1
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Li T, Wu Z, Qin W. Integration of capillary electrophoresis with gold nanoparticle-based colorimetry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 995:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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2
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Adam V, Vaculovicova M. Capillary electrophoresis and nanomaterials - Part I: Capillary electrophoresis of nanomaterials. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2389-2404. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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3
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Tintaru A, Ungaro R, Liu X, Chen C, Giordano L, Peng L, Charles L. Structural characterization of new defective molecules in poly(amidoamide) dendrimers by combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:451-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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van Dongen MA, Desai A, Orr BG, Baker JR, Holl MMB. Quantitative analysis of generation and branch defects in G5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. POLYMER 2013; 54:4126-4133. [PMID: 24058210 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although methods have been developed to synthesize and isolate generation 5 (G5) PAMAM dendrimers containing precise numbers of ligands per polymer particle, the presence of skeletal and generational defects in this material can substantially hamper the process. Here we provide a quantitative analysis of G5 PAMAM dendrimer defects via high performance liquid chromatography, potentiometric titration, mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. We identified, isolated, and characterized the major structural defects of G5 dendrimer, trailing generations, and dimer, trimer, and tetramer species. We determine that the G5 material present in the as-received mixture contains 93 arms on average. We have developed two model systems capable of generating the experimentally observed mass range and polydispersity at defect rates of 8-15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Liyanage AU, Ikhuoria EU, Adenuga AA, Remcho VT, Lerner MM. Synthesis and Characterization of Low-Generation Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimer–Sodium Montmorillonite (Na-MMT) Clay Nanocomposites. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4603-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amila U. Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Esther U. Ikhuoria
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Adeniyi A. Adenuga
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Vincent T. Remcho
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Michael M. Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
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6
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Leriche ED, Maire F, Grossel MC, Lange CM, Loutelier-Bourhis C. Off-line capillary electrophoresis/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry for analysis of synthesized poly(amido)amine dendrimers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1718-1724. [PMID: 22730092 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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7
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López-Andarias J, Guerra J, Castañeda G, Merino S, Ceña V, Sánchez-Verdú P. Development of Microwave-Assisted Reactions for PAMAM Dendrimer Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Lee S, Kwen HD, Lee SK, Nehete SV. Study on elution behavior of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and their interaction with bovine serum albumin in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:1581-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Cottet H, Gareil P. Separation of synthetic (co)polymers by capillary electrophoresis techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 384:541-567. [PMID: 18392583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a very efficient tool for separating and characterizing synthetic polymers, copolymers, and polyelectrolytes. Different modes of CE (free solution capillary electrophoresis [FSCE], entangled polymer solution CE [EPSCE], capillary gel electrophoresis [CGE], or micellar electrokinetic chromatography [MEKC]) can be used depending on the characteristics of the polymer solutes (end charged, evenly charged, or uncharged polymers) and on the polymer solute heterogeneities (molecular mass, functionality, chemical composition). To illustrate the potential of CE, four different methods are proposed using either nonaqueous or aqueous electrolytes. The first method describes the separation of synthetic organic polypeptides according to their functionalities and molar masses in a nonaqueous electrolyte. In a second method, polyelectrolyte oligomers are separated by FSCE in aqueous buffer. The third method demonstrates the great potential of EPSCE for the size-based separation of evenly charged polyelectrolytes on a wide range of molar masses. The last method describes a simple two-dimensional approach realized in a single capillary that combines a separation according to the chemical composition (FSCE) with a size-based separation (EPSCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Cottet
- Laboratoire Organisation Moléculaire, Evolution et Matériaux Fluorés, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
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10
