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Sumner SCJ, Snyder RW, Wingard C, Mortensen NP, Holland NA, Shannahan JH, Dhungana S, Pathmasiri W, Han L, Lewin AH, Fennell TR. Distribution and biomarkers of carbon-14-labeled fullerene C60 ([(14) C(U)]C60 ) in female rats and mice for up to 30 days after intravenous exposure. J Appl Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 25727383 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3110.distribution] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive distribution study was conducted in female rats and mice exposed to a suspension of uniformly carbon-14-labeled C60 ([(14) C(U)]C60 ). Rodents were administered [(14) C(U)]C60 (~0.9 mg kg(-1) body weight) or 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone-saline vehicle alone via a single tail vein injection. Tissues were collected at 1 h and 1, 7, 14 and 30 days after administration. A separate group of rodents received five daily injections of suspensions of either [(14) C(U)]C60 or vehicle with tissue collection 14 days post exposure. Radioactivity was detected in over 20 tissues at all time points. The highest concentration of radioactivity in rodents at each time point was in liver, lungs and spleen. Elimination of [(14) C(U)]C60 was < 2% in urine and feces at any 24 h time points. [(14) C(U)]C60 and [(14) C(U)]C60 -retinol were detected in liver of rats and together accounted for ~99% and ~56% of the total recovered at 1 and 30 days postexposure, respectively. The blood radioactivity at 1 h after [(14) C(U)]C60 exposure was fourfold higher in rats than in mice; blood radioactivity was still in circulation at 30 days post [(14) C(U)]C60 exposure in both species (<1%). Levels of oxidative stress markers increased by 5 days after exposure and remained elevated, while levels of inflammation markers initially increased and then returned to control values. The level of cardiovascular marker von Willebrand factor, increased in rats, but remained at control levels in mice. This study demonstrates that [(14) C(U)]C60 is retained in female rodents with little elimination by 30 days after i.v. exposure, and leads to systemic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C J Sumner
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Ninell P Mortensen
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan H Shannahan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Suraj Dhungana
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Li Han
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anita H Lewin
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery - Science - Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Abstract
Sensitive and fast analytical techniques are needed to determine the concentration of nanoparticles in biological samples (e.g., blood and tissues) for biodistribution and toxicity studies. This chapter describes a method for the use of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for the quantitation of fullerene nanoparticles in human serum matrix. Data on the fullerene-based nanoparticle carboxyfullerene (C3 fullerene) in human serum is presented as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- King C Chan
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Abstract
The growing usage of nanomaterials is causing emerging concern regarding their environmental behavior in aquatic environments. A major need is the capability to detect and quantify nanomaterials in complex water matrices. Carbon60 fullerene is of special interest because of the widespread application of nanocarbon technology. The present study focuses on how to separate and concentrate fullerenes from water containing salts and organic matter and then quantify their concentrations using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The stable aqueous C60 aggregates (nC60) prepared in the present study were approximately 60 to 70 nm in diameter and had an ultraviolet (UV) extinction coefficient of 0.0263 L/mg-cm at 347 nm, which equated to a UV detection limit of 0.4 mg/L based upon an absorbance of 0.01 cm(-1). Ultraviolet analysis is not applicable to use in waters containing salts or organics (e.g., tap water) because of their interferences and potential to aggregate nC60. The LS/MS analysis detected C60 as single fullerene rather than aggregates. Three techniques were developed to separate and concentrate nC60 from ultrapure and tap water into toluene to facilitate LC/MS determination: Evaporation of sample to dryness; extraction using 20% NaCl into toluene; and solid-phase extraction. The first two methods had limitations for use in complex water matrices, but aqueous nC60 concentration as low as 300 ng/L in water were quantified using solid-phase extraction (SPE) separation method. This is the first publication on the application of extraction methods for nC60 from ultrapure and tap waters and determination of detection limits by LC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Abstract
With the increasing interest in using nanoparticles as vehicles for drug delivery and image contrast agents, there is a need to develop assays for their detection and quantitation in complex matrices to facilitate monitoring their biodistribution. In this study, we developed a CE approach for the analysis of two nanoparticles: carboxyfullerene (C3) and dendrofullerene (DF1) in both standard solutions and a serum matrix. These highly soluble, charged C(60) derivatives were characterized by CZE using either a bare or dynamically coated fused-silica capillaries. The resolution of both nanoparticles was slightly lower with the coated capillary; however, their migration times were faster. While separation of the DF1 nanoparticles using MEKC resulted in a greater number of observable peaks, the peak profile of C3 was basically unchanged regardless of whether SDS micelles were added to the running buffers or not. The MEKC and/or CZE assays were then used to quantitate the C3 and DF1 nanoparticles in spiked human serum samples. The quantitation of the nanoparticles was linear from 0-500 microg/mL with detection limits ranging from 0.5 to 6 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- King C Chan
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick Inc, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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