemate. The metabolic process and distribution of the two enantiomers in animal tissues are different. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a simple and fast method for chiral resolution of these drugs in animal tissues. In this paper, a reliable resolution and determination method was presented using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for fourteen enantiomers of seven β2-agonist racemates, clenbuterol (CLE), salbutamol (SAL), cimaterol (CIM), terbutaline (TER), clorprenaline (CLO), tulobuterol (TUL), penbuterol (PEN) in pork, beef, and lamb muscle samples. The samples were added the internal standard solution (IS) and extracted in the alkaline medium with acetonitrile. The further sample purification was accomplished through MCX solid phase extraction cartridge. Chromatographic chiral separation was carried out on a VancoShell chiral column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol and 10 mmol mL-1 ammonium formate aqueous solution (85:15, v/v). Under the optimized conditions, the resolution (R) of CIM was 2.0, CLE and PEN were 1.5, the others were all greater than 1.0. Enantiomeric determination was performed in the positive electrospray ionization mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The correlation coefficient (r) in the range of 0.2-25.0 μg L-1 was above 0.993. The average recoveries at the three spiking levels ranged from 95.3% to 117.7% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 15%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of β2-agonist enantiomers was 0.2 μg kg-1 and 0.5 μg kg-1 respectively. The method was successfully applied in the analysis and evaluation of β2-agonist enantiomers in positive food animal muscle samples, CLE, SAL, TEB and CIM enantiomers were detected. The concentrations of the corresponding enantiomers were in the range of 1.06-17.3 μg kg-1, the lowest enantiomer fraction (EF) value was 0.42, and the highest value was 0.69. The work is expected to provide a method for chiral separation and enantiomeric determination of the further study of pharmacology, toxicity and residue elimination of β2-agonist enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoling Tang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Renping Xiong
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lu Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxi Du
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Limin He
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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16
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Skrzypczak N, Przybylski P. Structural diversity and biological relevance of benzenoid and atypical ansamycins and their congeners. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1678-1704. [PMID: 35262153 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to 2021The structural division of ansamycins, including those of atypical cores and different lengths of the ansa chains, is presented. Recently discovered benzenoid and atypical ansamycin scaffolds are presented in relation to their natural source and biosynthetic routes realized in bacteria as well as their muta and semisynthetic modifications influencing biological properties. To better understand the structure-activity relationships among benzenoid ansamycins structural aspects together with mechanisms of action regarding different targets in cells, are discussed. The most promising directions for structural optimizations of benzenoid ansamycins, characterized by predominant anticancer properties, were discussed in view of their potential medical and pharmaceutical applications. The bibliography of the review covers mainly years from 2011 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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17
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Wu F, Wu X, Xu F, Han J, Tian H, Ding CF. Recognition of Cis-Trans and Chiral Proline and Its Derivatives by Ion Mobility Measurement of Their Complexes with Natamycin and Metal Ion. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3553-3564. [PMID: 35179030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination of isomers is an important and valuable feature in many analytical applications, and the identification of chiral isomers and cis-trans isomers is the current research focus. In this work, a simple method for direct, simultaneous recognition of d-/l-proline (P), d-/l-/cis-/trans-4-hydroxyproline (4-HP), and d-/l-/cis-/trans-N-tert-butoxycarbony (N-Boc-4-HP) was investigated by means of trapped ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (TIMS-MS). The isomers with cis-/trans-/d-/l-configuration can be directly recognized based on their mobility upon reaction with natamycin (Nat) and metal ions through noncovalent interactions. The results indicate that the recognition of the enantiomers has certain specificity, and the structural