1
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Wu M, Ma Q, Li M, Zhou Z, Xu J, Waterhouse GIN, Song N, Zhao WW, Chen G. Online sequential analysis of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in water matrices by double robotic sample preparations and dual-channel mono and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry system. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464963. [PMID: 38723493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The monitoring of organic compounds in aquatic matrices poses challenges due to its complexity and time-intensive nature. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel approach utilizing a dual-channel mono (1D) and comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) system, integrated with a robotic pretreatment platform, for online monitoring of both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in water matrices. Employing the robotic platform, we establish a suite of online liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) pretreatment processes for water samples, marking the first instance of such procedures. Leveraging the automatic headspace (HS) module, dual robotic preparations of HS and LLE are sequentially executed to extract VOCs and SVOCs from water matrices. The GC × GC-TOFMS system is distinguished by its dual-channel analytical column configuration, facilitating sequential analysis of VOCs in GC-TOFMS mode and SVOCs in GC × GC-TOFMS mode. Quantitative detection of 55 target VOCs and 104 SVOCs is achieved in a water sample using the instrument system. Our method demonstrates excellent correlation coefficients ranging from 0.990 to 1.000, method detection limits ranging from 0.08 to 4.78 μg L-1, relative standard deviations below 19.3 %, and recovery rates ranging from 50.0 % to 124.0 %. To validate the online monitoring capabilities of our system, we assess target SVOCs at three different concentration levels over a 3-day period. Most compounds exhibit recovery rates ranging from 70.0 % to 130.0 %. Furthermore, we apply our method to analyze a real water sample, successfully identifying over 100 target and nontarget VOCs/SVOCs, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, and phenols. These results highlight the efficacy of the proposed analysis system, capable of conducting two distinct analyses in automatic sequence, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of organic compound analysis in water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qin Ma
- Hangzhou Lin'an Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Guangdong MS Institute of Scientific Instrument Innovation, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, PR China.
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Guangxu Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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2
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Zhao SS, He ZH, Liu X, Shen Y, Tan XC, Wang Q, Yan J, Zhu WW. Dialdehyde starch-enclosed silver nanoparticles substrate with controlled-release "hotspots" for ultrasensitive SERS detection of thiabendazole. Food Chem 2024; 436:137706. [PMID: 37844511 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues have long been a major concern for food safety. In this study, a dialdehyde starch-encapsulated silver nanoparticles composite with controlled-release "hotspots" was developed as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. At room temperature, most of the Ag NPs were encapsulated in dialdehyde starch, which is beneficial for improving stability, and when heated to the gelatinization point, Ag NPs are completely released and abundant hot spots are formed. We demonstrated sensitive detection of thiabendazole (TBZ) in or on the surface of an apple by means of two ways, i.e., detecting the analyte in solution after pretreatment and in-situ detecting the analyte by using a flexible paper-based substrate. The results showed that the detection limits of TBZ by the two ways were 0.052 ppm and 0.051 ppm respectively, and the recoveries of TBZ range from 96.80 % to 105.46 %. Overall, this SERS substrate shows great potential for pesticide residue detection in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Song Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry (Guangxi Minzu University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Zhi-Hao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry (Guangxi Minzu University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry (Guangxi Minzu University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Yu Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry (Guangxi Minzu University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Xue-Cai Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry (Guangxi Minzu University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 615000, China
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry (Guangxi Minzu University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Zhu
- School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China.
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3
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Corbally MA, Hinz NS, Freye CE. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography under low-pressure conditions. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464203. [PMID: 37451196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of thermally labile and high-boiling point compounds by gas chromatography (GC) can be a challenge. One technique to overcome these challenges is low-pressure GC, which uses the vacuum produced from the mass spectrometer and wide-bore columns to elute compounds at significantly lower temperatures. While GC-MS is a powerful technique, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), allows for resolution of compounds that would typically coelute using GC. In this study, a pesticide standard mixture (8270 MegaMix Standard) was analyzed using a conventional GC × GC-TOFMS configuration (0.25 mm inner diameter (i.d.) to a 0.18 mm i.d. column) and low-pressure GC × GC-TOFMS configuration (0.53 mm i.d. to a 0.53 mm i.d. column). Elution temperatures, sensitivity, and peak capacity were investigated for both configurations. Compounds eluted an average of 30 °C less on the low-pressure GC × GC-TOFMS configuration compared to the conventional GC × GC-TOFMS configuration. Moreover, the compounds were separated in ∼13 min on the low-pressure GC × GC-TOFMS as opposed to 33 min for conventional GC × GC-TOFMS. However, due to the wide-bore columns and faster runtimes the low-pressure GC × GC-TOFMS had a lower, β corrected 2D peak capacity, nc,β,2D, of 1260 while the conventional GC × GC-TOFMS was 3588. Interestingly, both configurations yielded a similar peak capacity production of 93 peaks/min and 107 peaks/min for low-pressure and conventional GC × GC-TOFMS, respectively. A "real world" sample of diesel fuel was tested on the low-pressure and conventional GC × GC-TOFMS configurations and similar results were obtained compared to the pesticide standard mix except the peak capacity production of the low-pressure GC × GC-TOFMS configuration was higher than that of the conventional GC × GC-TOFMS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Corbally
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Q-5, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Nicholas S Hinz