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CE of poly(amidoamine) succinamic acid dendrimers using a poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:510-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Newkome GR, Shreiner CD. Poly(amidoamine), polypropylenimine, and related dendrimers and dendrons possessing different 1→2 branching motifs: An overview of the divergent procedures. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Dribek M, Le Potier I, Rodrigues A, Pallandre A, Fattal E, Taverna M. Determination of binding constants of vasoactive intestinal peptide to poly(amidoamine) dendrimers designed for drug delivery using ACE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2191-200. [PMID: 17557362 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present paper was to study at physiological pH the affinity between vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and four poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs) designed for drug delivery. Therefore, a fast and reproducible CE method was first developed to analyze the strongly basic peptide. To allow an accurate determination of binding constant (K) values, the ability to suppress peptide adsorption onto the silica capillary of nonpermanent coatings (poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), low and medium relative molecular masses poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)) or poly(acrylamide) permanent coating (PAA) was evaluated. Very good intraday repeatability of VIP migration times and peak areas (0.1-0.6 and 2.9-4.9% RSD, respectively) was obtained using two of the investigated coatings (PEO and PDDA with medium molecular mass). ACE combined with these dynamic coatings was then employed to evaluate K between VIP and two amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers of generation 2 and 5 (G2.NH2, G5.NH2) and two carboxyl-terminated PAMAM derivatives of generation 2 and 5 (G2.COOH, G5.COOH). Binding constant of (6.7 +/- 1.1) x 10(4)/M could be determined for the couple VIP/G5.NH2, while no affinity was evidenced between VIP and all other dendrimers investigated. These results suggest that G5.NH2 might be an interesting carrier for the delivery of VIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Dribek
- University of Paris-Sud, Group of Proteins and Nanotechnologies in Separation Sciences, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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13
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Chan KC, Patri AK, Veenstra TD, McNeil SE, Issaq HJ. Analysis of fullerene-based nanomaterial in serum matrix by CE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1518-24. [PMID: 17447247 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing interest in using nanoparticles as vehicles for drug delivery and image contrast agents, there is a need to develop assays for their detection and quantitation in complex matrices to facilitate monitoring their biodistribution. In this study, we developed a CE approach for the analysis of two nanoparticles: carboxyfullerene (C3) and dendrofullerene (DF1) in both standard solutions and a serum matrix. These highly soluble, charged C(60) derivatives were characterized by CZE using either a bare or dynamically coated fused-silica capillaries. The resolution of both nanoparticles was slightly lower with the coated capillary; however, their migration times were faster. While separation of the DF1 nanoparticles using MEKC resulted in a greater number of observable peaks, the peak profile of C3 was basically unchanged regardless of whether SDS micelles were added to the running buffers or not. The MEKC and/or CZE assays were then used to quantitate the C3 and DF1 nanoparticles in spiked human serum samples. The quantitation of the nanoparticles was linear from 0-500 microg/mL with detection limits ranging from 0.5 to 6 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- King C Chan
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick Inc, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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14
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Han HJ, Sebby KB, Singel DJ, Cloninger MJ. EPR Characterization of Heterogeneously Functionalized Dendrimers. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070383m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Karl B. Sebby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - David J. Singel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Mary J. Cloninger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Bioinspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, 108 Gaines Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717
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15
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Carter B, Desai A, Sharma A. Use of poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillaries for separation of amino-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:335-40. [PMID: 17191277 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of amino-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers by CE suffers from a lack of resolution for higher generations and poor between-day reproducibility of retention times. Under optimal conditions of temperature, voltage, and sample amount, 0-5 generations of dendrimers could be resolved with a bare fused-silica capillary. However, reproducibility was poor due to potential interactions of the polycationic dendrimers with the uncoated quartz capillary wall. Use of a poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary significantly decreased the migration times of the nanomolecules without compromising resolution. Dendrimer mixtures containing generations 0-5 are separated as discrete, nonoverlapping peaks in about 15 min. In addition, the between-day precision of retention times was dramatically improved without the need for internal standards or data normalization. Dendrimers of various generations and cores run on different days showed an RSD of retention times of less than 4%. The poly(vinyl alcohol) coating was very stable as shown by the excellent precision of migration times obtained on a capillary used for a month with more than 100 injections. Similar to PAGE, separation of polyamidoamine dendrimers on a bare fused-silica and poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated capillary showed an exponential relationship between migration times and calculated charge density of the nanomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 , USA
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16
