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Primus TM, Griffin DL, Volz SA, Johnston JJ. Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chlorophacinone and Diphacinone in Steam- Rolled Oat Baits and Steam-Rolled Oat/Wax Baits. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/81.2.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
abstract
A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for analysis of steam-rolled oat (SRO) baits fortified with either chlorophacinone or diphacinone. Baits were prepared with and without paraffin wax. Chlorophacinone or diphacinone was extracted from wax-free SRO baits with 5 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate methanolic ion-pairing solution. Wax baits were initially extracted with petroleum ether and then cleaned up by liquid extraction into methanolic ion-pairing solution containing 20% water. SRO extracts were analyzed with reversed-phase ion-pair LC. Chlorophacinone and diphacinone were quantified by UV absorption at 325 nm. Recoveries from SRO fortified with chlorophacinone at 25 and 150 μg/g were 90.7 and 90.8%, respectively, whereas for diphacinone at the same levels, recoveries were 93.5 and 92.3%, respectively. Recoveries from wax baits fortified at 25 and 75 μg/g chlorophacinone were 98.5 and 100%, respectively, whereas for diphacinone at the same levels, recoveries were 93.6 and 98.0%, respectively. Method limits of detection for chlorophacinone and diphacinone in SRO baits were estimated to be 1.0 and 0.76 μg/g, respectively. Method limits of detection for chlorophacinone and diphacinone in wax baits were estimated to be 4.2 and 2.8 μg/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Primus
- USDA/APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
| | - Doreen L Griffin
- USDA/APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
| | - Stephanite A Volz
- USDA/APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
| | - John J Johnston
- USDA/APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
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Primus TM, Kohler DJ, Furcolow CA, Goodall MJ, Johnston JJ, Savarie PJ. Determination of Acetaminophen Residues in Whole Body Brown Treesnakes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120029706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Primus
- a Analytical Chemistry Project , USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft. Collins , Colorado , 80521 , USA
| | - Dennis J. Kohler
- a Analytical Chemistry Project , USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft. Collins , Colorado , 80521 , USA
| | - Carol A. Furcolow
- a Analytical Chemistry Project , USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft. Collins , Colorado , 80521 , USA
| | - Margaret J. Goodall
- a Analytical Chemistry Project , USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft. Collins , Colorado , 80521 , USA
| | - John J. Johnston
- a Analytical Chemistry Project , USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft. Collins , Colorado , 80521 , USA
| | - Peter J. Savarie
- b Product Development Section , USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , Colorado , USA
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Witmer GW, Eisemann JD, Primus TM, O'Hare JR, Perry KR, Elsey RM, Trosclair PL. Assessing potential risk to alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, from nutria control with zinc phosphide rodenticide baits. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 84:698-702. [PMID: 20431861 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-9974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nutria, Myocastor coypus, populations must be reduced when they cause substantial wetland damage. Control can include the rodenticide zinc phosphide, but the potential impacts to American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, must be assessed. The mean amount of zinc phosphide per nutria found in nutria carcasses was 50 mg. Risk assessment determined that a conservative estimate for maximum exposure would be 173 mg zinc phosphide for a 28 kg alligator, or 6.2 mg/kg. Probit analysis found an LD(50) for alligators of 28 mg/kg. Our studies suggest that the use of zinc phosphide to manage nutria populations would pose only a small risk to alligators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Witmer
- USDA/APHIS Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Primus
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Aninal Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Susan M. Jojola
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Aninal Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Stacie J. Robinson
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Aninal Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John J. Johnston
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Aninal Plant Health Inspection Service/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado
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Primus TM, Avery MI, Cummings JL, Jhonston JJ. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ANTHRAQUINONE RESIDUES IN WEATHERED AND UNWEATHERED FORMULATED RICE SEED AND SURFACE WATER IN RICE FIELDS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Primus
- a USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , Analytical Chemistry Project, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Ft. Collins, Denver, CO, 80521, U.S.A
| | - Micheal I. Avery
- a USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , Analytical Chemistry Project, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Ft. Collins, Denver, CO, 80521, U.S.A
| | - John L. Cummings
- a USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , Analytical Chemistry Project, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Ft. Collins, Denver, CO, 80521, U.S.A
| | - John J. Jhonston