- United States Naval Academy, 121 Blake Rd., Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Chris E Freye
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Q-5, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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4
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Budetić M, Kopf D, Dandić A, Samardžić M. Review of Characteristics and Analytical Methods for Determination of Thiabendazole. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093926. [PMID: 37175335 PMCID: PMC10179875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a fungicide and anthelmintic drug commonly found in food products. Due to its toxicity and potential carcinogenicity, its determination in various samples is important for public health. Different analytical methods can be used to determine the presence and concentration of TBZ in samples. Liquid chromatography (LC) and its subtypes, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), are the most commonly used methods for TBZ determination representing 19%, 18%, and 18% of the described methods, respectively. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and fluorimetry are two more methods widely used for TBZ determination, representing 13% and 12% of the described methods, respectively. In this review, a number of methods for TBZ determination are described, but due to their limitations, there is a high potential for the further improvement and development of each method in order to obtain a simple, precise, and accurate method that can be used for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Budetić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Doris Kopf
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Andrea Dandić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mirela Samardžić
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Monteiro SH, Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Ninga E, Lightfield AR. High-Throughput Mega-Method for the Analysis of Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs, and Environmental Contaminants by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Robotic Mini-Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup + Low-Pressure Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Part 1: Beef. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1159-1168. [PMID: 32442376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new mega-method of sample preparation called "QuEChERSER" (more than QuEChERS) is being presented for the first time. Fast, efficient, and cost-effective analysis of chemical contaminants in meat is useful for international trade, domestic monitoring, risk assessment, and other purposes. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a simple high-throughput mega-method for residual analysis of 161 pesticides, 63 veterinary drugs, 24 metabolites, and 14 legacy environmental contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls) in bovine muscle for implementation in routine laboratory analyses. Sample preparation of 2 g test portions entailed QuEChERS-based extraction with 10 mL of 4:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water, and then 204 μL was taken, diluted, and ultracentrifuged prior to analysis of veterinary drugs and pesticides by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The remaining extract was salted out with 4:1 (w/w) anhydrous MgSO4/NaCl, and 1 mL was transferred to an autosampler vial for automated mini-cartridge solid-phase extraction (Instrument Top Sample Preparation) cleanup with immediate injection using fast low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The automated cleanup and both instruments were all operated in parallel in 13-15 min cycle times per sample. Method validation according to United States Department of Agriculture requirements demonstrated that 221 (85%) of the 259 analytes gave average recovery between 70 and 120% and interday relative standard deviation of ≤25%. Analysis of a certified reference material for veterinary drugs in freeze-dried bovine muscle was also very accurate, further demonstrating that the QuEChERSER mega-method can be implemented to save time, labor, and resources compared to current practices to use multiple methods to cover the same analytical scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio H Monteiro
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Environmental Protection Research Center, Biological Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Ederina Ninga
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
- Department of Toxicology and Residues Monitoring, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
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6
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Peng XX, Bao GM, Zhong YF, Zhang L, Zeng KB, He JX, Xiao W, Xia YF, Fan Q, Yuan HQ. Highly sensitive and rapid detection of thiabendazole residues in oranges based on a luminescent Tb 3+-functionalized MOF. Food Chem 2020; 343:128504. [PMID: 33158677 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiabendazole (TBZ), has been extensively employed as a pesticide and/or a fungicide in agriculture, while its residues would threaten to public health and safety. Simple, rapid and sensitive probes for detection of TBZ in real food samples is significantly desirable. In present work, a highly selective and sensitive luminescent sensor for monitoring TBZ in oranges has been constructed based on a Tb3+-functionalized Zr-MOF (Tb3+@1). Tb3+@1 exhibited many attractive sensing properties toward TBZ, including broad linear range (0-80 μM), high selectivity, low LOD (0.271 μM) and rapid response time (less than1 min). Moreover, the probe was employed to determine TBZ in real orange samples, in which good recoveries from 98.41 to 104.48% were obtained. It only takes 35 min for the whole process of detection TBZ in real orange samples combined with QuEChERS method. Therefore, this work provided a reliable and rapid method for monitoring the TBZ in real orange samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Xin Peng
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Guang-Ming Bao
- Institute of Veterinary Drug, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhong
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Kang-Bo Zeng
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jia-Xin He
- Institute of Veterinary Drug, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Asset and Laboratory Management Division, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Xia
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Qing Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Drug, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Hou-Qun Yuan
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
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7
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Tao T, Zhou Y, He C, He H, Ma M, Cai Z, Gao N, Wang K, Zhu R, Chang G, Liu Z, He Y. Highly sensitive methyl parathion sensor based on Au-ZrO2 nanocomposites modified graphene electrochemical transistor. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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TABIBI A, JAFARI MT. Ultrasonic Piezoelectric Nebulization of Propoxur for the Determination by Corona Discharge Ionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:227-231. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza TABIBI
