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Jinno K. Utilization of Micro-Hplc Technique for Estimating Hydrophobic Substituent Parameters in Qsar Works. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718208064443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jinno K. The Use of Capacity Factors with Micro-HPLC as a Descriptors in Quantitative-Structure-Activity Relationships. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718408065277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Eadsforth CV. Application of reverse-phase h.p.l.c. for the determination of partition coefficients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780170315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Munegumi T, Shimoyama A. Development of homochiral peptides in the chemical evolutionary process: Separation of homochiral and heterochiral oligopeptides. Chirality 2004; 15 Suppl:S108-15. [PMID: 12884382 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms have one-handed structures of L-amino acids in proteins and D-sugars in nucleic acids. Although the origins of each one-handed structure (or homochirality) have been discussed for many years, these discussions have been restricted to monomeric compounds, such as amino acids and monosaccharides, or their stereospecific condensation reactions. Oligomers of these compounds have to be considered in the accumulation processes of homochirality because of the differences in physical properties of the diastereomers. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the calculation of the partition coefficient values showed that the peptides having heterochiral sequences like L-Ala-D-Ala or D-Ala-L-Ala were more hydrophobic than the peptides having homochiral ones (L-Ala-L-Ala and D-Ala-D-Ala). Similar results were given from the calculation of most linear dipeptides and all cyclic ones composed of Gly, Ala, Val, or Asp. In addition, longer homo-oligopeptides composed of Ala, Val, or Asp also gave similar results. This general tendency would be useful for the separation of diastereomeric oligopeptides in water. The results also suggest that the separation of the homochiral peptides from the heterochiral ones by their solubility in water could have progressed in a primitive hydrosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toratane Munegumi
- Department of Materials Chemistry and Bioengineering, Oyama National College of Technology, Oyama, Tochigi, Japan.
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Ward RS, Davies J, Hodges G, Roberts DW. Applications of immobilised artificial membrane chromatography to quaternary alkylammonium sulfobetaines and comparison of chromatographic methods for estimating the octanol-water partition coefficient. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1007:67-75. [PMID: 12924552 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic behaviour of a series of quaternary alkylammonium sulfobetaines of general formula RN-(CH3)2(CH2)nSO3-, where n = 2-4, has been examined using an immobilised artificial membrane column. The k values have been correlated both with experimentally determined values for the octanol-water partition coefficient (P) and with aquatic toxicity measurements. Other indirect chromatographic methods for measuring log P for these compounds using reversed-phase columns and octanol-coated columns have also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Ward
- University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Jovanović MS, Vranješ SD, Prvulović M. The lipophilicity as a criterion for the evaluation of biological properties of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biomembrane lipids as components of chromatographic phases: Comparative chromatography on coated and bonded phases. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Selection of Chromatographic Methods for Biological Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cichna M, Markl P, Huber JF. Determination of true octanol-water partition coefficients by means of solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 13:339-51. [PMID: 9696542 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01332-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared to other methods for the determination of octanol-water partition coefficients chromatography offers a number of advantages: sample purification is unnecessary, the partition coefficients of the components of a mixture can be measured simultaneously and a minimum amount of sample is needed. In the past these determinations were almost exclusively carried out by liquid-solid chromatography (LSC) on alkyl bonded silica as stationary phase (conventionally described as 'reversed-phase liquid chromatography; RPLC). Such systems based on liquid-solid distribution are, however, a poor simulation of liquid-liquid partition. On the other hand liquid-liquid chromatographic columns loaded with high amounts of water-saturated octanol are unstable since they suffer from "column bleeding"--a loss of the stationary liquid octanol phase caused by erosion. It is shown that the technique of solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography (SGLLC) leads to stable columns with liquid-liquid partition as the predominant retention mechanism, if systematic errors due to specific adsorption effects are avoided by the selection of an "inert" solid support. This is demonstrated by the comparison of LSC and SGLLC data. SGLLC significantly reduces the scattering of the retention data of calibration standards around the calibration line. The use of SGLLC thus significantly improves the accuracy and precision of the resulting octanol-water partition coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cichna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Chapter 2 Optimization of Liquid Chromatography for Biomedically Important Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Arai Y, Hanai T, Nosaka A, Yamaguchi K. Development of Crude Drug Analysis by Liquid Chromatography, and UV and MS Spectrometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919008049045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Study on the relationship between chromatographic retention behaviour and molecular structure. Chromatographia 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02324778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Miyake K, Mizuno N, Terada H. Effect of hydrogen bonding on the high-performance liquid chromatographic behaviour of organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dzimiri N, Fricke U, Klaus W. Influence of derivation on the lipophilicity and inhibitory actions of cardiac glycosides on myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 91:31-8. [PMID: 3036289 PMCID: PMC1853500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb08980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilicity and inhibitory actions on guinea-pig heart Na+-K+-ATPase of twenty-six digitalis and six strophanthus glycosides comprising the aglycones, mono-, bis-, tris-sugar, alkylated (acylated) tris-sugar, acyl steroid derivatives and three cardanolides were investigated. Their octanol/water partition coefficients (P), reversed phase thin layer (r.t.l.c.) and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (r.h.p.l.c.) were determined and the viability of these methods as a measure of the lipophilicity of the cardiotonic steroids evaluated. The influence of lipophilicity and so also structural changes on the inhibitory effects of the cardiac glycosides on myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase was then examined. It is concluded that (a) r.t.l.c. and r.h.p.l.c. are just as effective as the conventional shake-flask method for estimation of the lipophilicity of cardiac glycosides and (b) the inhibitory potencies of cardiotonic steroids on the myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase increase with growing lipophilicity. The relationship between these two parameters is, however, governed by the influence of substitution or derivation of structural components on their inhibitory potencies on the myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase.
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Holistic molecular conformation and total surface area calculations as predictors for solution properties and chromatographic parameters. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Miyake K, Kitaura F, Mizuno N, Terada H. Phosphatidylcholine-coated silica as a useful stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of partition coefficients between octanol and water. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schantz MM, Martire DE. Determination of hydrocarbon-water partition coefficients from chromatographic data and based on solution thermodynamics and theory. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Krikorian SE, Chorn TA, King JW. Determination of Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients of Certain Organophosphorus Compounds Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.19870060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Braumann T. Determination of hydrophobic parameters by reversed-phase liquid chromatography: theory, experimental techniques, and application in studies on quantitative structure-activity relationships. J Chromatogr A 1986; 373:191-225. [PMID: 3543048 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of RPLC retention parameters as descriptors of the hydrophobic nature of bioactive compounds has been evaluated. The relationship between the capacity factor, measured on n-alkyl-bonded stationary phases using binary eluents, and the n-octanol-water partition coefficient has been illustrated experimentally and theoretically. It is suggested that retention parameters, in particular the capacity factor (log kw) obtained by extrapolation of retention data from binary eluents to 100% water, could successfully replace the n-octanol-water partition coefficient in studies on quantitative structure-activity relationship, and that their use may result in a better correlation with biological data.
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Kaliszan R, Hartwick RA. Quantitative Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Chromatographic Retention. Implications in Physical, Analytical, and Medicinal Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/10408348608542790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Terada H. Determination of Log Poctby High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and its Application in the Study of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.19860050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garst JE, Wilson WC. Accurate, wide-range, automated, high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients I: Effect of chromatographic conditions and procedure variables on accuracy and reproducibility of the method. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73:1616-23. [PMID: 6520766 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600731133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is reported for estimation of the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient, log P(o/w). This automated log P(o/w) measurement (ALPM) circumvents many inherent difficulties with the shake-flask method, yet gives high reproducibility and excellent overall correlation with shake-flask results. Partition coefficients for numerous structurally diverse chemicals, ranging from approximately 0 to approximately 8 log P(o/w) units, can be determined; however, values for zwitterionic compounds cannot be obtained. Additional advantages of ALPM include lower cost and greater safety when compared with other HPLC or shake-flask procedures. Chromatographic conditions (i.e., flow rate and temperature) and variables (i.e., column length and solvent composition) affecting this method are discussed in detail. ALPM may also find application in quality control of HPLC columns, qualitative-quantitative analysis, and in computer-controlled method development and analysis.