- a USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center , Analytical Chemistry Project, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Ft. Collins, Denver, CO, 80521, U.S.A
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Mauldin RE, Primus TM, Buettgenbach TA, Johnston JJ, Linz GM. A Simple HPLC Method for the Determination of Chlorpyrifos in Black Oil Sunflower Seeds. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500451863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Mauldin
- a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services , National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas M. Primus
- a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services , National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Theresa A. Buettgenbach
- a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services , National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John J. Johnston
- a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services , National Wildlife Research Center , Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - George M. Linz
- b U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services , National Wildlife Research Center , Bismarck, North Dakota, USA
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Primus TM, Johnston JJ, Griffin DL. Solid Phase Extraction/High Performance Liquidchromatography Method for the Determination of Methyl Anthranilate Residues in Blueberries. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Primus
- a Analytical Chemistry Project USDA/APHIS , Denver Wildlife Research Center , Building 16, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO, 80225
| | - John J. Johnston
- a Analytical Chemistry Project USDA/APHIS , Denver Wildlife Research Center , Building 16, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO, 80225
| | - Doreen L. Griffin
- a Analytical Chemistry Project USDA/APHIS , Denver Wildlife Research Center , Building 16, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO, 80225
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Johnston JJ, Primus TM, Buettgenbach T, Furcolow CA, Goodall MJ, Slate D, Chipman RB, Snow JL, DeLiberto TJ. Evaluation and significance of tetracycline stability in rabies vaccine baits. J Wildl Dis 2006; 41:549-58. [PMID: 16244065 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-41.3.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetracycline is widely used as a biomarker for bait consumption by wildlife; tetracycline is incorporated into bones and teeth and can be detected by fluorescence microscopy several weeks postconsumption. During 2003, the United States Department of Agriculture distributed more than 10 million tetracycline-containing rabies-vaccine baits to control the spread of wildlife vectored rabies to humans, pets, and livestock. To estimate the percentage of target species consuming the baits, raccoons and skunks were collected in baited areas and teeth were analyzed for the presence of the biomarker. Several incidents of low biomarker detection rates prompted an investigation of the stability of the biomarker in the baits. Baits were collected at several points along the manufacturing and distribution chain. Baits were analyzed for free and polymer-bound tetracycline and the less active isomer epitetracycline. Results indicated that a portion of the tetracycline was converted to epitetracycline. Additionally, significant quantities of both compounds were trapped in the polymer, which is homogeneously distributed throughout the bait. The results of this study suggest that approximately 40% of the target quantity of tetracycline was unavailable for absorption. This situation could contribute to low biomarker detection rates and suggests that formulation modification should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Johnston
- APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Primus T, Primus TM, Kohler DJ, Johnston JJ, Sugihara RT, Pitt WC. Determination of diphacinone residues in Hawaiian invertebrates. J Chromatogr Sci 2006; 44:1-5. [PMID: 16599403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic analysis combined with a solid-phase extraction clean-up method is used to assess the quantity of diphacinone residue found in invertebrates. Three invertebrate species are exposed to commercially available diphacinone-fortified bait used for rat control. The invertebrate samples are collected, frozen, and shipped to the laboratory. The samples are homogenized after cryogenic freezing. A portion of the homogenized samples are extracted with acidified chloroform-acetone, followed by cleanup with a silica solid-phase extraction column. Diphacinone is detected by UV absorption at 325 nm after separation by the chromatographic system. The method limit of detection (MLOD) for snail and slug samples averaged 0.055 and 0.066 mg/kg, respectively. Diphacinone residues in snail tissue ranges from 0.83 to 2.5 mg/kg for Oxychilus spp. The mean recoveries from snails at 0.20 and 2.0 are 97 +/- 21% and 84 +/- 6%. Diphacinone residues in slug tissue ranges from 1.3 to 4.0 mg/kg for Deroceras laeve and < MLOD to 1.8 mg/kg for Limax maximus, respectively. The mean recoveries from slugs at 0.20 and 2.0 mg/kg are 91% +/- 15% and 86% +/- 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Primus
- USDA/APHIS/WS [corrected] National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