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology
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9
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Cheng F, Liao X, Huang Z, Xu L, Zhou Y, Zhang X. Highly Sensitive Detection of Thiabendazole Residues in Food Samples Based on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Decorated Two-Dimensional Layered Molybdenum Disulfide. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Fialkov AB, Lehotay SJ, Amirav A. Less than one minute low-pressure gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1612:460691. [PMID: 31759639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) takes 20-40 min per sample, which is undesirably slow in any application if speed can be increased while still meeting analytical needs. In this study, we achieved reasonably good separations with full analysis cycle times of less than 1 min by combining for the first time low-pressure (LP) GC-MS with low thermal mass (LTM) resistive-heating for rapid temperature ramping and cooling of the capillary column. The analytical column is threaded into the LTM thin-walled metal tubing in an instrumental device known as "LTM Fast GC" that is mounted at the top of the gas chromatograph in a detector port. The column inlet and outlet are connected to the GC injector and MS transfer line as usual. For LPGC-MS, a 40 cm, 0.1 mm. i.d. uncoated flow restrictor capillary connected at the injector is coupled with a 2.6 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm film thickness analytical column leading to the MS. Thus, the inlet operates at normal GC pressures, but the analytical column is under vacuum, which increases the optimal helium carrier gas flow velocity thereby increasing speed of full range separations while maintaining acceptable quality of chromatography. This column configuration in LTM-LPGC-MS trades a 64-fold gain in speed of analysis vs. standard GC-MS for a 4-fold loss in chromatographic peak capacity, thereby converting analysis time from minutes into seconds in common applications. For example, jet fuel containing fatty acid methyl esters (akin to biofuel) was separated in 25 s with <1 min full analysis cycle time. An EPA Method 8270 mixture of 76 analytes was also analyzed in <1 min full cycle time by LTM-LPGC-MS. Other examples include very fast analysis of heroin in a street drug powder and elucidation of a new organic synthetic compound. In this report, we describe and discuss the several advantageous and practical features of LTM-LPGC-MS, as well as its trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 10938, USA
| | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Aviv Analytical Ltd., 24 Hanagar Street, Hod Hasharon 4527713, Israel.
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11
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Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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A systematic study of molecular ion intensity and mass accuracy in low energy electron ionisation using gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 199:431-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Cameleyre M, Lytra G, Barbe JC. Static Headspace Analysis Using Low-Pressure Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Application to Determining Multiple Partition Coefficients: A Practical Tool for Understanding Red Wine Fruity Volatile Perception and the Sensory Impact of Higher Alcohols. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10812-10818. [PMID: 30148602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the partition coefficients of volatiles between the liquid and gas phases, an analytical method was developed and optimized using static headspace analysis and low-pressure injection gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SHS-LP-GC/MS). Two different types of analytical columns were coupled for low-pressure chromatography injection: a narrow restriction microbore column on the inlet side and a mega-bore column on the mass spectrometer side. Coupling these two columns and static headspace analysis to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry resulted in a simple, fast, sensitive, and accurate approach. Several points have been optimized: time to reach the thermodynamic equilibrium in the gas phase, syringe filling rate, gas injection rate, and volume ratio between the gas and liquid phases. This new method was used to determine partition coefficients between the liquid and gas phases and study multicomponent mixtures for which particular perceptive interactions had previously been highlighted. The partition coefficients of 9 esters and 5 higher alcohols were determined in dilute alcohol solution (12% v/v) and dearomatized red wine. These partition coefficients revealed modifications in ester headspace release in the presence of higher alcohols for the first time in this type of matrix. The correlation of these results with sensory data highlighted the role of physicochemical, presensory effects on sensory modifications for the first time, suggesting that this type of interaction may partly modulate qualitative and quantitative fruity perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Cameleyre
- University of Bordeaux , Unité de Recherche Oenologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Georgia Lytra
- University of Bordeaux , Unité de Recherche Oenologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Barbe
- University of Bordeaux , Unité de Recherche Oenologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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14
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Tienstra M, Portolés T, Hernández F, Mol JGJ. Fast gas chromatographic residue analysis in animal feed using split injection and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1422:289-298. [PMID: 26601712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Significant speed improvement for instrumental runtime would make GC–MS much more attractive for determination of pesticides and contaminants and as complementary technique to LC–MS. This was the trigger to develop a fast method (time between injections less than 10 min) for the determination of pesticides and PCBs that are not (or less) amenable to LC–MS. A key factor in achieving shorter analysis time was the use of split injection (1:10) which allowed the use of a much higher initial GC oven temperature. A shorter column (15 m), higher temperature ramp, and higher carrier gas flow rate (6 mL/min) further contributed to analysis-time reduction. Chromatographic resolution was slightly compromised but still well fit-for-purpose. Due to the high sensitivity of the technique used (GC–APCI-triple quadrupole MS/MS), quantification and identification were still possible down to the 10 μg/kg level, which was demonstrated by successful validation of the method for complex feed matrices according to EU guidelines. Other advantages of the method included a better compatibility of acetonitrile extracts (e.g. QuEChERS) with GC, and a reduced transfer of co-extractants into the GC column and mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tienstra
- RIKILT-Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Portolés
