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Park JS, Yang SC, Jeong HY, Lee SY, Ryu JG, Choi JW, Kang HY, Kim SM, Hwang SH, Cho ML, Park SH. EC-18 prevents autoimmune arthritis by suppressing inflammatory cytokines and osteoclastogenesis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:254. [PMID: 36397156 PMCID: PMC9670482 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EC-18, a synthetic monoacetyldiaglyceride, exhibits protective effects against lung inflammation, allergic asthma, and abdominal sepsis. However, there have been no investigations to determine whether EC-18 has preventive potential in autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods To investigate the efficacy of EC-18 on the development of RA, EC-18 was administered in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) murine model and disease severity and the level of inflammatory cytokines in the joint were investigated. The effect of EC-18 on the inflammation-related factors was investigated by flow cytometry, ELISA, western blot, and real-time PCR in splenocytes from mice and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy and patients with RA. The effect of EC-18 on osteoclastogenesis was investigated. Results EC-18 effectively reduced the clinical and histological severity of arthritis, similar to Janus kinase inhibitors include tofacitinib and baricitinib, in CIA. Furthermore, EC-18 exhibited a synergistic effect with methotrexate in preventing CIA. Treatment with EC-18 effectively reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines in immune cells and osteoclast differentiation in mice and patients with RA. Conclusion These results suggest that EC-18 may be an effective strategy for RA.
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Palyzová A, Řezanka T. Separation and identification of diacylglycerols containing branched chain fatty acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461708. [PMID: 33223151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A combination of two chromatographic and two enzymatic methods was used for the analysis of molecular species of lipids from Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Kocuria. Gram-positive bacteria contain a majority of branched fatty acids (FAs), especially iso- and/or anteiso-FAs. Two strains K. rhizophila were cultivated at three different temperatures (20, 28, and 37°C) and the majority phospholipid, i.e., the mixture of molecular species of phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) was separated by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). After enzymatic hydrolysis of PGs by phospholipase C and derivatization of the free OH group, the sn-1,2-diacyl-3-acetyl triacylglycerols (AcTAGs) were separated by reversed phase HPLC. Molecular species such as i-15:0/i-15:0/2:0, ai-15:0/ai-15:0/2:0, and 15:0/15:0/2:0 (straight chains) were identified by liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The tandem mass spectra of both standards and natural compounds containing iso, anteiso and straight chain FAs with the same carbons were identical. Therefore, for identification of the ratio of two regioisomers, i.e. i-15:0/ai-15:0/2:0 vs. ai-15:0/i-15:0/2:0, they were cleavage by pancreatic lipase. The mixture of free fatty acids (FFAs) and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) was obtained. After their separation by TLC and esterification and/or transesterification, the fatty acid methyl esters were quantified by GC-MS and thus the ratio of regioisomers was determined. It has been shown that the ratio of PG (containing as majority i-15: 0 / i-15: 0, i-15: 0 / ai-15: 0 and / or ai-15: 0 / i-15: 0 and ai-15: 0 / ai-15: 0 molecular species) significantly affected the membrane flow of bacterial cells cultured at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Macridachis-González J, Bayés-García L, Calvet T. An Insight into the Solid-State Miscibility of Triacylglycerol Crystals. Molecules 2020; 25:E4562. [PMID: 33036267 PMCID: PMC7583920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization properties of triacylglycerols (TAGs) strongly determine the functional properties of natural lipids. The polymorphic and mixing phase behavior of TAG molecules have long been, and still are, a hot topic of research with special relevance for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industry. To avoid the difficulties arising from the study of whole real fats, studies at the molecular level on mixtures of a limited number of TAGs has become an indispensable tool to identify the underlying causes of the physical properties in lipid systems. In particular, phase diagrams of binary mixtures of TAGs exhibiting a different degree of heterogeneity (monoacid or mixed fatty acids; molecular symmetry; the presence of cis or trans double bonds) have resulted in a significant breakthrough in our knowledge about structure-interaction-function relationships. The present work aims to provide an overview of the main reports regarding binary and ternary TAG systems, from the early studies to the most recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Macridachis-González
- Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geología Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (T.C.)