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Primus TM, Kimball BA, Hurley J, Johnston JJ, Blom S, Savarie PJ. Stability of the tranquilizer drug propionylpromazine hydrochloride in formulated products. Pest Manag Sci 2005; 61:605-611. [PMID: 15668921 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method to evaluate propionylpromazine hydrochloride (PPZHCl) in tranquilizer formulations was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During analysis of aged quality-control samples, a previously unreported chromatographic response was observed at a shorter retention time than PPZHCl. Further investigation of formulations stored in trap tap devices at temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 degrees C during field trials at four different locations confirmed the degradation of the active ingredient. Further investigation using HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry revealed two to five degradates, with the major degradates being oxidation products of the active ingredient, PPZHCl. As PPZHCl formulations must be stable when stored at 5 to 40 degrees C for 6 to 12 months, reformulation with the anti-oxidant ascorbic acid was utilized to achieve the required PPZHCl stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Primus
- USDA/APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Ft Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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Johnston JJ, Pitt WC, Sugihara RT, Eisemann JD, Primus TM, Holmes MJ, Crocker J, Hart A. Probabilistic risk assessment for snails, slugs, and endangered honeycreepers in diphacinone rodenticide baited areas on Hawaii, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2005; 24:1557-67. [PMID: 16117137 DOI: 10.1897/04-255r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Three probabilistic models were developed for characterizing the risk of mortality and subacute coagulopathy to Poouli, an endangered nontarget avian species, in broadcast diphacinone-baited areas on Hawaii, USA. For single-day exposure, the risk of Poouli mortality approaches 0. For 5-d exposure, the mean probability of mortality increased to 3% for adult and 8% for juvenile Poouli populations. For Poouli that consume snails containing diphacinone residues for 14 d, the model predicted increased levels of coagulopathy for 0.42 and 11% of adult and juvenile Poouli populations, respectively. Worst-case deterministic risk characterizations predicted acceptable levels of risk for nonthreatened or endangered species such as northern bobwhite quail and mallards. Also, no acute toxicity was noted for snails and slugs that feed on diphacinone baits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Johnston
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)/WS/National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
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Primus TM, Kohler DJ, Goodall MA, Yoder C, Mathies T, Miller L, Johnston JJ, Vercauteren K. Liquid Chromatographic Determination of 4, 4' -Dinitrocarbanilide, the Active Component of the Infertility Agent Nicarbazin, in Chicken, Duck, Goose, and Snake Eggs. J AOAC Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/86.6.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
4, 4'-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) was extracted from chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs and isolated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. DNC was detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 347 nm and quantitated by comparison with a calibration standard. Recoveries of DNC from fortified control chicken, duck, goose, and snake egg samples were determined for DNC levels of 0.16, 10, and 16 μg/g. The mean recoveries from chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs were 92 ± 4, 88 ± 9, 87 ± 7, and 95 ± 6%, respectively. The method limits of detection for DNC in chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs ranged from 0.015 to 0.035 μg/g. The reported method is much simpler than and equally efficient as previous methods developed for the determination of DNC residues in egg contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Primus
- Analytical Chemistry Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
| | - Dennis J Kohler
- Analytical Chemistry Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
| | - Margaret A Goodall
- Analytical Chemistry Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
| | - Christi Yoder
- Induced Infertility Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
| | - Thomas Mathies
- Analytical Chemistry Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
| | - Lowell Miller
- Induced Infertility Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
| | - John J Johnston
- Analytical Chemistry Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
| | - Kurt Vercauteren
- Integrated Pest Management Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521
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Primus TM, Kohler DJ, Goodall MA, Yoder C, Mathies T, Miller L, Johnston JJ, Vercauteren K. Liquid chromatographic determination of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide, the active component of the infertility agent nicarbazin, in chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs. J AOAC Int 2003; 86:1144-8. [PMID: 14979695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) was extracted from chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs and isolated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. DNC was detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 347 nm and quantitated by comparison with a calibration standard. Recoveries of DNC from fortified control chicken, duck, goose, and snake egg samples were determined for DNC levels of 0.16, 10, and 16 microg/g. The mean recoveries from chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs were 92 +/- 4, 88 +/- 9, 87 +/- 7, and 95 +/- 6%, respectively. The method limits of detection for DNC in chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs ranged from 0.015 to 0.035 microg/g. The reported method is much simpler than and equally efficient as previous methods developed for the determination of DNC residues in egg contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Primus
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Denver, CO 80521, USA.