- RIKILT-Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Han L, Johnston JJ. Analysis of Nitrosamines in Cooked Bacon by QuEChERS Sample Preparation and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Backflushing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10341-10351. [PMID: 26542769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrites are added as a preservative to a variety of cured meats, including bacon, to kill bacteria, extend shelf life, and improve quality. During cooking, nitrites in the meat can be converted to carcinogenic nitrosamines (NAs), the formation of which is mitigated by the addition of antioxidants. In the past, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) monitored NAs in pan-fried bacon, but FSIS terminated monitoring of NAs in the 1990s due to the very low levels found. FSIS recently chose to conduct a risk assessment of NAs in cooked bacon to determine if current levels warrant routine monitoring of NAs again. To meet FSIS needs, we developed, validated, and implemented a new method of sample preparation and analysis to test cooked bacon for five NAs of most concern, which consist of N-nitroso-dimethylamine, -diethylamine, -dibutylamine, -piperidine, and -pyrrolidine. Sample preparation was based on the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) approach and analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ruggedness was improved markedly in the analysis of the complex fatty extracts by backflushing the guard column, injection liner, and half of the analytical column after every injection. Validation results were acceptable with recoveries of 70-120% and <20% RSDs for the five NAs, with a reporting limit of 0.1 ng/g. NA concentrations in 48 samples were all <15 ng/g, with most <1 ng/g and many <0.1 ng/g. Also, microwave cooking of bacon gave slightly lower concentrations overall compared to pan-frying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Lijun Han
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
- College of Science, China Agricultural University , 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - John J Johnston
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, United States
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Sapozhnikova Y, Lehotay SJ. Review of recent developments and applications in low-pressure (vacuum outlet) gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 899:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Araújo EA, Lara MCR, dos Reis MR, Viriato RLS, Rocha RAR, Gonçalves RGL, Heleno FF, de Queiroz MELR, Tronto J, Pinto FG. Determination of Haloxyfop-Methyl, Linuron, and Procymidone Pesticides in Carrot Using SLE-LTP Extraction and GC-MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. On-Line Combination of High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: A Proof of Principle Study. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1911-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariosimone Zoccali
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Centro
Integrato di Ricerca, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via
Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Chromaleont
s.r.l. A start-up of the University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di
Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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19
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Brust H, Willemse S, Zeng T, van Asten A, Koeberg M, van der Heijden A, Bolck A, Schoenmakers P. Impurity profiling of trinitrotoluene using vacuum-outlet gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:224-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Cequier E, Marcé RM, Becher G, Thomsen C. Determination of emerging halogenated flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Variability of matrix effects in liquid and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues after QuEChERS sample preparation of different food crops. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Evaluation of a new column backflushing set-up in the gas chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric analysis of pesticide residues in dietary supplements. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:155-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Satpathy G, Tyagi YK, Gupta RK. A quick method for surveillance of 59 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using rapid three-dimensional gas chromatography (GC/MSD/µ-ECD/FPD) and LC/MS-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.2.4.524-534.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Koesukwiwat U, Lehotay SJ, Leepipatpiboon N. Fast, low-pressure gas chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of 150 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7039-50. [PMID: 21871625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed and evaluated a new method of low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LP-GC/MS-MS) using a triple quadrupole instrument for fast analysis of 150 relevant pesticides in four representative fruits and vegetables. This LP-GC (vacuum outlet) approach entails coupling a 10 m, 0.53 mm i.d., 1 μm film analytical column between the MS transfer line and a 3 m, 0.15 mm i.d. capillary at the inlet. The MS creates a vacuum in the 10 m analytical column, which reduces the viscosity of the He carrier gas and thereby shifts the optimal flow rate to greater velocity. By taking advantage of the H(2)-like properties of He under vacuum, the short analytical column, a rapid oven temperature ramp rate, and the high selectivity and sensitivity of MS/MS, 150 pesticides were separated in <6.5 min. The 2.5 ms dwell time and 1 ms interscan delay of the MS/MS instrument were critical for achieving >8 data points across the 2-3 s wide peaks. To keep dwell and cycle times constant across all peaks, each segment consisted of 30 analytes (60 transitions). For assessment, we injected extracts of spiked broccoli, cantaloupe, lemon, and sweet potato from the updated QuEChERS sample preparation method. Average recoveries (n=72) were 70-120% for 144 of the pesticides, and reproducibilities were <20% RSD for all but 4 analytes. Also, detection limits were <5 ng/g for all but a few pesticides, depending on the matrix. In addition to high quality performance, the method gave excellent reliability and high sample throughput, including easy peak integration to obtain rapid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urairat Koesukwiwat