difference of the enantiomers was increased in a complex with Nat and metal ions. Herein, d-/l-P can be recognized through the ternary complexes [P + Nat + Mg - H]+, [P + 2Nat + Ca - H]+, [P + 2Nat + Mn - H]+, and [P + Nat + Cu - H]+. Similarly, c-4-HPL, c-4-HPD, t-4-HPL, and t-4-HPD can be recognized by [4-HP + Nat + Ca - H]+, [4-HP + 2Nat + Ca - H]+, and [4-HP + Nat + Cu - H]+, while N-Boc-c-4-HPL, N-Boc-c-4-HPD, N-Boc-t-4-HPL, and N-Boc-t-4-HPD were recognized through the enantiomer complexes [N-Boc-4-HP + Nat + Li]+, [N-Boc-4-HP + Nat + 2Na - H]+, [N-Boc-4-HP + Nat + K]+, [N-Boc-4-HP + Nat + Mn - H]+, and [N-Boc-4-HP + Nat + Ba - H]+. Moreover, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) results indicated that different collision energies were obtained for the same fragment ions, which implied that the enantiomer complexes that contributed to their mobility separation shared identical interaction mode but had different gas-phase rigid geometries. Furthermore, the relative quantification for the enantiomers was performed, and the results were supported by a satisfactory coefficient (R2 > 0.99). The developed method can provide a promising and powerful strategy for the separation of chiral proline and its d-/l-/cis-/trans derivatives, bearing the advantages of higher speed, better accuracy, high selectivity, and no need for chemical derivatization and chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xishi Wu
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaoru Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Ali I, Raja R, Alam SD, Shirsath V, K. Jain A, Locatelli M, David V. A comparison of chiral separations by supercritical fluid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1979037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupak Raja
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, Noida, India
| | | | | | - Arvind K. Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Victor David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Jiang W, Liu H, Wang J, Sun B. Natural and Artificial Chiral-Based Systems for Separation Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:27-45. [PMID: 34152894 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral separation has attracted much attention for basic research and industrial applications in analytical chemistry. Generally, chiral separations use natural or artificial chiral-based materials as adsorbents. To improve the precision and efficiency of chiral separation, focus has shifted from natural and synthetic adsorbents to binary combinations of materials. This review specifically summarizes the significant advancements made in natural and artificial chiral adsorbents as promising candidates for diverse drug and biomolecule separation applications as well as the remaining drawbacks and challenges for research on chiral separations. The mechanisms of chiral-based recognition and separation and history and development of natural and artificial chiral-based systems are the focus of this review. Future directions in natural and artificial chiral-based systems for practical separations and other applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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20
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Fouad A, Marzouk AA, Shaykoon MSA, Ibrahim SM, El-Adl SM, Ghanem A. Daptomycin: A Novel Macrocyclic Antibiotic as a Chiral Selector in an Organic Polymer Monolithic Capillary for the Enantioselective Analysis of a Set of Pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123527. [PMID: 34207780 PMCID: PMC8227699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin, a macrocyclic antibiotic, is here used as a new chiral selector in preparation of chiral stationary phase (CSP) in a recently prepared polymer monolithic capillary. The latter is prepared using the copolymerization of the monomers glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) in the presence of daptomycin in water. Under reversed phase conditions (RP), the prepared capillaries were tested for the enantioselective nanoliquid chromatographic separation of fifty of the racemic drugs of different pharmacological groups, such as adrenergic blockers, H1-blockers, NSAIDs, antifungal drugs, and others. Baseline separation was attained for many drugs under RP-HPLC. Daptomycin expands the horizon of chiral selectors in HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fouad
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra 2601, Australia;
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (M.S.A.S.)
| | - Adel A. Marzouk
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (M.S.A.S.)
| | - Montaser Sh. A. Shaykoon
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (M.S.A.S.)
| | - Samy M. Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.M.I.); (S.M.E.-A.)
| | - Sobhy M. El-Adl
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.M.I.); (S.M.E.-A.)