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Carl Englert B. Nanomaterials and the environment: uses, methods and measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1154-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b705988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Sedláková P, Svobodová J, Miksík I, Tomás H. Separation of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer generations by dynamic coating capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:135-9. [PMID: 16569517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The separation of compounds possessing amino groups (peptides, proteins, polyamino compounds) by capillary zone electrophoresis suffers from the interaction (sticking) of these solutes with the capillary wall. This sticking can result in the absence or incomplete separation of compounds or even in their retention in the capillary. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are a class of spherical polymers with primary amino groups at the surface. These compounds can be separated reasonably well at acidic pH but not at neutral pH. A new method based on the dynamic coating of the capillary was developed for the separation of these compounds at pH 7.4. The method comprises separation in a fused-silica capillary (57 cm total length, 50 cm to the detector, ID 75 microm) and a background electrolyte consisting of a Tris-phosphate buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 7.4) and 0.05% (w/v) polyethyleneimine. This system is suitable for the separation of 7 generations of dendrimers (generations 0-6). The dynamic coating agent (polyethyleneimine) also improves the separation at acid pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sedláková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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18
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Vetterlein K, Büche K, Hildebrand M, Scriba GKE, Lehmann J. Capillary electrophoresis for the characterization of the complex dendrimeric contrast agent Gadomer. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2400-12. [PMID: 16786491 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A CE method for the characterization of the complex dendrimeric contrast agent Gadomer has been developed and validated. The method was capable of separating the target substance Gadomer 24 from related dendrimers containing amino or carboxyl functions and from impurities of lower molecular weight. The compounds were separated in a fused-silica capillary. The optimized BGE consisted of 15 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.3, containing 0.5 mM hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The assay was validated with regard to linearity, specificity, accuracy, LOD and LOQ as well as robustness according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization. The method allows the determination of the purity and stability of the drug substance Gadomer as well as its injectable formulation. On the basis of the present study, a strategy for the quality assurance and quality control of the complex dendrimeric drug candidate Gadomer may be devised. The method may therefore serve as a key component in a set of analytical methodologies designed to assure and control the reproducible quality and safety of this innovative product. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work reporting a validated method for the characterization, impurity profiling, and stability testing of a dendrimeric agent designed for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Vetterlein
- Schering AG, Global Pharmaceutical Development, Analytical Development, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Shi X, Bányai I, Rodriguez K, Islam MT, Lesniak W, Balogh P, Balogh LP, Baker JR. Electrophoretic mobility and molecular distribution studies of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of defined charges. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1758-67. [PMID: 16586414 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Generation 5 ethylenediamine (EDA)-cored poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers (E5, E denotes the EDA core and 5 the generation number) with different degrees of acetylation and carboxylation were synthesized and used as a model system to investigate the effect of charge and the influence of dendrimer surface modifications on electrophoretic mobility (EM) and molecular distribution. The surface-modified dendrimers were characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS, PAGE, and CE. The focus of our study was to determine how EM changes as a function of particle charge and molecular mass, and how the molecular distribution changes due to surface modifications. We demonstrate that partially modified dendrimers have much broader migration peaks than those of fully surface functionalized or unmodified E5 dendrimers due to variations in the substitution of individual dendrimer surfaces. EM decreased nonlinearly with increases in surface acetylation for both PAMAM acetamides and PAMAM succinamic acids, indicating a complex migration activity in CE separations that is not solely due to charge/mass ratio changes. These studies provide new insights into dendrimer properties under an electric field, as well as into the characterization of dendrimer-based materials being developed for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Shi X, Majoros IJ, Patri AK, Bi X, Islam MT, Desai A, Ganser TR, Baker JR. Molecular heterogeneity analysis of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based mono- and multifunctional nanodevices by capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2006; 131:374-81. [PMID: 16496045 DOI: 10.1039/b515624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-based nanodevices are of recent interest in targeted cancer therapy. Characterization of mono- and multifunctional PAMAM-based nanodevices remains a great challenge because of their molecular complexity. In this work, various mono- and multifunctional nanodevices based on PAMAM G5 (generation 5) dendrimer were characterized by UV-Vis spectrometry, (1)H NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE was extensively utilized to measure the molecular heterogeneity of these PAMAM-based nanodevices. G5-FA (FA denotes folic acid) conjugates (synthesized from amine-terminated G5.NH(2) dendrimer, approach 1) with acetamide and amine termini exhibit bimodal or multi-modal distributions. In contrast, G5-FA and bifunctional G5-FA-MTX (MTX denotes methotrexate) conjugates with hydroxyl termini display a single modal distribution. Multifunctional G5.Ac(n)-FI-FA, G5.Ac(n)-FA-OH-MTX, and G5.Ac(n)-FI-FA-OH-MTX (Ac denotes acetamide; FI denotes fluorescein) nanodevices (synthesized from partially acetylated G5 dendrimer, approach 2) exhibit a monodisperse distribution. It indicates that the molecular distribution of PAMAM conjugates largely depends on the