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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Lehotay SJ, Koesukwiwat U, van der Kamp H, Mol HGJ, Leepipatpiboon N. Qualitative aspects in the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using fast, low-pressure gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7544-7556. [PMID: 21452898 DOI: 10.1021/jf104606j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative method validation is a well-established process to demonstrate trueness and precision of the results with a given method. However, an assessment of qualitative results is also an important need to estimate selectivity and devise criteria for chemical identification when using the method, particularly for mass spectrometric analysis. For multianalyte analysis, automatic instrument software is commonly used to make initial qualitative identifications of the target analytes by comparison of their mass spectra against a database library. Especially at low residue levels in complex matrices, manual checking of results is typically needed to correct the peak assignments and integration errors, which is very time-consuming. Low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LP-GC-MS) has been demonstrated to increase the speed of analysis for GC-amenable residues in various foods and provide more advantages over the traditional GC-MS approach. LP-GC-MS on a time-of-flight (ToF) instrument was used, which provided high sample throughput with <10 min analysis time. The method had already been validated to be acceptable quantitatively for nearly 150 pesticides, and in this study of qualitative performance, 90 samples in total of strawberry, tomato, potato, orange, and lettuce extracts from the QuEChERS sample preparation approach were analyzed. The extracts were randomly spiked with different pesticides at different levels, both unknown to the analyst, in the different matrices. Automated software evaluation was compared with human assessments in terms of false-positive and -negative results. Among the 13590 possible permutations with 696 blind additions made, the automated software approach yielded 1.2% false presumptive positives with 23% false negatives, whereas the analyst achieved 0.8% false presumptive positives and 17% false negatives for the same analytical data files. False negatives frequently occurred due to challenges at the lowest concentrations, but 70% of them involved certain pesticides that degraded (e.g., captafol, folpet) or otherwise could not be detected. The false-negative rate was reduced to 5-10% if the problematic analytes were excluded. Despite its somewhat better performance in this study, the analyst approach was extremely time-consuming and would not be practical in high sample throughput applications for so many analytes in complicated matrices.
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26
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Comparison of gas chromatographic hyphenated techniques for mercury speciation analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4545-51. [PMID: 21641604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate advantages and disadvantages of three hyphenated techniques for mercury speciation analysis in different sample matrices using gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) and pyrolysis atomic fluorescence (GC-pyro-AFS) detection. Aqueous ethylation with NaBEt(4) was required in all cases. All systems were validated with respect to precision, with repeatability and reproducibility <5% RSD, confirmed by the Snedecor F-test. All methods proved to be robust according to a Plackett-Burnham design for 7 factors and 15 experiments, and calculations were carried out using the procedures described by Youden and Steiner. In order to evaluate accuracy, certified reference materials (DORM-2 and DOLT-3) were analyzed after closed-vessel microwave extraction with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). No statistically significant differences were found to the certified values (p=0.05). The suitability for water samples analysis with different organic matter and chloride contents was evaluated by recovery experiments in synthetic spiked waters. Absolute detection and quantification limits were in the range of 2-6 pg for GC-pyro-AFS, 1-4 pg for GC-MS, with 0.05-0.21 pg for GC-ICP-MS showing the best limits of detection for the three systems employed. However, all systems are sufficiently sensitive for mercury speciation in environmental samples, with GC-MS and GC-ICP-MS offering isotope analysis capabilities for the use of species-specific isotope dilution analysis, and GC-pyro-AFS being the most cost effective alternative.
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27
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Koesukwiwat U, Lehotay SJ, Miao S, Leepipatpiboon N. High throughput analysis of 150 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using QuEChERS and low-pressure gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6692-703. [PMID: 20627307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A higher monitoring rate is highly desirable in the labs, but this goal is typically limited by sample throughput. In this study, we sought to assess the real-world applicability of fast, low-pressure GC-time-of-flight MS (LP-GC/TOFMS) for the identification and quantification of 150 pesticides in tomato, strawberry, potato, orange, and lettuce samples. Buffered and unbuffered versions of QuEChERS (which stands for "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe") using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) and disposable pipette extraction (DPX) for clean-up were compared for sample preparation. For clean-up of all sample types, a combination of 150 mg MgSO₄, 50mg primary secondary amine (PSA), 50 mg C₁₈, and 7.5 mg graphitized carbon black (GCB) per mL extract was used. No significant differences were observed in the results between the different sample preparation versions. QuEChERS took < 10 min per individual sample, or < 1 h for two chemists to prepare 32 pre-homogenized samples, and using LP-GC/TOFMS, < 10 min run time and < 15 min cycle time allowed > 32 injections in 8 h. Overall, > 126 analytes gave recoveries (3 spiking levels) in the range of 70-120% with < 20% RSD. The results indicate that LP-GC/TOFMS for GC-amenable analytes matches UHPLC-MS/MS in terms of sample throughput and turnaround time for their routine, concurrent use in the analysis of a wide range of analytes in QuEChERS extracts to achieve reliable quantification and identification of pesticide residues in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urairat Koesukwiwat
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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28
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de Zeeuw J, Reese S, Cochran J, Grossman S, Kane T, English C. Simplifying the setup for vacuum-outlet GC: Using a restriction inside the injection port. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1849-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL. New Advances in Large-Volume Injection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- a Underwriters Laboratories Inc. , South Bend, Indiana, USA
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30
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Fast low-pressure gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of multiple pesticides in grapes, musts and wines. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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MACHICOTE RG, BRUZZONE L. Simultaneous Determination of Carbaryl and 1-Naphthol by First-Derivative Synchronous Non-Protected Room Temperature Phosphorescence. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:623-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta G. MACHICOTE
- Divisíon Química Analítica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
| | - Liliana BRUZZONE
- Divisíon Química Analítica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
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32