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4
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Liu Z, Li C, Pryce J, Rochfort S. Comprehensive Characterization of Bovine Milk Lipids: Triglycerides. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12573-12582. [PMID: 32548441 PMCID: PMC7271359 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey on triglycerides (TAGs) of bovine milk was conducted by a combination of exhaustive liquid chromatography (LC) separation, high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) detection, and automated lipid molecular feature extraction. A total of 220 groups (a series of species having the same chemical formula and mass) and 3454 molecular species of TAGs were identified based on the accurate mass of the parent ion as well as MS2 information. Sixty-five different fatty acids (FAs) were found across these TAG species; C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 were the most frequent FAs, whereas C11:3, C11:4, C27:0, C27:1, C28:0, and C28:1 were rare FAs in TAG molecules. The number of species identified represents only a small portion of total TAG molecules that can be theoretically synthesized from 65 FAs. Each TAG group contains on average 15-16 isomeric species (species with different FA composition), but positional isomers do not seem to be widespread. As the isomeric species cannot be completely resolved chromatographically, quantification of TAG was conducted at the group level. The most abundant TAG groups in bovine milk include TAG 34:0, TAG 36:0, TAG 38:1, TAG 38:0, and TAG 40:1. This study provides the most comprehensive milk TAG inventory so far that can be used as a reference for studying milk lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Agriculture
Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Agriculture
Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School
of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jennie Pryce
- Agriculture
Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School
of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture
Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School
of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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5
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Szabóová Ž, Blaško J, Galbavá P, Nižnanský L, Górová R, Filipiak W, Musil K, Čabala R, Gabrišová L, Peciar M, Kubinec R. Analysis of triglycerides in butter, plant oils, and adulterated butter with LPGC-MS. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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de la Fuente M, Juarez M. Revisión: Aplicación de las técnicas cromatográficas al estudio de triglicéridos y esteroles de la grasa de leche / Review: Application of chromatographic techniques to the study of triglycerides and sterols of milk fat. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108201329900500201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The latest developments in analytical techniques, mainly chromatographic, for the study of triglycer ides (TG) and sterols in milk fat are revised. Gas chromatography (GC) with packed or short capillary columns has been used to separate TG according to their carbon numbers (CN) and can be applied to the detection of foreign fats in milk fat. Combined or hyphenated chromatographic techniques are indispensable in order to identify and quantify individual molecular species of TG: thin layer chro matography (TLC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Ag+ as prefraction stage, followed by supercritical fluid chromatography, GC with long capillary column, and HPLC with reverse phase and mass spectrometry as detector. These techniques, along with non-specific and/or specific hydrolysis procedures, have allowed a better knowledge of the positional distribution of the fatty acids within the molecules of TG. Concerning the study of the esterol fraction, the supression of the stages of fat extraction—separation of the insaponifiable and derivatization—previous to the analy sis by GC represents a considerable advance that should be in part attributed to the improvement of the chromatographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. de la Fuente
- Departamento de Productos Lácteos. Instituto del frío (CSIC). Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid España
| | - M. Juarez
- Departamento de Productos Lácteos. Instituto del frío (CSIC). Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid España
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Hwang HJ, Sohn KY, Han YH, Chong S, Yoon SY, Kim YJ, Jeong J, Kim SH, Kim JW. Effect of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol on Immune Functions in Healthy Adults in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Immune Netw 2015; 15:150-60. [PMID: 26140047 PMCID: PMC4486778 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) accelerates hematopoiesis and has an improving effect on animal disease models such as sepsis and asthma. The effects of PLAG supplementation on immune modulation were assessed in healthy men and women. The objective was to evaluate the effects of PLAG supplementation on immune regulatory functions such as activities of immune cells and cytokine production. A randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Seventy-five participants were assigned to one of two groups; all participants had an appropriate number of white blood cells on the testing day. The PLAG group (n=27) received oral PLAG supplements and the control group (n=22) received oral soybean oil supplements. IL-4 and IL-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were lower (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) with PLAG than with soybean oil. However, the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ by PBMC was unaltered with PLAG supplementation. The B cell proliferation decreased significantly in the PLAG group compared to the soybean oil control (p<0.05). The intake of PLAG in healthy adults for 4 weeks was deemed safe. These data suggest that PLAG has an immunomodulatory function that inhibits the excessive immune activity of immunological disorders such as atopic and autoimmune diseases. PLAG could improve the condition of these diseases safely as a health food supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon 404-834, Korea