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Kimball BA, Primus TM, Johnston JJ. Direct analysis of plasticizers in aqueous samples by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS-MS). J Anal Toxicol 2003; 27:309-12. [PMID: 12908945 DOI: 10.1093/jat/27.5.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Kimball
- USDA/APHIS/NWRC, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
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Johnston JJ, Savarie PJ, Primus TM, Eisemann JD, Hurley JC, Kohler DJ. Risk assessment of an acetaminophen baiting program for chemical control of brown tree snakes on Guam: evaluation of baits, snake residues, and potential primary and secondary hazards. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36:3827-3833. [PMID: 12322757 DOI: 10.1021/es015873n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is a significant ecological, agricultural, and economic pest on Guam. Acetaminophen has recently been identified as a promising snake toxicant. Subsequent experimentation has shown that acetaminophen-mouse baits are readily consumed by and acutely toxic to browntree snakes. Before implementing an island-wide acetaminophen-mouse baiting program for the reducton of brown tree snake populations,the potential risks to nontarget wildlife must be evaluated. Quantification of nontarget hazards by comparing potential exposure levels to toxicity values suggested a significant level of concern for rodents, cats, pigs, and birds. For these species, subsequent calculations and field and laboratory experiments, which quantified acetaminophen consumption under field conditions, indicated that acetaminophen consumption was minimal. These results indicate that the advantages of using acetaminophen to reduce brown tree snake populations on Guam outweigh the minimal risks to nontarget feral and wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Johnston
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
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Mauldin RE, Primus TM, Volz SA, Kimball BA, Johnston JJ, Cummings JL, York DL. Determination of anthraquinone in technical material, formulations, and lettuce by high performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:3632-6. [PMID: 12059136 DOI: 10.1021/jf0113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Foraging on lettuce seeds and seedlings by horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) causes millions of dollars in losses to the California lettuce crop annually. Anthraquinone (AQ; 9,10-anthracenedione) has been shown to deter pest birds from consuming the seeds and seedlings of several plant species and was evaluated as a repellent to horned larks when applied to lettuce seedlings. A set of analytical methods using simple liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis were developed for the quantitation of AQ as technical material, as an active ingredient in a commercial formulation, and as a residue in lettuce plants. The methods were easy, reliable, and repeatable. AQ recoveries from control formulation fortified to concentrations of either 24 or 600 mg g(-)(1) were 99 (+/-1.2%) and 98% (+/-1.2%), respectively, with a control formulation method limit of detection (MLOD) of 0.50 mg g(-)(1). Control lettuce tissues from three growth stages were AQ-fortified to concentrations of 0.50 and 500 microg g(-)(1). The resulting AQ recoveries for the two fortification levels were 99 (+/-8.5) and 89% (+/-1.5%) for 11 day old seedlings, 95 (+/-2.6%) and 86% (2.1%) for 16 day old plants, and 92 (+/-1.4%) and 93% (+/-1.1%) for adult head lettuce cover leaves, respectively. The MLODs for the same three lettuce tissues were 0.055, 0.058, and 0.077 microg g(-)(1), respectively. These methods were used to quantify AQ residues from field-grown, treated lettuce and associated fortified quality control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Mauldin
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521-2154, USA.