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra 2601, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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21
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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22
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Khatri S, Memon N, Khatri Z, Ahmed F. TLC-based enantiomeric separation of amino acids onto β-CD-incorporated glutaraldehyde-crosslinked PVA electrospun fiber stationary phase. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple and economical methods for chiral separations are always needed in synthesis and drug development and as biomarkers, besides many other useful applications. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are chiral host molecules and have been used to separate a number of chiral analytes. In this study, we have successfully prepared electrospun films of β-CD incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking. These films of β-CD-PVA-GA electrospun fibers are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which were subsequently used for thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-based enantiomeric separation of histidine and serine pairs. Amino acids were detected by spraying the chromatograms with the ninhydrin solution. Among various solvent systems employed, it was found that the separation of serine enantiomers with a resolution of 1.6 was possible with the mobile phase ethanol–butanol–ethyl acetate–water–acetone (4:5:5:0.5:1.5, v/v), and histidine enantiomers with a resolution of 1.4 were possible with the mobile phase ethanol–butanol–ethyl acetate–water–acetone (4:5:4.5:0.5:1.5, v/v). This proves that the prepared stationary phase is efficient in enatioresolution of selected amino acid pairs and can be further examined for physiological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahrish Khatri
- 1 National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
| | - Najma Memon
- 1 National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
| | - Zeeshan Khatri
- 2 Nanomaterial Research Group, Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmed
- 2 Nanomaterial Research Group, Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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23
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Flieger J, Orzeł A, Kowalska-Kępczyńska A, Pizoń M, Trębacz H, Majerek D, Plech T, Płaziński W. Teicoplanin-Modified HPLC Column as a Source of Experimental Parameters for Prediction of the Anticonvulsant Activity of 1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thiones by the Regression Models. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2650. [PMID: 32532041 PMCID: PMC7321613 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane is a complex system that consists of lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and amphiphilic phospholipids. It plays an important role in ADME processes that are responsible for the final pharmaceutical effects of xenobiotics (bioavailability, activity). To study drug-membrane interaction at the molecular level, several high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) membrane model systems have been proposed which are mimicking mainly its lipid character. The aim of this work was to study interactions of new synthesized antiepileptic compounds of 4-alkyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives with Chirobiotic column containing glycoprotein ligand attached to the silica matrix. The affinity of the analytes to immobilized glycoprotein ligand was examined chromatographically in reversed-phase mode. The thermodynamics of interactions between bioactive compounds and teicoplanin was studied in terms of the van't Hoff linear relationship ln k vs. 1/T in the range of 5-45 °C. Change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°) and change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) were estimated utilizing graphical extrapolation and interpolation methods. The density functional theory (DFT) approach and docking simulations were used to get the molecular interpretation and prove the obtained experimental results. Cross-correlations of chromatographic and thermodynamic parameters with non-empirical topological and quantum chemical indices suggest that the polarizability of analytes appears to be responsible for the interactions of the tested molecules with teicoplanin and, ultimately, their retention on the column. Experimental and theoretical parameters were subjected to statistical analysis using regression models. Partial least squares (PLS) regression model showed the usefulness of the experimentally measured parameter φ0 (MeOH) to discriminate between anticonvulsant active and inactive 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives. Obtained results point out the usefulness of interaction of potential anticonvulsants with glycoprotein class of compounds to anticipate their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Orzeł
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Racławickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Kowalska-Kępczyńska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Pizoń
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Hanna Trębacz
- Chair and Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Majerek
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Plech
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
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Sobańska AW. Emerging or Underestimated Silica-Based Stationary Phases in Liquid Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:631-655. [PMID: 32482079 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1760782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several newly synthesized or forgotten silica-based stationary phases proposed for liquid chromatography are described, including non-endcapped, short-chain alkyl phases; hydrophilic and polar-endcapped stationary phases; polar-embedded alkyl phases; long-chain alkyl phases. Stationary phases with aromatic, cyanopropyl, diol and aminopropyl functionalities are also reviewed. Stationary phases of particular interest are biomolecular materials - based on immobilized cholesterol, aminoacids, peptides, proteins or lipoproteins. Packing materials involving macrocyclic chemistry (crown ethers; calixarenes; aza-macrocycles; oligo-and polysaccharides including these of marine origin - chitin- or chitosan-based; macrocyclic antibiotics) are discussed. Since many stationary phases developed for one type of applications (e.g. chiral separation) have been found useful in solving other analytical problems (e.g. drug's plasma protein binding ability), it seemed reasonable to discuss particular chemistries behind the stationary phases presented in this review rather than specific types of interactions or chromatographic modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna W Sobańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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25