| | | | | | - Saeho Chong
- ENZYCHEM Lifesciences, Daejeon 305-732, Korea
| | | | - Young-Jun Kim
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Jinseoun Jeong
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Kim
- Institute for Geriatric Medicine, Yonsei Woori Geriatric Hospital, Goyang 412-802, Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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8
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Yoon SY, Kang HB, Ko YE, Shin SH, Kim YJ, Sohn KY, Han YH, Chong S, Kim JW. 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (EC-18) Modulates Th2 Immunity through Attenuation of IL-4 Expression. Immune Netw 2015; 15:100-9. [PMID: 25922599 PMCID: PMC4411508 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling balance between T-helper type 1 (Th1) and T-helper type 2 (Th2) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the biological rhythm of Th1/Th2 and circumventing diseases caused by Th1/Th2 imbalance. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a Th2-type cytokine and often associated with hypersensitivity-related diseases such as atopic dermatitis and allergies when overexpressed. In this study, we have tried to elucidate the function of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (EC-18) as an essential modulator of Th1/Th2 balance. EC-18 has showed an inhibitory effect on the production of IL-4 in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis has proved EC-18 affect the transcription of IL-4. By analyzing the phosphorylation status of Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), which is a transcriptional activator of IL-4 expression, we discovered that EC-18 induced the decrease of STAT6 activity in several stimulated cell lines, which was also showed in STAT6 reporter analysis. Co-treatment of EC-18 significantly weakened atopy-like phenotypes in mice treated with an allergen. Collectively, our results suggest that EC-18 is a potent Th2 modulating factor by regulating the transcription of IL-4 via STAT6 modulation, and could be developed for immune-modulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ho Bum Kang
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Ko
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Shin
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. ; Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-721, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | | | | | - Saeho Chong
- ENZYCHEM Lifesciences, Daejeon 305-732, Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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Sander M, Becker S, Thiery J, Ceglarek U. Simultaneous Identification and Quantification of Triacyglycerol Species in Human Plasma by Flow-Injection Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Kalo PJ, Kemppinen A. Regiospecific analysis of TAGs using chromatography, MS, and chromatography-MS. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Murphy RC, Leiker TJ, Barkley RM. Glycerolipid and cholesterol ester analyses in biological samples by mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:776-83. [PMID: 21757029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lipids are a diverse family of hydrophobic biomolecules that have important roles in cellular biochemistry of all living species but have in common the property of charge neutrality. A large component of neutral lipids is the glycerolipids composed of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and monoacylglycerols that can serve as cellular energy stores as well as signaling molecules. Another abundant lipid class in many cells is the cholesterol esters that are on one hand sterols and the other fatty acyl lipids, but in either case are neutral lipids involved in cholesterol homeostasis and transport in the blood. The analysis of these molecules in the context of lipidomics remains challenging because of their charge neutrality and the complex mixtures of molecular species present in cells. Various techniques have been used to ionize these neutral lipids prior to mass spectrometric analysis including electron ionization, atmospheric chemical ionization, electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization. Various approaches to deal with the complex mixture of molecular species have been developed including shotgun lipidomics and chromatographic-based separations such as gas chromatography, reversed phase liquid chromatography, and normal phase liquid chromatography. Several applications of these approaches are discussed. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
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12
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Fuchs B, Süss R, Teuber K, Eibisch M, Schiller J. Lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography--a review of the current state. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:2754-74. [PMID: 21167493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a widely used, fast and relatively inexpensive method of separating complex mixtures. It is particularly useful for smaller, apolar compounds and offers some advantages over HPLC. This review gives an overview about the special features as well as the problems that have to be considered upon the HPTLC analysis of lipids. The term "lipids" is used here in a broad sense and comprises fatty acids and their derivatives as well as substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds. After a short introduction regarding the stationary phases and the methods how lipids can be visualized on an HPTLC plate, the individual lipid classes will be discussed and the most suitable solvent systems for their separation indicated. The focus will be on lipids that are most abundant in biological systems, i.e. cholesterol and its derivates, glycerides, sphingo- and glycolipids as well as phospholipids. Finally, a nowadays very important topic, the combination between HPTLC and mass spectrometric (MS) detection methods will be discussed. It will be shown that this is a very powerful method to investigate the identities of the HPTLC spots in more detail than by the use of common staining methods. Future aspects of HPTLC in the lipid field will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Nie H, Liu R, Yang Y, Bai Y, Guan Y, Qian D, Wang T, Liu H. Lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers by online normal- and reversed-phase 2D LC QToF-MS. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2833-44. [PMID: 20526000 PMCID: PMC2918466 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d007567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An online, two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QToF-MS) method was developed for lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers, in which the lipid classes and species could be simultaneously separated in one injection with a significantly increased sensitivity. Different lipid classes were separated on a normal-phase column in the first dimension and lipid molecular species were separated on a reversed-phase column in the second dimension, so that the ion suppression effects were reduced while the detection sensitivity was improved. Identified were 721 endogenous lipid species from 12 lipid classes, in which 415 structures were confirmed using tandem mass spectra, and the other 306 lipid molecular species were identified by accurate masses. The linearity, limit of detection, and repeatability were all satisfactory. The method was applied to the investigation of the lipid changes in rat peritoneal surface layer after peritoneal dialysis, and 32 potential lipid biomarkers were identified, as their concentrations in the dosed group were 2.2-12.5 times of those in the control group. The results revealed that this 2D LC-MS system was a promising tool for lipid profiling of complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumental and Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Daqing Qian
- Department of Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Enteral administration of a synthetic monoacetyldiglyceride improves survival in a murine model of abdominal sepsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 68:62-8. [PMID: 20065759 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181c3fede] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A monoacetyldiglyceride (MADG) markedly improves survival in a murine model of abdominal sepsis. MADGs have been shown to stimulate hematopoiesis in vitro. We examined effects of MADG administration in setting of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and hypothesized that oral (p.o.) administration of MADG would result in alterations of cytokine and chemokine expression after CLP. METHODS Four groups of 20 mice: sham group underwent celiotomy but not CLP; control group underwent CLP and administration of phosphate buffer solution; simultaneous treatment group had administration of 50 mg/kg MADG p.o. Immediately, before CLP and at 24, 48, and 72-hour post-CLP, posttreatment group had initial administration of MADG at 1-hour post-CLP, and at 24, 48, and 72-hour postoperative. We followed survival to 10-day postoperative. Serum and tissue levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Serum levels of chemokines stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) and stem cell factor (SCF) were measured to ascertain if effects of MADG involve stimulation of bone marrow stromal and stem cells. Polymerase chain reaction was used to measure SDF and SCF mRNA expression in liver and lung. RESULTS Administration of MADG (p.o.) significantly improved survival in mice after CLP with associated systemic alterations of a variety of cytokines. Increased levels of mRNA coding for SCF and SDF in lung and liver were found after CLP. CONCLUSIONS Administration of MADG (p.o.) after CLP results in marked improvement in survival. Cytokine level changes demonstrate associated immunomodulatory effects. These effects may be mediated by bone marrow stromal and stem cell activation, evidenced by increases in SDF and SCF. Further study of behavior of bone marrow-derived stem cells in setting of sepsis is warranted. MADG may hold promise for use in treatment of sepsis.
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15
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Determination of Triacylglycerols in Butterfat by Normal-Phase HPLC and Electrospray–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2008; 44:169-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Blasi F, Montesano D, De Angelis M, Maurizi A, Ventura F, Cossignani L, Simonetti M, Damiani P. Results of stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol fraction from donkey, cow, ewe, goat and buffalo milk. J Food Compost Anal 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Craven RJ, Lencki RW. Rapid analysis of acylglycerols in low molecular weight milk fat fractions. Lipids 2007; 42:473-82. [PMID: 17404768 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A suitable analytical method was required to facilitate development of an industrial-scale short-path distillation (SPD) process. Short-path distillation produces milk fat distillates (MFD) enriched in low molecular weight milk fat components-viz. free fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, cholesterol and low molecular weight triacylglycerols. In this case, solid-phase extraction (SPE) was considered a better alternative than thin-layer chromatography for separating polar and apolar lipid components in MFD samples due to its speed and near-complete recoveries. Solid-phase extraction of MFDs yielded two fractions, both of which are sufficiently pure for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography. This procedure provided rapid and complete chemical characterization (including mass balances) of low-molecular weight milk-fat fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Craven