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Grunewald GL, Pleiss MA, Gatchell CL, Pazhenchevsky R, Rafferty MF. Gas chromatographic quantitation of underivatized amines in the determination of their octanol-0.1 M sodium hydroxide partition coefficients by the shake-flask method. J Chromatogr A 1984; 292:319-31. [PMID: 6746796 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of gas chromatography (GC) for the determination of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide-octanol partition coefficients (log P) for a wide variety of ethylamines is demonstrated. The conventional shake-flask procedure (SFP) is utilized, with the addition of an internal reference, which is cleanly separated from the desired solute and solvents on a 10% Apiezon L, 2% potassium hydroxide on 80-100 mesh Chromosorb W AW column. The partitioned solute is extracted from the aqueous phase with chloroform and analyzed by GC. The method provides an accurate and highly reproducible means of determining log P values, as demonstrated by the low relative standard errors. The technique is both rapid and extremely versatile. The use of the internal standard method of analysis introduces consistency, since variables like the exact weight of solute are not necessary (unlike the traditional SFP) and the volume of sample injected is not critical. The technique is readily accessible to microgram quantities of solutes, making it ideal for a wide range of volatile, amine-bearing compounds.
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Jinno K, Kawasaki K. Computer-assisted retention prediction system for reversed-phase micro high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Harnisch M, Möckel H, Schulze G. Relationship between log Pow, shake-flask values and capacity factors derived from reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for n-alkylbenzenes and some oecd reference substances. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hanai T, Hubert J. Chromatographic behaviour of acids on macro-porous-polystyrene gels. Chromatographia 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02261948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jinno K, Kawasaki K. A retention prediction system in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography based on the hydrophobic parameter for alkylbenzene derivatives. Anal Chim Acta 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jinno K, Ishigaki A. Correlations between van der Waals volume and retention data of alkylbenzene derivatives in reversed phase micro high performance liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jinno K. Utilization of micro-HPLC for the direct measurement of the partition coefficients needed in studying the quantitative structure — activity relationships. Chromatographia 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02261893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Correlations between liquid chromatographic capacity ratio data on lichrosorb RP-18 and partition coefficients in the octanol—water system. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)84852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miyake K, Terada H. Determination of partition coefficients of very hydrophobic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography on glyceryl-coated controlled-pore glass. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hanai T, Hubert J. Hydrophobicity and chromatographic behaviour of aromatic acids found in urine. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lal R, Saxena DM. Accumulation, metabolism, and effects of organochlorine insecticides on microorganisms. Microbiol Rev 1982; 46:95-127. [PMID: 6178010 PMCID: PMC373213 DOI: 10.1128/mr.46.1.95-127.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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High performance liquid chromatographic capacity factor and partition coefficient relationship in a benzamide series. Int J Pharm 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(81)90033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hanai T, Tran C, Hubert J. An approach to the prediction of retention times in liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Butte W, Fooken C, Klussmann R, Schuller D. Evaluation of lipophilic properties for a series of phenols, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The rational bases, experimental techniques and conditions required for the chromatographic determination of the structural data of importance for studies on quantitative relationships between chemical structure and biological activity of drugs (QSAR) are reviewed. Practical applications of the information gathered from various chromatographic modes in correlation with bioactivity data are discussed.
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Tomlinson E, Poppe H, Kraak J. Thermodynamics of functional groups in reversed-phase high performance liquid-solid chromatography. Int J Pharm 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(81)90108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baker JK, Fifer EK. High-pressure liquid chromatographic identification of drugs used in management of arthritis. J Pharm Sci 1980; 69:590-2. [PMID: 7381751 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600690531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A screening procedure was developed for the identification of drugs used in the clinical treatment of arthritis. Each glucocorticoid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, or tranquilizer was characterized by its retention on a reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic column and by the ratio of the response of dual UV detectors (254 and 280 nm). Although the retention times of all 14 drugs examined were less than 4 min. each drug could be distinguished easily from the other drugs in the series.
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Po ALW, Irwin WJ. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS. J Clin Pharm Ther 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1980.tb00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Consequences of the Hansch Paradigm for the Pharmaceutical Industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-060309-1.50008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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