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Shuang Y, Zhang T, Li L. Preparation of a stilbene diamido-bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin)-bonded chiral stationary phase for enantioseparations of drugs and pesticides by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jafari Ozumchelouei E, Hamidian AH, Zhang Y, Yang M. Physicochemical properties of antibiotics: A review with an emphasis on detection in the aquatic environment. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:177-188. [PMID: 31505071 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have extensively been applied to rescue a great number of lives through prevention and treatment of contagious diseases and infections. They are either natural or human-made substances, which are broadly employed for promoting the health condition of human, plant, and animal. However, antibiotics are known to exert detrimental impacts on useful and nontarget microbiota of the biological system due to the overuse, continuous discharge into the environment, and subsequently aggregation in various environmental matrices. Physical and chemical properties help to evaluate whether a substance is more likely to concentrate on the terrestrial, aquatic, or atmospheric environmental matrix as well as its fate. Therefore, appropriate characterization and proper understanding of physicochemical attributes of antibiotics are indispensable to protect ecosystem health. In this paper, the antibiotic classifications and their physicochemical properties were reviewed with emphasis on detection in the aqueous environment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Antibiotic compounds were classified in main classes, groups, and their main use. Tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, quinolones, polyether ionophores, and glycopeptides are the most commonly detected antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Physical-chemical properties of the main antimicrobial classes were mentioned. Physicochemical properties can change under different environmental conditions such as pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Jafari Ozumchelouei
- School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Hamidian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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He Y, Zhang J, Pu Q, Xie S, Li Y, Luo L, Chen X, Yuan L. A novel chiral inorganic mesoporous silica used as a stationary phase in GC. Chirality 2019; 31:1053-1059. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Yu He
- Department of ChemistryYunnan Normal University Kunming China
| | - Jun‐Hui Zhang
- Department of ChemistryYunnan Normal University Kunming China
| | - Qing Pu
- Department of ChemistryYunnan Normal University Kunming China
| | - Sheng‐Ming Xie
- Department of ChemistryYunnan Normal University Kunming China
| | - Yan‐Xia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of ChemistryYunnan Normal University Kunming China
| | - Xue‐Xian Chen
- Department of ChemistryYunnan Normal University Kunming China
| | - Li‐Ming Yuan
- Department of ChemistryYunnan Normal University Kunming China
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28
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Ma X, Du Y, Zhu X, Feng Z, Chen C, Yang J. Evaluation of an ionic liquid chiral selector based on clindamycin phosphate in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5855-5866. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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29
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Teixeira J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C. Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography: Recent Developments. Molecules 2019; 24:E865. [PMID: 30823495 PMCID: PMC6429359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The planning and development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) are considered as continuous and evolutionary issues since the introduction of the first CSP in 1938. The main objectives of the development strategies were to attempt the improvement of the chromatographic enantioresolution performance of the CSPs as well as enlarge their versatility and range of applications. Additionally, the transition to ultra-high-performance LC were underscored. The most recent strategies have comprised the introduction of new chiral selectors, the use of new materials as chromatographic supports or the reduction of its particle size, and the application of different synthetic approaches for preparation of CSPs. This review gathered the most recent developments associated to the different types of CSPs providing an overview of the relevant advances that are arising on LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
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Ishidate R, Sato T, Ikai T, Kanoh S, Yashima E, Maeda K. Helicity induction and memory effect in poly(biphenylylacetylene)s bearing various functional groups and their use as switchable chiral stationary phases for HPLC. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01425j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(biphenylylacetylene)s bearing various functional groups were demonstrated to be used as elution order switchable chiral stationary phases for HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Ishidate
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering
| | - Toru Sato
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering
| | - Shigeyoshi Kanoh
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI)
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32
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Enantioseparations Using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:201-237. [PMID: 31069737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction by Daniel W. Armstrong in 1994, antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases have proven their applicability for the chiral resolution of various types of racemates. The unique structure of macrocyclic glycopeptides and their large variety of interactive sites (e.g., hydrophobic pockets, hydroxy, amino and carboxyl groups, halogen atoms, aromatic moieties) are the reasons for their wide-ranging selectivity. The commercially available Chirobiotic™ phases, which display complementary characteristics, are capable of separating a broad variety of enantiomeric compounds with good efficiency, good column loadability, high reproducibility, and long-term stability. These are the major reasons for the frequent use of macrocyclic antibiotic-based stationary phases in HPLC enantioseparations.This overview chapter provides a brief summary of general aspects of antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases including their preparation and their application to direct enantioseparations of various racemates focusing on the literature published since 2004.