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Krank J, Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Duchoslav E, McAnoy A. Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Assessment of Changes in Neutral Glycerol Lipid Molecular Species Within Cells. Methods Enzymol 2007; 432:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)32001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The concept of colonic health has become a major target for the development of functional foods such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. These bioactive agents have a profound effect on the composition of the microflora, as well as on the physiology of the colon, and display distinct health benefits. Dietary carbohydrates escaping digestion/absorption in the small bowel and prebiotics undergo fermentation in the colon and give rise to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). As the main anions of the colon and the major source of energy for colonocytes, SCFA are rapidly absorbed by nonionic diffusion mostly but also by active transport mediated by a sodium-coupled transporter, thereby fostering the absorption of sodium and water. SCFA in general and butyrate in particular enhance the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and play a central role on the physiology and metabolism of the colon. The effect of prebiotics on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, mucin production, immune function, mineral absorption, lipid metabolism, and gastrointestinal (GI) peptides has been well documented experimentally. These effects seem to be largely mediated by SCFA, but evidence from human studies remains inconsistent. The food industry is making a leap of faith in their efforts to commercialize prebiotics and exploit potential health benefits. The future lies with the design of studies to further explore basic mechanisms, and gene expression in particular, but emphasis should be placed on human intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude C Roy
- Ste Justine Hospital, 3175 Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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20
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Kemppinen A, Kalo P. Quantification of triacylglycerols in butterfat by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry using molar correction factors for [M-RCOO]+ ions. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:260-83. [PMID: 16996071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative electron impact GC-MS method using molar correction factors (MCFs) for [M-RCOO]+ ions has been developed for determination of molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAGs). MCFs were determined by linear calibration for 226 ions of 104 TAG species with good reproducibility: on the average, coefficient of determination was 0.975 +/- 0.043 and 0.963 +/- 0.115 for saturated and unsaturated TAGs, respectively. The MCFs of the sn-1(3) regioisomers of short-chain TAGs were lower than those of sn-2 isomers indicating ca. 2-3-fold higher cleavage of butyroyl and caproyl groups from the primary positions than from the secondary position. The method enabled quantification of 139 and 135 individual TAG species of butterfat (BF) and interesterified butterfat, respectively, including several regioisomers of short-chain TAGs. The most abundant molecular species of the even-numbered TAGs in BF were butyroylpalmitoyloleoylglycerol (5.05 mol%), butyroyldipalmitoylglycerol (4.75 mol%), and palmitoyldioleoylglycerol (3.32 mol%). The method provides an alternative for elucidation of nutritional and technological properties of relatively saturated TAG mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmo Kemppinen
- Department of Food Technology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Guy PA, Fenaille F. Contribution of mass spectrometry to assess quality of milk-based products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:290-326. [PMID: 16369930 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The vast knowledge of milk chemistry has been extensively used by the dairy manufacturing industry to develop and optimize the modern technology required to produce high-quality milk products to which we are accustomed. A thorough understanding of the chemistry of milk and its numerous components is essential for designing processing equipment and conditions needed for the manufacture and distribution of high-quality dairy products. Knowledge and application of milk chemistry is also indispensable for fractionating milk into its principal components for use as functional and nutritional ingredients by the food industry. For all these reasons, powerful analytical methods are required. Because of the complexity of the milk matrix, mass spectrometry, coupled or not to separation techniques, constitutes a key tool in this area. In the present manuscript, we review the contribution and potentialities of mass spectrometry-based techniques to assess quality of milk-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Guy
- Department of Quality and Safety Assurance, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Fontecha J, Goudjil H, Ríos J, Fraga M, Juárez M. Identity of the major triacylglycerols in ovine milk fat. Int Dairy J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Kalo P, Kemppinen A, Ollilainen V, Kuksis A. Regiospecific determination of short-chain triacylglycerols in butterfat by normal-phase HPLC with on-line electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Lipids 2005; 39:915-28. [PMID: 15669768 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study uses normal-phase HPLC with on-line positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to obtain quantitative compositional data on both synthetic and butterfat short-chain TAG. The product ion tandem MS of standards averaged 11.1 times lower in abundance of the ion formed by cleavage of FA from the sn-2-position for the pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes: L/L/S-L/S/L and L/S/S-S/L/S, where L denotes long and S short acyl chain (C2-C6). The molar