homogeneity of starting materials, the synthetic approaches, and the final functionalization steps. Hydroxylation functionalization of dendrimers masks the dispersity of the final PAMAM nanodevices in both synthetic approaches. The applied CE analysis of mono- and multifunctional PAMAM-based nanodevices provides a powerful tool to evaluate the molecular heterogeneity of complex dendrimer conjugate nanodevices for targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Shi X, Bi X, Ganser TR, Hong S, Myc LA, Desai A, Holl MMB, Baker JR. HPLC analysis of functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and the interaction between a folate-dendrimer conjugate and folate binding protein. Analyst 2006; 131:842-8. [PMID: 16802031 DOI: 10.1039/b602546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of different generations with carboxyl, acetyl, and hydroxyl terminal groups and a folic acid (FA)-dendrimer conjugate were separated and analyzed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of both the individual PAMAM derivatives and the separation of mixed generations can be achieved using a linear gradient 0-50% acetonitrile (ACN) (balance water) within 40 min. We also show that PAMAMs with defined acetylation and carboxylation degrees can be analyzed using HPLC. Furthermore, a generation 5 dendrimer-FA conjugate (G5.75Ac-FA4; Ac denotes acetyl) was analyzed and its specific binding with a bovine folic acid binding protein (FBP) was monitored. The HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results indicate the formation of three complexes after the binding of G5.75Ac-FA4 with FBP. Dendrimers with FA moieties show much higher specific binding capability with FBP than those without FA moieties. Findings from this study indicate that HPLC is an effective technique not only for characterization and separation of functionalized PAMAM dendrimers and conjugates but also for investigation of the interaction between dendrimers and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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22
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Sharma A, Desai A, Ali R, Tomalia D. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation and detection of polyamidoamine dendrimers possessing various cores and terminal groups. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1081:238-44. [PMID: 16038215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Detection and separation of polyamidoamine dendrimers possessing various cores and surface groups was studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although many dyes and staining techniques were able to detect dendrimers on polyacrylamide gels, Coomassie Blue was found to be the most sensitive and convenient. Amine and hydroxyl terminated dendrimers were best separated under acidic conditions, while dendrimers with carboxyl surfaces required alkaline buffers. Some dendrimers were very susceptible to diffusion that could occur during their separation, staining or destaining steps. In the absence of an appropriate fixation step, dendrimers could be resolved by using small pore size gels and low voltage or current. Increasing core lengths did not significantly affect migration of a given dendrimer generation but exhibited improved separation and staining characteristics. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to be a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable procedure to characterize many different water-soluble dendritic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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23
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Shi X, Bányai I, Lesniak WG, Islam MT, Országh I, Balogh P, Baker JR, Balogh LP. Capillary electrophoresis of polycationic poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2949-59. [PMID: 15995982 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Generation 2 to generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers having different terminal functionalities were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also used to assess the composition of the individual generations for comparison with the CE results. Separation of PAMAMs can be accomplished by either using uncoated silica or silanized silica capillaries, although reproducibility is poor using the uncoated silica capillary. To improve run-to-run reproducibility, silanized capillary was used and various internal standards were also tested. Relative and normalized migration times of primary amine terminated PAMAM dendrimers were then determined using 2,3-diaminopyridine (2,3-DAP) as an internal standard. Using silanized capillaries and internal standards, the relative and normalized migration times are fully reproducible and comparable between runs. Apparent dimensionless electrophoretic mobilities were determined and the results were compared to theoretical calculations. It is concluded that for PAMAMs a complex separation mechanism has to be considered in CE, where the movement of the ions is due to the electric field, but the separation is rather the consequence of the adsorption/desorption equilibria on the capillary wall ("electrokinetic capillary chromatography"). The described method may be used for quality control and may serve as an effective technique to analyze polycationic PAMAM dendrimers and their derivatives with different surface modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Center for Biologic Nanotechnology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
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24