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Nicolaou AG, Mavroudi MC, Stavrou IJ, Weatherly CA, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Synergistic enantioseparation systems with either cyclodextrins or cyclofructans and L-alanine Tert butyl ester lactate. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:539-546. [PMID: 30450594 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of chiral ionic liquids (CILs) and conventional chiral selectors (CSs) in CE, to establish a synergistic system, has proven to be an effective approach for the separation of enantiomeric pairs. In this study, a new CE method was developed, employing a binary system of a CS, either a cyclodextrin (CD) or a cyclofructan (CF), and a chiral amino acid ester-based ionic liquid (AAIL), for the chiral separation of four basic, acidic and zwitterionic drug compounds. In particular, the enantioseparation of two anticoagulants, warfarin (WAR) and coumachlor (COU), a non-opioid analgesic, nefopam (NEF) and a third-generation antihistamine, fexofenadine (FXD), was examined, by supporting the BGE with a CS and the chiral AAIL L-alanine tert butyl ester lactate (L-AlaC4 Lac). Parameters, such as the type of the CS, the concentration of both the CS and L-AlaC4 Lac, and the BGE pH, were methodically examined in order to optimize the chiral separation of each analyte. It was observed that, in some cases, the addition of the AAIL into the BGE improved both resolution (Rs ) and efficiency (N) significantly. In other cases, the synergistic effect enabled baseline separation of analyte enantiomers, at a much lower concentration of the CS. Finally, after optimization of separation conditions, baseline separations (Rs >1.5) of all four analytes were achieved in less than 5 min.
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Konya Y, Taniguchi M, Furuno M, Nakano Y, Tanaka N, Fukusaki E. Mechanistic study on the high-selectivity enantioseparation of amino acids using a chiral crown ether-bonded stationary phase and acidic, highly organic mobile phase by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1578:35-44. [PMID: 30340763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The separation mechanism of amino acid enantiomers using a chiral crown ether-bonded stationary phase, CROWNPAK CR-I(+), and acetonitrile (ACN)-rich mobile phases (MPs) was studied. The retention factors of proteinogenic l-amino acids (except proline) formed U-shaped plots against the ACN content in the MP with a sharp increase at a high ACN content, while d-amino acids showed much smaller increases or monotonous decreases in retention within the same range. The use of an acidic, highly organic MP with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) provided a high enantioselectivity with a short separation time from the contribution of the increased binding of the ammonium group of the analytes to the crown ether functionality of the stationary phase and electrostatic repulsion counteracting the hydrophilic partition mechanism. Optimizing the sample diluent and MP alleviated the peak distortion caused by a moving water band that accompanied the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-like elution conditions. The liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry method with the optimized MP - ACN/ethanol/water/TFA = 80/15/5/0.5 (v/v/v/v) - enabled the determination of eighteen pairs of proteinogenic amino acid enantiomers within 10 min. The conditions also provided the following advantages: (i) fast and highly reproducible separations under isocratic conditions, (ii) high sensitivity and low backpressure using the MP with a high organic content, and (iii) highly reliable peak identification by combining two columns (CR-I(+) and CR-I(-)), reversing the elution orders of the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konya
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moyu Taniguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakano
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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35
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Liquid chromatographic ligand-exchange chiral stationary phases based on amino alcohols. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1557:28-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Chiral Method Development Strategies for HPLC using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Stationary Phases. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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37
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Kim MY, Park JH. Enantiomer Separation of Acidic Chiral Compounds on a Clarithromycin-Zirconia Hybrid Monolith by Capillary Electrochromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 Korea
