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Śniegocki T, Samorek E, Sell B, Krajewska W. Development of a method for the determination of sedatives in bovine and porcine urine and kidneys by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Vet Res 2024; 68:137-145. [PMID: 38525223 PMCID: PMC10960330 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sedatives have been used for a long time as animal tranquillisers to prevent stress and weight loss during their transportation. The proper determination of these substances in food of animal origin is essential for consumer safety. Material and Methods A 1 g portion of pig or cow urine or homogenised kidney was mixed with acetonitrile, sodium chloride was added, and the solution was further mixed and then centrifuged. The supernatant was transferred to a new centrifuge tube with primary and secondary amine, octadecylsilane and ZrO2, and mixed rapidly. The filtered solution was evaporated under a nitrogen stream. The residue was dissolved in 200 μL of acetonitrile, centrifuged with filters and then transferred to vials. Samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results The decision limit for confirmation was calculated at 2.5 μg kg-1 for all sedatives with relative standard deviation repeatability and reproducibility below 20%. Conclusion The validation results showed that this method meets the pertinent EU criteria for such methods and is suitable for sedative analysis in urine and kidney matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Śniegocki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 21-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Samorek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 21-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Bartosz Sell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 21-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Weronika Krajewska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 21-100 Puławy, Poland
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Kośka I, Kubalczyk P. Development of the Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Azaperone and Azaperol in Animal Kidneys and Livers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010100. [PMID: 36613536 PMCID: PMC9820613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of azaperone and azaperol in meat tissues has been developed. This paper describes the first method to be so fast, simple, and useful, especially for many laboratories that do not have sophisticated equipment. This method is based on LC separation and UV-Vis detection. During the sample preparation, the meat tissue was homogenized in acetonitrile at a ratio of 1:4 (tissue weight:acetonitrile volume). The homogenate was centrifuged, the supernatant was evaporated in a lyophilizator, and then the evaporation residue was dissolved in 20 µL of ethanol. For deproteinization, 15 µL of perchloric acid was added, and the sample prepared in this way was injected into a chromatographic column and analyzed using reversed-phased HPLC. The mobile phase consisted of 0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer pH 3.00 (component A) and acetonitrile (component B). UV detection was conducted at 245 nm. The experimentally determined LOQs were 0.25 µg/kg for azaperone and 0.12 µg/kg for azaperol. For both analytes, the calibration curves showed linearity in the tested concentration range from 50 to 300 µg/kg of tissue. The accuracy of the presented method did not exceed 15%, and the recovery was in the range of 85-115%. A validated analytical procedure was implemented for the analysis of various animal tissues for their content of azaperone and azaperol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Kośka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-4263-558-44 (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Kubalczyk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-4263-558-44 (P.K.)
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3
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Preparation of a generic monoclonal antibody and development of a highly sensitive indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of phenothiazines in animal feed. Food Chem 2017; 221:1004-1013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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De Brabander H, Noppe H, Verheyden K, Vanden Bussche J, Wille K, Okerman L, Vanhaecke L, Reybroeck W, Ooghe S, Croubels S. Residue analysis: Future trends from a historical perspective. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7964-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Aoki Y, Hakamata H, Igarashi Y, Uchida K, Kobayashi H, Hirayama N, Kotani A, Kusu F. Simultaneous determination of azaperone and azaperol in animal tissues by HPLC with confirmation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:166-72. [PMID: 19111512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is described for the determination of azaperone and its metabolite, azaperol, in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). Chromatography was performed using an ODS column, an acetonitrile-0.025% aqueous diethylamine mixture (2:3, v/v) as a mobile phase and UV detection at 250 nm. Peak heights were found linearly related to the concentrations injected from 0.05 to 2 microg/mL (r>0.999). Azaperone and azaperol spiked into several animal tissues were solubilized in 1 mol/L NaOH, extracted with hexane, transferred to 0.1 mol/L H(2)SO(4) and re-extracted with hexane in a mild basic condition. Recoveries of both compounds from 12 types of samples (swine muscle, swine adipose tissue, swine liver, bovine muscle, bovine adipose tissue, bovine liver, poultry muscle, poultry adipose tissue, poultry liver, bovine milk, poultry egg, and salmon muscle) were more than 72%. The lower limit of quantification of was 0.025 microg/g. Azaperone and azaperol at 0.1 microg/g were confirmed by LC/MS. In conclusion, we found this method is both simple and useful for the determination of azaperone and azaperol in a variety of animal tissues for food safety and veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Aoki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-1132, Japan