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Dömötörová M, Matisová E. Fast gas chromatography for pesticide residues analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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High-speed, low-pressure gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for essential oil analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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35
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Dirtu AC, Ravindra K, Roosens L, van Grieken R, Neels H, Blust R, Covaci A. Fast analysis of decabrominated diphenyl ether using low-pressure gas chromatography–electron-capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:295-301. [PMID: 17675050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the applicability of low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in electron-capture negative ionization mode (LP-GC-ECNI-MS) for the analysis of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209). Particular attention was paid to find optimal injector and oven conditions for minimal thermal degradation of BDE-209. The analytical characteristics were compared for LP-GC columns (10 m x 0.53 mm) with different film thicknesses (d(f) 0.15 microm versus 0.25microm) and for a conventional GC column (15 m x 0.25 mm, 0.10 microm d(f)). Short residence times (6.5 and 9.8 min) of BDE-209 were found for the LP-GC systems with 0.15 and 0.25microm d(f), respectively, resulting in a low elution temperature and minimal degradation. Additionally, baseline separation of 22 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (major components of PBDE technical mixtures) was possible in less than 12 min using the LP-GC-ECNI-MS system with 0.15microm d(f). The optimized method was applied for the determination of PBDEs in Belgian indoor dust samples. The obtained concentrations of BDE-209 (range 8-292 ng/g dry weight) were in the same range or lower than concentrations in dust from other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin C Dirtu
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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36
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Cajka T, Hajslova J, Lacina O, Mastovska K, Lehotay SJ. Rapid analysis of multiple pesticide residues in fruit-based baby food using programmed temperature vaporiser injection–low-pressure gas chromatography–high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:281-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Mastovska K. Chapter 6 Recent Developments in Chromatographic Techniques. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Lv Y, Lin Z, Feng W, Zhou X, Tan T. Selective recognition and large enrichment of dimethoate from tea leaves by molecularly imprinted polymers. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Poole CF. Matrix-induced response enhancement in pesticide residue analysis by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:241-50. [PMID: 17241638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sample matrix can cause an enhancement in the observed chromatographic response for pesticide residues in a matrix extract compared with the same concentration in a matrix-free solution. The matrix increases the transfer of pesticides from hot vaporizing injectors by reducing the thermal stress for labile compounds and by masking active sites in the injector responsible for the adsorption or decomposition of polar pesticides. The use of different injector types and matrix simplification procedures can reduce matrix-induced enhancement but do not eliminate it. The most effective strategy is to use matrix-matched calibration standards or analyte protectants which equalize the response enhancement for calibration standards and sample extracts. From a practical point of view it is important that the method used to correct for matrix-induced enhancement is compatible with low system maintenance. The different approaches for correcting matrix-induced enhancement for calibration in pesticide residue analysis are discussed and compared in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Room 183, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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40
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Donato P, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L. Rapid analysis of food products by means of high speed gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:508-26. [PMID: 17444220 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the invention of GC, there has been an ever increasing interest within the chromatographic community for faster GC methods. This is obviously related to the fact that the number of samples subjected to GC analysis has risen greatly. Nowadays, in routine analytical applications, sample throughput is often the most important aspect considered when choosing an analytical method. Gas chromatographic instrumentation, especially in the last decade, has been subjected to continuous and considerable improvement. High-speed injection systems, electronic gas pressure control, rapid oven heating/cooling and fast detection are currently available in a variety of commercial gas chromatographs. The main consequence of this favourable aspect is that high-speed GC is being increasingly employed for routine analysis in different fields. Furthermore, the employment of dedicated software makes the passage from a conventional to a fast GC method a rather simple step. The present review provides an overview of the employment of fast GC techniques for the analysis of food constituents and contaminants. A brief historical and theoretical background is also provided for the approaches described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Donato
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, viale Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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41
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Dejaegher B, Heyden YV. Ruggedness and robustness testing. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:138-57. [PMID: 17379230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the strict regulatory requirements, especially in pharmaceutical analysis, analysis results with an acceptable quality should be reported. Thus, a proper validation of the measurement method is required. In this context, ruggedness and robustness testing becomes increasingly more important. In this review, the definitions of ruggedness and robustness are given, followed by a short explanation of the different approaches applied to examine the ruggedness or the robustness of an analytical method. Then, case studies, describing ruggedness or robustness tests of high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC), capillary electrophoretic (CE), gas chromatographic (GC), supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) assay methods, are critically reviewed and discussed. Mainly publications of the last 10 years are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Dejaegher