| | - Jung Hag Park
- Department of Chemistry; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 Korea
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38
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Phyo YZ, Cravo S, Palmeira A, Tiritan ME, Kijjoa A, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C. Enantiomeric Resolution and Docking Studies of Chiral Xanthonic Derivatives on Chirobiotic Columns. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010142. [PMID: 29324676 PMCID: PMC6017832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic study of enantioresolution of a library of xanthonic derivatives, prepared “in-house”, was successfully carried out with four commercially available macrocyclic glycopeptide-based columns, namely ChirobioticTM T, ChirobioticTM R, ChirobioticTM V and ChirobioticTM TAG. Evaluation was conducted in multimodal elution conditions: normal-phase, polar organic, polar ionic and reversed-phase. The effects of the mobile phase composition, the percentage of organic modifier, the pH of the mobile phase, the nature and concentration of different mobile phase additives on the chromatographic parameters are discussed. ChirobioticTM T and ChirobioticTM V, under normal-phase and reversed-phase modes, respectively, presented the best chromatographic parameters. Considering the importance of understanding the chiral recognition mechanisms associated with the chromatographic enantioresolution, and the scarce data available for macrocyclic glycopeptide-based columns, computational studies by molecular docking were also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye' Zaw Phyo
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Sara Cravo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Rossi D, Tarantino M, Rossino G, Rui M, Juza M, Collina S. Approaches for multi-gram scale isolation of enantiomers for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1253-1269. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1383981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossi
- Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marilù Tarantino
- Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Rui
- Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Markus Juza
- Corden Pharma Switzerland LLC, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Simona Collina
- Drug Sciences Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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40
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Jang MG, Jang MD, Park JH. Doxycycline as a new chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:176-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dixit S, Lee IS, Park JH. Carbamoylated azithromycin incorporated zirconia hybrid monolith for enantioseparation of acidic chiral drugs using non-aqueous capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1507:132-140. [PMID: 28558906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoylated derivatives of two antibiotics, namely, clindamycin phosphate (CLIP) and erythromycin (ERY) were successfully employed as co-precursors, in combination of zirconium tetrabutoxide as a precursor, to prepare chiral organic-zirconia hybrid monoliths (i.e., CLIP-ZHMs and ERY-ZHMs, respectively) via a single-step in-situ sol-gel approach in our previous works. Their superiority over chiral organic-zirconia/silica monoliths, prepared by post-modification approach, in terms of better enantioresolution and enhanced stability inspired us to prepare ZHMs based on an another antibiotic, azithromycin (i.e., AZI-ZHMs). Monolithic columns were employed for capillary electrochromatographic enantioseparation of acidic chiral drugs in mobile phases consisting of acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH) as organic modifiers, and acetic acid (AcOH) and triethylamine (TEA) as electrolytes. The effects of composition of mobile phase and applied voltage on chiral separation were investigated by using ketoprofen as a representative analyte. Baseline resolutions were obtained for six acidic drugs in mobile phase consisting of 80/20 (v/v) ACN/MeOH with 300mM AcOH and 10mM TEA at a 10kV applied voltage and 25°C capillary temperature. The relative standard deviations for resolution values regarding column to column and batch to batch repeatability were less than 2.5% (for n=3) under optimized conditions, indicating satisfactory stability of the columns and reproducibility of the column preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Il Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Jung Hag Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
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42