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Johnston JJ, Britton WM, MacDonald A, Primus TM, Goodal MJ, Yoder CA, Miller LA, Fagerstone KA. Quantification of plasma and egg 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) residues for the efficient development of a nicarbazin-based contraceptive for pest waterfowl. Pest Manag Sci 2002; 58:197-202. [PMID: 11852646 DOI: 10.1002/ps.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and associated landscaping has increased the abundance of year-round habitat for waterfowl, resulting in vegetation damage, loss of recreational activities, air transportation mishaps and health hazards. As part of a research program to develop socially acceptable techniques for management of pest bird populations, we are evaluating nicarbazin as a contraceptive in pest and surrogate avian species. As reproductive studies with Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) are tedious due to the difficulty of conducting controlled field studies and/or breeding geese in captivity, we evaluated the effects of oral nicarbazin administration on the production and hatchability of chicken eggs. Blood plasma and egg DNC concentrations were correlated to contraceptive efficacy. Subsequent studies are being conducted with geese to determine the diet nicarbazin concentration required to produce the desired blood and plasma DNC concentrations. This approach permits the expeditious evaluation of formulations and dosing regimes by simply monitoring blood DNC concentrations in target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Johnston
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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Primus TM, Kohler DJ, Avery M, Bolich P, Way MO, Johnston JJ. Novel field sampling procedure for the determination of methiocarb residues in surface waters from rice fields. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:5706-5709. [PMID: 11743751 DOI: 10.1021/jf010540v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Methiocarb was extracted from surface water samples collected at experimental rice field sites in Louisiana and Texas. The sampling system consisted of a single-stage 90-mm Empore extraction disk unit equipped with a battery-powered vacuum pump. After extraction, the C-18 extraction disks were stored in an inert atmosphere at -10 degrees C and shipped overnight to the laboratory. The disks were extracted with methanol and the extracts analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a methanol/water mobile phase. Methiocarb was detected by ultraviolet absorption at 223 nm and quantified with the use of calibration standards. Recoveries from control surface water samples fortified at 5.0, 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL methiocarb averaged 92 +/- 7%. A method limit of detection for methiocarb in rice field surface water was estimated to be 0.23 ng/mL at 223 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Primus
- Analytical Chemistry Project, APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
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Primus TM, Kohler DJ, Goodall MA, Yoder C, Griffin D, Miller L, Johnston JJ. Determination of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active component of the antifertility agent nicarbazin, in chicken, duck, and goose plasma. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:3589-3593. [PMID: 11513633 DOI: 10.1021/jf0102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) was extracted from chicken, duck, and goose plasma and isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. DNC was detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 347 nm and quantified by comparison to a calibration standard. Recovery data were determined by analyzing DNC-fortified control plasma. The mean recovery of DNC in fortified chicken plasma samples was 99.7 +/- 1.9% for 0.18 and 9.1 ppm DNC, and in fortified duck and goose plasma samples was 99.5 +/- 4.9% and 101.4 +/- 4.5%, respectively, for 0.18, 9.1, and 18 ppm DNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Primus
- Analytical Chemistry Project, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Denver, Colorado 80521, USA.