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Hoh E, Mastovska K, Lehotay SJ. Optimization of separation and detection conditions for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:210-21. [PMID: 17306276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are among the most toxic compounds known, and several sources of exposure to these chemicals should be monitored to protect human and environmental health. The current predominant method of analysis is too expensive and cumbersome, and comprehensive two-dimensional GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC--TOF-MS) has the potential to lower the costs and speed analysis of PCDD/Fs. In this study, GC x GC--TOF parameters were evaluated and optimized to yield complete separation of the 17 most important PCDD/F congeners from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) interferences, and to attain the lowest detection limits. The optimization study entailed evaluation of oven temperature programs, column flow rates, ion source temperatures, electron ionization energy, data acquisition rate, and various GC x GC parameters, including modulation period, modulator temperature offset and hot pulse duration. After optimization, all 17 PCDD/Fs were separated in <60 min, and in particular, the critical pair of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and pentachlorobiphenyl congener CB126 did not co-elute chromatographically. Accurate identification and determination of all analytes could be made using their deconvoluted full mass spectra. In GC x GC, the modulation period and start time were the most important factors that affected sensitivity and selectivity for the analysis of the PCDD/Fs. The modulation period should be < or = 4s to preserve separations achieved in one-dimensional GC, and the modulation start time was important to achieve one large slice and two smaller symmetrical slices of TCDD to maximize its detection sensitivity. After optimization, the method could identify 0.25 pg of TCDD with standard injection from its full mass spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Hoh
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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Hájková K, Pulkrabová J, Schůrek J, Hajslová J, Poustka J, Nápravníková M, Kocourek V. Novel approaches to the analysis of steroid estrogens in river sediments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1351-63. [PMID: 17219098 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of estrogenic contaminants has been detected in the aquatic environment. Among these, natural and synthetic steroid estrogens, typically present in municipal sewage-treatment plant (STP) effluents, are the most potent. In this study a new GC-MS method has been developed for direct analysis of five major steroid estrogens (estrone, 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, dienestrol, and diethylstilbestrol) in river sediments. Four GC-MS systems used for analysis of underivatized analytes in purified extracts were compared. Relatively low detection limits (1.5-5 ng g(-1) dried sediment) and good repeatability of GC splitless injection (RSD 1-2%) were achieved by use of a system combining low-pressure gas chromatography with a single-quadrupole mass analyzer (LP-GC-MS). Use of orthogonal gas chromatography (GCxGC) hyphenated with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HSTOF-MS) enabled not only significantly better resolution of target analytes, and their unequivocal identification, but also further improvement (decrease) of their detection limits. In addition to these outcomes, use of this unique GCxGC-TOF-MS system enabled identification of several other non-target chemicals, including pharmaceutical steroids, present in purified sediment extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Hájková
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Reassessment of the methyl derivatization reaction of carbamates with sodium hydride/dimethyl sulfoxide/methyl iodide for their determination by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1132:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mastovska K, Lehotay SJ. Rapid sample preparation method for LC-MS/MS or GC-MS analysis of acrylamide in various food matrices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7001-8. [PMID: 16968055 DOI: 10.1021/jf061330r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A fast and easy sample preparation procedure for analysis of acrylamide in various food matrices was developed and optimized. In its first step, deuterated acrylamide internal standard is added to 1 g of homogenized sample together with 5 mL of hexane, 10 mL of water, 10 mL of acetonitrile, 4 g of MgSO4, and 0.5 g of NaCl. Water facilitates the extraction of acrylamide; hexane serves for sample defatting; and the salt combination induces separation of water and acetonitrile layers and forces the majority of acrylamide into the acetonitrile layer. After vigorous shaking of the extraction mixture for 1 min and centrifugation, the upper hexane layer is discarded and a 1 mL aliquot of the acetonitrile extract is cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction using 50 mg of primary secondary amine sorbent and 150 mg of anhydrous MgSO4. The final extract is analyzed either by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (in positive chemical ionization mode) using the direct sample introduction technique for rugged large-volume injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mastovska
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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Walorczyk S, Gnusowski B. Fast and sensitive determination of pesticide residues in vegetables using low-pressure gas chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128:236-43. [PMID: 16820160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of low-pressure gas chromatography (LP-GC) in conjunction with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, as a route towards fast pesticide residue analysis, was investigated. A Varian GC-MS system equipped with a mass spectrometer model 1200 was used. LP-GC-MS experiments were performed on a HP-5 10 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 microm analytical column connected to a 2.5 m x 0.15 mm non-coated restriction precolumn at the inlet end. For comparison purposes conventional GC-MS analysis was performed on a RTX-5 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.5 microm column. Under the optimized conditions the analysis time was reduced to 13.3 min with the LP-GC approach which corresponds to an almost threefold gain in speed versus the conventional GC (37 min). Despite the poorer separation power of the LP-GC column, the experiments conducted with tomato and onion extracts spiked with 78 pesticides proved that LP-GC-MS is of practical value to perform full scan screening analysis. Moreover, the rate of false negative results was higher in the case of conventional GC-MS while the LP-GC-MS enabled correct identification of pesticides at lower levels since the peaks were improved in both size and shape. Validation experiments were performed on a sample of 12 representative pesticides for comparison of performance characteristics of the LP-GC and GC approaches with mass spectrometer operated in scan, SIM and MS/MS mode. The LP-GC column set-up interfaced to the MS detector was found to be superior to the conventional GC with respect to obtained linearity, accuracy and precision parameters. Also, lower limits of detection in real extracts were achieved using the LP-GC approach. Finally, the LP-GC-MS/MS analysis of tomato samples with incurred pesticide residues demonstrated the applicability of the developed method for analysis of real samples.