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Shapovalova EN, Fedorova IA, Priporova AA, Ananieva IA, Shpigun OA. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of albuterol on sorbents modified by macrocyclic antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131417010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Wang H, An X, Deng X, Ding G. Facile synthesis and application of teicoplanin-modified magnetic microparticles for enantioseparation. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1374-1382. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Xuehan An
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Analysis Center; Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
- Analysis Center; Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Nankai University); Tianjin P.R. China
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Stavrou IJ, Agathokleous EA, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: Recent development and applications (mid-2014 to mid-2016). Electrophoresis 2017; 38:786-819. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Maeda K, Maruta M, Sakai Y, Ikai T, Kanoh S. Synthesis of Optically Active Poly(diphenylacetylene)s Using Polymer Reactions and an Evaluation of Their Chiral Recognition Abilities as Chiral Stationary Phases for HPLC. Molecules 2016; 21:E1487. [PMID: 27827999 PMCID: PMC6273228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of optically active poly(diphenylacetylene) derivatives bearing a chiral substituent (poly-2S) or chiral and achiral substituents (poly-(2Sx-co-31-x)) on all of their pendant phenyl rings were synthesized by the reaction of poly(bis(4-carboxyphenyl)acetylene) with (S)-1-phenylethylamine ((S)-2) or benzylamine (3) in the presence of a condensing reagent. Their chiroptical properties and chiral recognition abilities as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were investigated. Poly-2S and poly-(2Sx-co-31-x) (0.06 < x < 0.71) formed a preferred-handed helical conformation with opposite helical senses after thermal annealing despite possessing the same chiral pendant (h-poly-2S and h-poly-(2Sx-co-31-x)). Furthermore, h-poly-2S and h-poly-(2S0.36-co-30.64) emitted circularly polarized luminescence with opposite signs. h-Poly-2S showed higher chiral recognition abilities toward a larger number of racemates than poly-2S without a preferred-handed helicity and the previously reported preferred-handed poly(diphenylacetylene) derivative bearing the same chiral substituent on half of its pendant phenyl rings. h-Poly-(2S0.36-co-30.64) also exhibited good chiral recognition abilities toward several racemates, though the elution order of some enantiomers was reversed compared with h-poly-2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Maruta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Yuki Sakai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Shigeyoshi Kanoh
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Preparation of Two New Diasteromeric Chiral Stationary Phases Based on (+)-(18-Crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic Acid and (R)- or (S)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine and Chiral Tethering Group Effect on the Chiral Recognition. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 21:molecules21081051. [PMID: 27529205 PMCID: PMC6273757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new diastereomeric chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral tethering group and a Π-basic chiral unit such as (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (CSP 1) or (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (CSP 2) were prepared. The two CSPs were applied to the enantiomeric separation of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-1-phenylalkylamines and N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino acid derivatives using 20% isopropyl alcohol in hexane as a normal mobile phase. To elucidate the effect of the two chiral units on the chiral recognition, the chiral recognition abilities of the two CSPs were compared with each other and with that of a CSP (CSP 3) based on (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine. From the chromatographic chiral recognition results, (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine and (+)−(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid constituting CSP 1 were concluded to show a cooperative (“matched”) effect on the chiral recognition while (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine and (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid constituting CSP 2 were concluded to show an uncooperative (“mismatched”) effect on the chiral recognition. From these results, it was concluded that (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid can be successfully used as a chiral tethering group for the preparation of new CSPs.