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6
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Cerkvenik-Flajs V. Determination of residues of azaperone in the kidneys by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 586:374-82. [PMID: 17386737 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method has been developed for the quantitative determination of residues of the tranquillizer azaperone (AZN) in the kidneys of slaughtered animals. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, extracts were acidified and further purified with solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a polymeric mixed-mode cation-exchange sorbent, Oasis. AZN and its main metabolite azaperol (AZL) were eluted by alkaline methanol (MeOH), the eluate was evaporated, re-dissolved and analysed by gradient high performance liquid chromatography (LC) on reversed and deactivated phase LiChrospher 60-RP select B at excitation and emission wavelengths of 245 and 345 nm, respectively. The method was validated according to the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, using fortified porcine kidneys. The method proved to be selective, specific against carazolol (CAR) and linear over a concentration range 10-150 microg kg(-1) (r2>0.99). Over a concentration range 50-150 microg kg(-1), mean recovery of AZN and AZL was 88.2 and 91.2%, respectively, with intra-laboratory reproducibility of <11.0 and <9.0%, respectively. The decision limit (CCalpha) of AZN and AZL was 112 and 111 microg kg(-1), respectively, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 10 and 5 microg kg(-1), respectively. The procedure was also applied to bovine, poultry and horse kidneys, giving similar results, and has been successfully implemented in statutory residue monitoring control in food of animal origin in Slovenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Cerkvenik-Flajs
- Veterinary Faculty of University of Ljubljana, Institute of Food Hygiene and Bromatology, Gerbiceva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Primus TM, Kimball BA, Hurley J, Johnston JJ, Blom S, Savarie PJ. Stability of the tranquilizer drug propionylpromazine hydrochloride in formulated products. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2005; 61:605-611. [PMID: 15668921 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method to evaluate propionylpromazine hydrochloride (PPZHCl) in tranquilizer formulations was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During analysis of aged quality-control samples, a previously unreported chromatographic response was observed at a shorter retention time than PPZHCl. Further investigation of formulations stored in trap tap devices at temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 degrees C during field trials at four different locations confirmed the degradation of the active ingredient. Further investigation using HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry revealed two to five degradates, with the major degradates being oxidation products of the active ingredient, PPZHCl. As PPZHCl formulations must be stable when stored at 5 to 40 degrees C for 6 to 12 months, reformulation with the anti-oxidant ascorbic acid was utilized to achieve the required PPZHCl stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Primus
- USDA/APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Ft Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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8
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Balizs G, Hewitt A. Determination of veterinary drug residues by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Validation of a method for detecting and quantifying tranquillisers and a β-blocker in pig tissues by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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11
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Regulska E, Tarasiewicz M, Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz H. Extractive-spectrophotometric determination of some phenothiazines with dipicrylamine and picric acid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:335-40. [PMID: 11682241 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dipicrylamine and picric acid have been tested as reagents for the determination of promethazine and perphenazine. They react in neutral media with these drugs forming the coloured compounds. The compounds are sparingly soluble in water and quantitatively extracted into organic solvents. The extracts are intensely coloured and very stable. These properties have been exploited for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of promethazine and perphenazine in pure solutions and pharmaceuticals. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the concentration range 4-40, 3-30 microg ml(-1) of promethazine and 4-80, 8-60 microg ml(-1) of perphenazine for picric acid and dipicrylamine, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 0.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Regulska
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Bialystok, Zamenhofa 29, 15-435, Bialystok, Poland.