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Ravindra K, Godoi AFL, Bencs L, Van Grieken R. Low-pressure gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry for the fast determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1114:278-81. [PMID: 16584742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A low-pressure gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (LPGC-ITMS) method was investigated to shorten the analysis time for 18 US Environmental Protection Agency priority listed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Their elution was optimised with a short, wide-bore column coupled to a deactivated capillary at the inlet end and with a long, conventional column to compare their analytical performance. The analytical figures of merit under optimal LPGC-ITMS conditions were determined with respect to chromatographic separation, S/N ratio, limit of detection and precision. The peak width at half height of 1.5s matched the ITMS duty cycle. Up to 16 PAHs in the molecular weight (MW) range of 128-278 Da could be separated in a very short time, i.e. less than 13 min using LPGC-ITMS, whereas with conventional GC-MS, it took approximately 40 min. However, LPGC-ITMS has a limited loss of separation power compared to that of conventional GC-MS due to the occurrence of three critical pairs for high-MW PAHs. For a practical evaluation, the LPGC-ITMS approach was applied to the determination of PAHs in gas and aerosol phase samples collected in the ambient air of Hasselt, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaiwal Ravindra
- Micro and Trace Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Moreno JLF, Liébanas FJA, Frenich AG, Vidal JLM. Evaluation of different sample treatments for determining pesticide residues in fat vegetable matrices like avocado by low-pressure gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1111:97-105. [PMID: 16480726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residue method has been developed for determining 65 pesticide residues in greasy vegetable matrices such as avocado. Conventional organic solvent extraction assisted by a high-speed homogenizer was compared to pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) as extraction techniques. Following this, the lipophilic extract was purified using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Alternative clean-up methods were also evaluated, as solid-phase extraction cartridges individually used and downstream coupled, but less effective lipophilic separation was archived. The pesticide residue determination was carried out using low-pressure gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LP-GC-MS-MS), showing the applicability of this type of GC columns for the analysis of fat vegetable matrices. The proposed methodology was validated in avocado matrix. The recoveries were in the range 70-110%, with RSD values lower than 19%, at 12 and 50 microg/kg spiking levels. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range 0.04-8.33 microg/kg and the limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.01 and 2.50 microg/kg. All of them were lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union (EU) in avocado. The proposed method was evaluated analyzing pesticide residues in real avocado samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fernández Moreno
- Research Group Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, Spain
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Petropoulou SSE, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A, Siskos PA. Gas chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantitation of carbofuran, carbaryl and their main metabolites in applicators’ urine. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:99-110. [PMID: 16442549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for the determination of two N-methylcarbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl and their metabolites in applicators' urine specimens. Mild conditions were used for sample preparation based on enzymic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB sorbent cartridges. Amides, phenols and ketones were first converted to volatile derivatives of trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (TFAA) and afterwards were quantitated using tandem mass spectrometry. Linear calibration equations (1-200 ng mL(-1) urine) were obtained from fortified urine samples for all eight compounds, carbaryl, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 7-phenol, carbofuran-3-keto, 3- hydroxycarbofuranphenol. For all compounds, the limit of detection was lower than 0.1 ng mL(-1). Precision for all compounds, at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ng mL(-1) (n = 5) in-fortified urine samples ranged from 0.7% to 18%. Accuracy was calculated at two concentrations 8 and 80 ng mL(-1) (n = 5) and ranged from -8.4% to 8.2%. Relative recoveries at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ng mL(-1), ranged from 71% to 116%. The method was successfully applied to five male applicators and 10 non-applicators (including both smokers and non-smokers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, 100 Othonos Str., 145 62 Kifissia, Greece
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Carabias-Martínez R, García-Hermida C, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Ruano-Miguel L. Behaviour of carbamate pesticides in gas chromatography and their determination with solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction as preconcentration steps. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2130-8. [PMID: 16318209 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a study of the chromatographic behaviour of seven carbamate pesticides (aldicarb, carbetamide, propoxur, carbofuran, carbaryl, methiocarb, and pirimicarb) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Variables such as injector temperature, solvent, injection mode, and the degree of ageing of the chromatographic column were studied. One of the aims of this work was to achieve a controlled decomposition of carbamates by a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) preconcentration step with a polyacrylate fibre in order to obtain reproducible chromatographic signals of the degradation products. Optimisation of the SPME process was accomplished by means of experimental design. Several methods using ultrapure water were developed with different preconcentration configurations: SPME-GC-MS, SPE followed by SPME-GC-MS, and SPE plus GC-MS. For all the pesticides studied, method detection limit (MDL) values below 0.1 microg L-1 were reached in at least one of the proposed configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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