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Hurlbut DB, Primus TM, Goodall MJ, Volz SA, Johnston JJ. Determination of Propionylpromazine Hydrochloride in Formulation Matrixes Using Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair Small Bore Liquid Chromatography. J AOAC Int 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Propionylpromazine hydrochloride (PPZHCI) has been investigated for use with leghold traps to reduce the amount of self-inflicted trauma experienced by animals restrained by these traps. Three types of PPZHCI formulations made with Karo dark syrup, K-Y Jelly, and Vaseline were used in 2 types of tranquilizer trap devices (TTDs). A reversed- phase ion-pair liquid chromatography (LC) method using a small bore C18 column was used to: (1) determine the purity of the PPZHCI material used in these formulations, and (2) to determine the resulting PPZHCI content of each formulation. Analyte quantitation was done using UV absorption at 280 nm. Regression analysis of calibration standard solutions indicated a linear and directly proportional relationship between analyte response and PPZHCI concentration over the range evaluated. Recovery data from: (1) Vaseline formulations containing 38.8,16.2, and 8.78% PPZHCI were 104,92.9, and 90.2%, respectively, (2) Karo dark syrup formulations containing 26.5,18.1, and 10.3% PPZHCI were 97.7,99.3, and 106%, respectively, and (3) K-Y Jelly formulations containing 33.0, 23.5, and 13.4% PPZHCI were 100,99.4, and 88.7%, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values from triplicate analysis of these formulations ranged from 0.7 to 6.7%. The PPZHCI content from 9 manufactured TTDs, 3 for each formulation type, were analyzed in triplicate and produced RSD values ranging from 0.7-6.8%. These results indicate that the formulation extraction presented could be used to evaluate the PPZHCI content in TTDs prior to field use. The use of a small bore LC column reduced the amount of solvents consumed and hazardous waste generated, compared to sample analysis that uses a more conventional analytical LC column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Hurlbut
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
| | - Thomas M Primus
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
| | - Margaret J Goodall
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
| | - Stephanie A Volz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
| | - John J Johnston
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft. Collins, CO 80525
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Hurlbut DB, Primus TM, Goodall MJ, Volz SA, Johnston JJ. Determination of propionylpromazine hydrochloride in formulation matrixes using reversed-phase ion-pair small bore liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int 1999; 82:1321-8. [PMID: 10589483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Propionylpromazine hydrochloride (PPZHCl) has been investigated for use with leghold traps to reduce the amount of self-inflicted trauma experienced by animals restrained by these traps. Three types of PPZHCl formulations made with Karo dark syrup, K-Y Jelly, and Vaseline were used in 2 types of tranquilizer trap devices (TTDs). A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography (LC) method using a small bore C18 column was used to: (1) determine the purity of the PPZHCl material used in these formulations, and (2) to determine the resulting PPZHCl content of each formulation. Analyte quantitation was done using UV absorption at 280 nm. Regression analysis of calibration standard solutions indicated a linear and directly proportional relationship between analyte response and PPZHCl concentration over the range evaluated. Recovery data from: (1) Vaseline formulations containing 38.8, 16.2, and 8.78% PPZHCl were 104, 92.9, and 90.2%, respectively, (2) Karo dark syrup formulations containing 26.5, 18.1, and 10.3% PPZHCl were 97.7, 99.3, and 106%, respectively, and (3) K-Y Jelly formulations containing 33.0, 23.5, and 13.4% PPZHCl were 100, 99.4, and 88.7%, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values from triplicate analysis of these formulations ranged from 0.7 to 6.7%. The PPZHCl content from 9 manufactured TTDs, 3 for each formulation type, were analyzed in triplicate and produced RSD values ranging from 0.7-6.8%. These results indicate that the formulation extraction presented could be used to evaluate the PPZHCl content in TTDs prior to field use. The use of a small bore LC column reduced the amount of solvents consumed and hazardous waste generated, compared to sample analysis that uses a more conventional analytical LC column.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hurlbut
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA
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Abstract