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Gherdaoui D, Bekdouche H, Zerkout S, Fegas R, Righezza M. Chiral separation of ketoprofen on an achiral NH2 column by HPLC using vancomycin as chiral mobile phase additive. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-016-0951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Ha JJ, Hyun MH. Enantioselective Separation of α-Amino Acids on (S)-Leucinol-based Ligand Exchange Chiral Stationary Phases. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Joo Ha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ho Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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Hyun MH. Liquid chromatographic enantioseparations on crown ether-based chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:19-32. [PMID: 27473514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phases (CSPs) have been developed for the resolution of racemic compounds. In particular, CSPs based on chiral crown ethers have been known to be useful in the resolution of racemic compounds containing a primary amino group. In this paper, the development of two types of CSPs based on the chiral crown ethers containing 1,1'-binaphthyl unit(s) or tartaric acid units as chiral barrier(s) and their applications to the resolution of various racemic compounds were reviewed. The structural characteristics of eleven CSPs and their chromatographic behaviors for the resolution of racemic primary amino and non-primary amino compounds were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ho Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
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50
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Stief TW. The Fibrinogen Antigenic Turbidimetric Assay (FIATA): The X2x Test—The Corrected Chi-Square Comparison Against the Control-mean. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 13:73-100. [PMID: 17164498 DOI: 10.1177/1076029606293436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin precipitates fibrinogen. The turbidity induced by this vancomycin-fibrinogen interaction is used to establish a simple standardized antigenic assay for plasmatic fibrinogen, the FIATA. 1 mM vancomycin or 2 mM chloramine-T inactivates 50% of fibrinogen in human plasma. In contrast to chloramine-T, vancomycin does not react in NaJ-based photometric assay for chloramines, vancomycin does not inactivate the singlet oxygen-sensible antithrombin III, and the vancomycin action against fibrinogen is not changed in spite of the presence of the 1O2 quenchers methionine or ascorbic acid. The FIATA is performed as follows: to 25 μL plasma 50 μL PBS are added and the absorbance (A) at 405 nm is read. Then 50 μL FIATA-reagent, consisting of 4.4 mM vancomycin in PBS, are added. After 2 minutes (RT) δA is determined and standardized against a plasma pool of 100% of norm (2.8 g/L) fibrinogen. The FIATA is nearly linear up to a fibrinogen concentration of about 150% of norm (4.2 g/L), resulting in a δA of about 600 mA. The lower detection limit is 4% of norm (0.1 g/L). The intra-assay and interassay CV values are < 4%. The normal range of FIATA is 100% ± 20% ([ILLEGIBLE] ± 1 SD). In = 321 or 344 unselected patient plasmas the FIATA ([ILLEGIBLE] = 130%; SD = 52% or 43%) correlated with the functional fibrinogen assays a) modified Clauss-Method ([ILLEGIBLE] = 4.1 g/L; SD = 1.7 g/L) with r = 0.755 and b) FIFTA ([ILLEGIBLE] = 124%; SD = 40%) with r = 0.813. The vancomycin/fibrinogen interaction (binding of about 16 molecules of vancomycin/molecule of fibrinogen) can be used to purify fibrinogen out of plasma. Vancomycin also clouds dysfunctional fibrinogen (fibrinogen in presence of EDTA or chloramine-T) or soluble fibrin. Vancomycin-reacted fibrinogen stimulates tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) up to about 20-fold. The experimental data are analyzed by a new significance test: the twofold Yates-corrected chi-square comparison against the mean value of the control-collective, called the [ILLEGIBLE] Test. The P < .05 barrier calculated with the [ILLEGIBLE] significance - Test is equivalent to that calculated with the Fisher’s Exact Test. The FIATA might be considered an interesting screening test for inactive fibrinogen forms or soluble fibrin, as eg in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Fibrinogen precipitation by vancomycin within the blood vessel might explain why vancomycin has to be infused slowly (< 10 mg/min) to prevent nephrotoxicity. The FIATA is of such a simplicity that the determination of fibrinogen antigen in plasma can be performed anywhere—even outside a hospital—within seconds. Thus, the presented FIATA might contribute to extrahospital testing of patients for assessing their risk for myocardial or cerebral ischemia/infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Stief
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Laboratory, University Hospital, Marburg, Germany.
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