correction factors, determined for 42 regioisomeric pairs of short-chain TAG of 20 randomized mixture of standards, differed by 1.4-80% as the ratios varied between 0.217 and 5.847. Butterfat TAG were resolved into four fractions on short flash chromatography grade silica gel columns. Pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes L/S/S-S/L/S with predominance of L/S/S isomers and the sole regioisomers in the TAG classes L/L(M)/S were identified by tandem MS, where M denotes either 8:0 or 10:0 acyl chain. The total proportion of L/L(M)/S isomers was estimated at 34.7 and that of L/S/S-S/L/S at 1.0 mol%, including a small proportion of S/S/S. In contrast to previous work, the present data indicate the presence of a small proportion of butyric and caproic acids in the sn-1-position. The overall distribution of the FA in the short-chain TAG of butterfat, calculated from direct MS measurements, was consistent with the results of indirect determinations based on stereospecific analyses of total butterfat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Yang HO, Kim SH, Cho SH, Kim MG, Seo JY, Park JS, Jhon GJ, Han SY. Purification and structural determination of hematopoietic stem cell-stimulating monoacetyldiglycerides from Cervus nippon (deer antler). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 52:874-8. [PMID: 15256714 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of monoacetyldiglycerides was newly isolated from the chloroform extract of antlers of Cervus nippon, guided by the hematopoietic stimulation of stem cells. The structures of monoacetyldiglycerides were determined by various spectroscopic methods: FAB MS, CID tandem MS, and 1D and 2D NMR. A mixture of at least nine inseparable sn-3-monoacetyldiglycerides was identified: 1 [C(39)H(72)O(6) (C16 : 0/C18 : 1)], 2 [C(39)H(72)O(6) (C18 : 1/C16 : 0)], 3 [C(39)H(70)O(6) (C16 : 0/C18 : 2)], 4 [C(39)H(70)O(6) (C18 : 2/C16 : 0)], 5 [C(41)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 0/C18 : 2), 6 [C(41)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 2/C18 : 0)], 7 [C(41)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 1/C18 : 1)], 8 [C(43)H(74)O(6) (C18 : 0/C20 : 4)], and 9 [C(43)H(74)O(6) (C20 : 4/C18 : 0)]. Among these nine monoacetyldiglycerides in deer antlers, compound 3 was one of the major compounds and was efficiently synthesized from glycerol. Spectral data of synthetic monoacetyldiglyceride 3 were compared with the corresponding data for the mixture of natural monoacetyldiglycerides. The mixture of natural monoacetyldiglycerides from deer antlers showed potent activity on the hematopoiesis (stimulation index=1.40+/-0.05, p<0.02 at 1 microg/ml), and synthetic monoacetyldiglyceride 3 showed even better activity (stimulation index=1.54+/-0.12, p<0.001, at 1 microg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ok Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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26
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Abstract
Normally, reduced-fat Cheddar cheese is made by removal of fat from milk prior to cheese making. Typical aged flavor may not develop when 50% reduced-fat Cheddar cheese is produced by this approach. Moreover, the texture of the reduced-fat cheeses produced by the current method may often be hard and rubbery. Previous researchers have demonstrated that aged Cheddar cheese flavor intensity resides in the water-soluble fraction. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of fat removal after the aging of Cheddar cheese. We hypothesized the typical aged cheese flavor would remain with the cheese following fat removal. A physical process for the removal of fat from full-fat aged Cheddar cheese was developed. The efficiency of fat removal at various temperatures, gravitational forces, and for various durations of applied forces was determined. Temperature had the greatest effect on the removal of fat. Gravitational force and the duration of applied force were less important at higher temperatures. A positive linear relationship between temperature and fat removal was observed from 20 to 33 degrees C. Conditions of 30 degrees C and 23,500 x g for 5 min removed 50% of the fat. The removed fat had some aroma but little or no taste. The fatty acid composition, triglyceride molecular weight distribution, and melting profile of the fat retained in the reduced-fat cheeses were all consistent with a slight increase in the proportion of saturated fat relative to the full-fat cheeses. The process of fat removal decreased the grams of saturated fat per serving of cheese from 6.30 to 3.11 g. The flavor intensity of the reduced-fat cheeses were at least as intense as the full-fat cheeses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Nelson
- Northeast Dairy Foods Research Center, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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28
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Kurvinen JP, Mu H, Kallio H, Xu X, Høy CE. Regioisomers of octanoic acid-containing structured triacylglycerols analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry using ammonia negative ion chemical ionization. Lipids 2001; 36:1377-82. [PMID: 11834091 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry based on ammonia negative ion chemical ionization and sample introduction via direct exposure probe was applied to analysis of regioisomeric structures of octanoic acid containing structured triacylglycerols (TAG) of type MML, MLM, MLL, and LML (M, medium-chain fatty acid; L, long-chain fatty acid). Collision-induced dissociation of deprotonated parent TAG with argon was used to produce daughter ion spectra with appropriate fragmentation patterns for structure determination. Fatty acids constituting the TAG molecule were identified according to [RCO2]- ions in the daughter ion spectra. With the standard curve for ratios of [M-H-RCO2H-100]- ions corresponding to each [RCO2]- ion, determined with known mixtures of sn-1/3 and sn-2 regioisomers of structured TAG, it was possible to determine the proportions of different regioisomers in unknown samples. The method enabled quantification of MML- and MLM-type structured TAG. In the case of MLL- and LML-type TAG, it was possible to determine the most abundant regioisomer in the unknown mixture and estimate the proportions of regioisomers when there were more than 50% MLL-type isomers in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kurvinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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29