A reversed-phase solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography (SPE-GC)-electron capture detection method is developed to quantitate individual rethrin residues in pyrethrum-exposed brown tree snakes. Aliquots (6 g) of homogenized snake tissue are extracted with 10 mL acetonitrile. The rethrins are recovered from the acetonitrile extract and concentrated using C8 SPE. The rethrins are eluted from the SPE column with pentane, evaporated to near dryness, and reconstituted to 1 mL with 1-propanol. Individual rethrins are quantitated using GC analysis of the 1-propanol solution. Method limits of detection for rethrins range from 0.63 to 6.51 ng/g. The mean recovery for all rethrins is 70.8% with a standard deviation of 5.7%. This method is used to successfully quantitate incurred rethrin residues in pyrethrum-exposed brown tree snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Johnston
- USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
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Primus TM, Griffin DL, Volz SA, Johnston JJ. Reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic determination of chlorophacinone and diphacinone in steam-rolled oat baits and steam-rolled oat/wax baits. J AOAC Int 1998; 81:349-57. [PMID: 9549068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for analysis of steam-rolled oat (SRO) baits fortified with either chlorophacinone or diphacinone. Baits were prepared with and without paraffin wax. Chlorophacinone or diphacinone was extracted from wax-free SRO baits with 5 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate methanolic ion-pairing solution. Wax baits were initially extracted with petroleum ether and then cleaned up by liquid extraction into methanolic ion-pairing solution containing 20% water. SRO extracts were analyzed with reversed-phase ion-pair LC. Chlorophacinone and diphacinone were quantified by UV absorption at 325 nm. Recoveries from SRO fortified with chlorophacinone at 25 and 150 micrograms/g were 90.7 and 90.8%, respectively, whereas for diphacinone at the same levels, recoveries were 93.5 and 92.3%, respectively. Recoveries from wax baits fortified at 25 and 75 micrograms/g chlorophacinone were 98.5 and 100%, respectively, whereas for diphacinone at the same levels, recoveries were 93.6 and 98.0%, respectively. Method limits of detection for chlorophacinone and diphacinone in SRO baits were estimated to be 1.0 and 0.76 micrograms/g, respectively. Method limits of detection for chlorophacinone and diphacinone in wax baits were estimated to be 4.2 and 2.8 micrograms/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Primus
- USDA/APHIS/National Wildlife Research Center, Analytical Chemistry Project, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA
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Goldade DA, Primus TM, Johnston JJ, Zapien DC. Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantitation of Difethialone Residues in Whole-Body Rodents with Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46:504-508. [PMID: 10554270 DOI: 10.1021/jf970715u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of difethialone residues in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Difethialone was extracted from rat tissue with chloroform/acetone/formic acid. The extracts were cleaned up by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using both silica and aminopropyl SPE sorbents, concentrated, and analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Difethialone was quantitated via ultraviolet absorbance at 262 nm. A surrogate compound, brodifacoum, was used to correct for method performance. The mean surrogate-corrected recoveries for whole ground rodent fortified at 0.2, 1.0, and 20 µg/g difethialone were 92.3 +/- 7.7, 84.8 +/- 6.6, and 90.2 +/- 3.1%, respectively. The method limit of detection was 0.054 µg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- DA Goldade
- Analytical Chemistry Project, USDA/APHIS/WS/National Wildlife Research Center, 3350 Eastbrook Drive, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525
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Avery ML, Primus TM, Defrancesco J, Cummings JL, Decker DG, Humphrey JS, Davis JE, Deacon R. Field Evaluation of Methyl Anthranilate for Deterring Birds Eating Blueberries. J Wildl Manage 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/3802395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Total sulfur abundances have been measured for 48 achondrites. For twenty eucrites they ranged from 370 to 3700 micrograms S/g with a median sulfur content of 1180 micrograms S/g. Sulfur abundances for howardites ranged from 1490 to 3240 micrograms S /g and had a median sulfur concentration of 2340 micrograms S/g. Diogenites' sulfur abundances ranged from 130 to 3170 micrograms S/g, with a median value of 1280 micrograms S/g. Four shergottites had a median sulfur content of 1940 micrograms S/g and ranged from 740 to 2540 micrograms S/g. Enstatite achondrites contained the greatest sulfur abundances of any achondrite group. They ranged from 2450 to 8580 micrograms S/g and had a median sulfur content of 6020 micrograms S/g and had a median sulfur content of 6020 micrograms S/g. A single Chassignite had a sulfur concentration of 360 micrograms S/g. The wide variations in sulfur concentrations for the achondrites reflect the small scale heterogeneous nature of these unique extraterrestrial materials due in large part to discrete sulfide mineral grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Gibson
- Experimental Planetology Branch, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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