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Shi X, Patri AK, Lesniak W, Islam MT, Zhang C, Baker JR, Balogh LP. Analysis of poly(amidoamine)-succinamic acid dendrimers by slab-gel electrophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2960-7. [PMID: 16007703 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethylenediamine (EDA)-core poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) succinamic acid dendrimers (Ex.SAH, where x refers to the generation) were synthesized and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), potentiometric acid-base titration, and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Various generations (E1.SAH-E7.SAH) PAMAMs and a succinamic acid terminated core-shell tecto(dendrimer) (E5(E3.SAH)(n)) were first analyzed by PAGE. PAGE results show that the relative mobilities of generation 2 to generation 7 dendrimers decreased with the increasing number of generations. The molecular mass of a generation 5 core generation 3 shell tecto(dendrimer) (denoted as E5(E3.SAH)(n)) was determined to be between the Mw of E6.SAH and E7.SAH. CZE analysis allowed the evaluation of electrophoretic properties of given-generation dendrimers. The electrophoretic mobilities of individual generations PAMAM polyanions are similar, indicating that the separation mainly depends on their approximately identical charge/mass ratio. The E5(E3.SAH)(n) tectodendrimer had a lower electrophoretic mobility, which was consistent with its lower charge/mass ratio. The combination of PAGE and CZE analysis provides an alternative and effective way to characterize this group of PAMAM-succinamic acid dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Center for Biologic Nanotechnology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
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Shi X, Majoros IJ, Baker JR. Capillary Electrophoresis of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers: From Simple Derivatives to Complex Multifunctional Medical Nanodevices. Mol Pharm 2005; 2:278-94. [PMID: 16053331 DOI: 10.1021/mp0500216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-based nanodevices provide novel nanoplatforms for targeting, imaging, and treatment of cancers in vitro and in vivo. Generational, skeletal, and substitutional dispersities are always present in dendrimer-based medical nanodevices. Molecular distribution plays a central role for one to evaluate the quality of PAMAM materials for medical applications. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been extensively used as a characterization technique to analyze a range of PAMAM dendrimers, from simple PAMAM derivatives to complex multifunctional PAMAM nanodevices. This review reports the recent advances in the analysis and characterization of a variety of PAMAM dendrimer-based nanoparticles ranging from polycationic and polyanionic PAMAM derivatives to PAMAMs of different generations and defined substitutions, and to complex multifunctional PAMAM nanodevices containing targeting ligands, dyes, and drugs. Understanding the structural complexity of dendrimer nanodevices is crucial for their use as multifunctional imaging, targeting, and cancer therapeutic devices, as well as for their use in biosensing, diagnostics, and control of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Center for Biologic Nanotechnology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Cottet H, Simó C, Vayaboury W, Cifuentes A. Nonaqueous and aqueous capillary electrophoresis of synthetic polymers. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1068:59-73. [PMID: 15844543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to analyze synthetic polymers is reviewed including works published till February 2004. The revised works have been classified depending on the CE mode (e.g., free solution capillary electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, etc.) and type of buffer (i.e., nonaqueous, aqueous and hydro-organic background electrolytes) employed to separate synthetic macromolecules. Advantages and drawbacks of these different separation procedures for polymer analysis are discussed. Also, physicochemical studies of complex polymer systems by CE are reviewed, including drug release studies, synthetic polyampholytes, dendrimers, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and associative copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Cottet
- Organisation Moléculaire, Evolution et Matériaux Fluorés, UMR CNRS 5073, Université de Montpellier 2, Case Courrier 017, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Islam MT, Shi X, Balogh L, Baker JR. HPLC Separation of Different Generations of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers Modified with Various Terminal Groups. Anal Chem 2005; 77:2063-70. [PMID: 15801739 DOI: 10.1021/ac048383x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers of different generations with various terminal groups were analyzed, for the first time, using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) techniques. Separation of amine-terminated dendrimers from generation 1 through generation 9 (G1NH(2)-G9NH(2)) was achieved using reversed-phase HPLC with elution time increasing gradually as the density of terminal amine groups increases as a function of generation. Furthermore, separation of dendrimers with terminal amino, acetamide, hydroxyl, and carboxylate groups was obtained. It has also been shown that HPLC can be used to separate dendrimers based on some structural defects inherent during the syntheses of PAMAM dendrimers. MALDI-TOF mass spectra of G1NH(2) identify the major imperfections present during typical synthesis processes. The absolute molar masses (M(n)) and molar mass distributions of the dendrimers were measured using the SEC system equipped with multiangle laser light scattering and refractive-index detectors. Findings from this study suggest HPLC can be a vital tool for characterization and preparative separation of PAMAM dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Islam
- Center for Biologic Nanotechnology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Bu J, Li R, Quah CW, Carpenter KJ. Propagation of PAMAM Dendrons on Silica Gel: A Study on the Reaction Kinetics. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma040055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bu
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), No. 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833
| | - Ruijiang Li
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), No. 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833
| | - Chee Wee Quah
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), No. 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833
| | - Keith J. Carpenter
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), No. 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833
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Chow HF, Mong TKK, Chan YH, Cheng CH. A new class of protein mimics: preparation and electrophoretic properties of polycationic β-alanine-based dendrimers. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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