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12
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Kaufmann A, Ryser B. Multiresidue analysis of tranquilizers and the beta-blocker Carazolol in meat by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1747-1751. [PMID: 11555876 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A fast and simple method for the quantification of a number of tranquilizers and the beta-blocker Carazolol in pork and bovine kidney is described. Extracts are purified/concentrated by a solid phase extraction step and separated on a reversed phase column with an alkaline (ammonia) acetonitrile gradient. The electrospray tandem mass spectrometer is operated in positive ion multireaction monitoring mode. Resulting chromatograms are free of interfering peaks. The recovery is >75% for all analytes and the limit of detection <1 ppb, which is well below the current maximum residue limit for the various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaufmann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich (Kantonales Labor Zürich), CH-8030 Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Fluchard D, Kiebooms S, Dubois M, Delahaut P. Determination of a method for detecting and quantifying azaperone, azaperol and carazolol in pig tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 744:139-47. [PMID: 10985575 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A quick, simple method for quantifying carazolol, azaperol and azaperone is described. Liquid extraction was followed by a clean-up on an Oasis SPE cartridge. The analytes were separated by HPLC and analysed by MS-MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation in the positive mode. The method was applied to muscle and kidney from untreated pigs, the samples being spiked with the three molecules of interest. Recovery was between 70 and 106%. Quantification parameters were also good: the accuracy was between 80 and 110% and the coefficient of variation did not exceed 16%, being below 8% for 90% of the samples. Linearity was good from MRL/4 to 2MRL. For unequivocal identification of each analyte, four ions were detected. The method proved very suitable for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fluchard
- CER, Laboratoire d'Hormonologie, Marloie, Belgium
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14
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Olmos-Carmona ML, Hernández-Carrasquilla M. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of veterinary tranquillizers in urine: evaluation of method performance. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 734:113-20. [PMID: 10574196 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method for analysis of veterinary tranquillizers in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. Detection limits are 5 microg/l for ketamine, azaperone and the phenothiazines (chlor-, aceto- and propionylpromazine), 10 microg/l for haloperidol, 20 microg/l for xylazine and 50 microg/l for azaperol, recoveries for all analytes were higher than 70%. Method performance in terms of within-batch, between-days and between-analysts reproducibility was studied and found to be acceptable. Compliance with European Union criteria for confirmation of GC-MS "positive" results is evaluated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Olmos-Carmona
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad y Servicios Sociales, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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15
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Determination of chlorpromazine in blood serum by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC: Chlorpromazine pharmacokinetics in rabbits. Pharm Chem J 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02510077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Chamberlain PL, Brynes SD. The regulatory status of xylazine for use in food-producing animals in the United States. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1998; 21:322-9. [PMID: 9731956 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Xylazine is commonly used in veterinary medicine as a tranquillizer or adjunct to surgical anaesthesia. Although its use is approved in companion animals and certain species of deer, xylazine remains unapproved for use in food-producing animals in the United States. This paper reviews existing toxicological and residue chemistry information on xylazine in food animals, particularly cattle, and discusses the regulatory status of the drug in the US, as well as the conclusions reached by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in its recent evaluation of xylazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Chamberlain
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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17
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Carreto ML, Lunar L, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of chlorpromazine, perphenazine and acetopromazine by use of the kinetic wavelength pair-method. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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HEATON K, SMITH G, SOFOS J, AARONSON M, JONES D. ANALYSIS OF PORK PRODUCTS FOR CHEMICAL RESIDUES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.1996.tb00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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van Waarde A, Visser TJ, Posthumus H, Elsinga PH, Anthonio RL, van Loenen-Weemaes AM, Visser GM, Beaufort-Krol GC, Paans AM, Vaalburg W. Quantification of the beta-adrenoceptor ligand S-1'-[18F]fluorocarazolol in plasma of humans, rats and sheep. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 678:253-60. [PMID: 8738029 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial and pulmonary beta-adrenoceptors can be imaged with 2-(S)-(-)-(9H-carbazol-4-yl-oxy)-3-[1-(fluoromethyl)ethyl]amino-2- propanol (S-1'-[18F]fluorocarazolol, I). Quantification of unmodified fluorocarazolol in plasma is necessary for analysis of PET images in terms of receptor densities. We have determined I and its radioactive metabolites in rat, sheep and human plasma, using (1) solid-phase extraction (C18) followed by reversed-phase HPLC and (2) direct injection of untreated plasma samples on an internal-surface reversed-phase (ISRP) column. The two methods were in good agreement. Unmodified I decreased from over 99% initially to less than 5%, 5-10% and 20% at 60 min post-injection in rats, sheep and human volunteers, respectively. Protein binding in sheep and human plasma was determined by ultrafiltration. The fraction of total plasma radioactivity bound to protein and the fraction representing unmodified radioligand were linearly correlated, suggesting that fluorocarazolol was more than 70% protein-bound, whereas its metabolites showed negligible protein binding. Direct injection of plasma on an ISRP column seems a convenient method for quantification of lipophilic radioligands such as fluorocarazolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van Waarde
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, University Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
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20
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Elsinga PH, Vos MG, van Waarde A, Braker AH, de Groot TJ, Anthonio RL, Weemaes AA, Brodde OE, Visser GM, Vaalburg W. (S,S)- and (S,R)-1'-[18F]fluorocarazolol, ligands for the visualization of pulmonary beta-adrenergic receptors with PET. Nucl Med Biol 1996; 23:159-67. [PMID: 8868289 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(95)02049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist carazolol has been labelled with fluorine-18 in the isopropyl group via a reductive alkylation by [18F]-fluoroacetone of the corresponding (S)-desisopropyl compound according to a known procedure. The introduction of fluorine in the isopropyl group creates a new stereogenic centre resulting in the formation of (S,S)- and (S,R)-1'-[18F]fluorocarazolol, which were separated by HPLC. Tissue distribution studies were performed in male Wistar rats. Both the (S,S)- and (S,R)-diastereomers (S.A. 500-2000 Ci/mmol; 18.5-74 TBq/mmol) showed high uptake in lung and heart, which could be blocked by pretreatment of the animals with (+/-)-propranolol. No significant differences were observed between the biodistribution of the two diastereomers. Metabolite analysis showed a rapid appearance of polar metabolites in plasma, while at 60 min postinjection 92% and 82% of the total radioactivity in lung and heart was unmetabolized 1'-[18F]fluorocarazolol. In a PET-study with male Wistar rats, the lungs were clearly visualized and the pulmonary uptake was decreased after pretreatment of the animals with (+/-)-propranolol. The heart could not be visualized. Similar results were obtained in PET-studies with lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Elsinga
- Pet-Center, University Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
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21
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Aumatell A, Wells RJ. Determination of a cardiac antiarrhythmic, tricyclic antipsychotics and antidepressants in human and animal urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using a bile salt. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 669:331-44. [PMID: 7581909 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method based on the use of sodium taurodeoxycholate has been developed to detect and quantitate of 26 tricyclic drugs. Detection limits in urine down to 4 ng/ml have been obtained. The method uses a simple liquid-liquid extraction and recovery of analytes followed by ultraviolet detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aumatell
- Australian Government Analytical Laboratory, Pymble, NSW
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Aerts MM, Hogenboom AC, Brinkman UA. Analytical strategies for the screening of veterinary drugs and their residues in edible products. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 667:1-40. [PMID: 7663672 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00021-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of analytical strategies for the regulatory control of drug residues in food-producing animals is discussed. Analytical methods for the determination of veterinary drugs in edible products are based on microbiological, immunochemical and physicochemical principles. Because of complexity of biological matrices such as egg, milk and meat, well designed, and often sophisticated, off-line or on-line sample treatment procedures are essential, especially when utilising physicochemical multi-residue screening procedures. Since large series of samples have often to be analysed, automation is increasingly becoming important. Confirmation of the identity of drug residues and validation of the analytical results implies the use of adequate analytical methods. In its turn, this requires well established criteria for those methods and/or equivalent reference methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Aerts
- AKZO-Intervet International, Department of Antibiotics R and D, Boxmeer, Netherlands
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23
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Balizs G, Börner S, Wennemar A. Determination of amperozide residues in swine liver using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 1994; 119:2687-90. [PMID: 7879876 DOI: 10.1039/an9941902687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amperozide 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]-N-ethylpiperazine-1- carboxamide) is used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs. A method developed for the detection of amperozide residues in porcine liver using liquid chromatography with thermospray mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is described and compared with LC with electrochemical detection (LC-ED). For LC-ED analysis, the samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. The residues of amperozide were separated on a C8 polymer-based reversed-phase column and determined by using amperometric detection at +1050 mV. For LC-MS analysis, the samples were extracted with ethanol and cleaned using liquid-liquid extraction. After separation on a C8 polymer-based reversed-phase column, the residues were detected by discharge-assisted ionization with positive ion detection MS using single-ion monitoring. The positive discharge ionization produced typical [M+H]+ molecular ions of amperozide (m/z 403) and the internal standard (m/z 431). The limit of quantification for both methods, determined by using spiked blank liver in the concentration range 20-100 micrograms kg-1, was found to be below 70 micrograms kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Balizs
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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SMITH G, SOFOS J, AARONSON M, MORGAN J, TATUM J, SCHMIDT G. INCIDENCE OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND RESIDUES OF CHEMICALS SPECIFIED FOR TESTING IN U.S. BEEF BY THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.1994.tb00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rose MD, Shearer G. Determination of tranquilisers and carazolol residues in animal tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 1992; 624:471-7. [PMID: 1362965 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85696-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residue method for the determination of tranquiliser residues in animal tissue is described. The procedure may be used to determine residues of the tranquilisers acepromazine, azaperone, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, propionylpromazine, xylazine, the metabolite of azaperone, azaperol, and the beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent carazolol. Existing methods of analysis for tranquilisers are based on ultraviolet and fluorescence detection and have been used for pig kidney analysis. Determination in this method was by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in the screen mode. The enhanced selectivity offered by the electrochemical detector allowed determination in liver extracts, which often give rise to more interferences on chromatographic traces when using conventional methods of detection. The method offers up to a ten-fold improvement in limits of determination over methods using ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. Recoveries and coefficients of variation have been determined in the range 2-25 micrograms/kg in pig kidney and liver. This electrochemical detection method has been used to measure residues in routine surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Rose
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Food Science Laboratory, Norwich, UK
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Davies CL. Chromatography of beta-adrenergic blocking agents. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 531:131-80. [PMID: 1979561 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The determination of beta-blockers has posed pharmaceutical analysts with a variety of problems arising from the essential characteristics of these compounds as bases and the variability of physicochemical properties of individual drugs. Liquid chromatography has become the favoured method of analysis and to a certain extent there is a standardised approach to analysis based on either solvent or solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. The analyst must be aware of interactions occurring during extraction stages. All manipulations should be fully evaluated for individual drugs and metabolites prior to use. Other analytical options are chosen for specific or more demanding applications. The use of unmodified silicas for the liquid chromatography of beta-blockers (and other basic drugs) is an example of a potential alternative mode of chromatography. The stereoselectivity of the pharmacology of beta-blockers has spawned a great deal of literature describing the resolution of enantiomers by chromatographic methods. It is envisaged that this area will achieve greater prominence in the future as drug development pursues optical purity. The demand for the availability of enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical preparations will certainly see developments for preparative-scale separations as well as analytical methods and will surely promote developments in new and established methods of chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Davies
- Public Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, U.K
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Kadir F, Zuidema J. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of carazolol in serum or plasma of pigs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 527:461-6. [PMID: 1974898 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Kadir
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Van Ginkel L, Schwillens P, Olling M. Liquid chromatographic method with on-line UV spectrum identification and off-line thin-layer chromatographic confirmation for the detection of tranquillizers and carazolol in pig kidneys. Anal Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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