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Mottram HR, Evershed RP. Elucidation of the composition of bovine milk fat triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 926:239-53. [PMID: 11556330 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine milk fat triacylglycerols (TAGs) have been characterised using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS) and high-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The complex nature of the fat meant that prefractionation was necessary to provide simpler fractions for more detailed molecular analyses. Silica thin-layer chromatography gave rise to two fractions, one of which contained predominantly butyric acid containing TAGs. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) gave rise to 16 fractions, which were subsequently analysed using HPLC-APCI-MS. Twelve of the GPC fractions were also analysed by high-temperature GC-MS using a capillary column coated with a polarisable stationary phase. TAGs present in the fractions were correlated with those in the chromatogram of the whole milk fat through retention time comparison and the use of mass chromatograms. In total, 120 TAGs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Mottram
- School of Chemistry. University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, UK
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30
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Lesellier E, Bleton J, Tchapla A. Use of relationships between retention behaviors and chemical structures in subcritical fluid chromatography with CO2/modifier mixtures for the identification of triglycerides. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2573-80. [PMID: 10857637 DOI: 10.1021/ac991312r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Satisfactory separations of vegetable oil triglycerides (TG) differing in fatty acid composition are obtained by subcritical fluid chromatography (SubFC) with octadecyl packed columns and CO2/modifier mobile phases. However, the identification of TG can be sometimes difficult due to the small retention differences between the compounds. A method of TG identification in SubFC was achieved, which does not require calculation of retention pattern but uses the differences in retention behavior related to TG structure and to the nature of the subcritical mobile phases. These retention differences were produced by the variation of either outlet pressure or modifier percentage or of temperature. Whatever the column aging, this method allows the determination of the triglyceride total chain length and double bond number. Among numerous structures, these two criteria restrict the structural hypothesis at worst to three or four possibilities and sometimes only to one. The validity of this relative identification method was confirmed by electronic impact mass spectrometry of triglyceride fractions collected from the analysis of a peanut oil. The analysis of concentrated fractions is favored by the spontaneous elimination after the pressure regulator of carbon dioxide, the main fluid of the subcritical mobile phase.
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31
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Fontecha J, Rı́os J, Lozada L, Fraga M, Juárez M. Composition of goat's milk fat triglycerides analysed by silver ion adsorption-TLC and GC–MS. Int Dairy J 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(00)00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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33
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Han SY, Cho SH, Kim SY, Seo JT, Moon SJ, Jhon GJ. Monoacetyldiglycerides as new Ca2+ mobilizing agents in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:59-64. [PMID: 9990457 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several monoacetyldiglycerides were synthesized from glycerol in search for new Ca2+ mobilizing agent in vitro. All monoacetyldiglycerides except linolenoyl and phenlycyclopropylcarbonyl derivatives showed activity toward Ca2+ release in pancreatic acinar cells. Linoleoyl and docosahexaenoyl derivatives were chosen for further test and exhibited unique activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Han
- Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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34
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Robinson NP, MacGibbon AKH. Separation of milk fat triacylglycerols by argentation thin-layer chromatography. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. P. Robinson
- ; New Zealand Dairy Research Institute, Palmerston North; New Zealand
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35
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Analysis ofsn-1(3)- andsn-2-short-chain acyl isomers of triacylglycerols in butteroil by gas-liquid chromatography. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Laakso P, Manninen P. Identification of milk fat triacylglycerols by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids 1997; 32:1285-95. [PMID: 9438239 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of milk fat triacylglycerols was accomplished by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry [(APCI)MS]. Supercritical carbon dioxide was the carrier fluid in SFC. Ionization was achieved by introducing vapor of ammonia in methanol into the ionization chamber which resulted in the formation of abundant [M + 18]+ and [M - RCCO]+ ions of triaclyglycerols. These ions defined both the molecular weight and the fatty acid constituents of a triacylglycerol, respectively. SFC on a nonpolar stationary phase provided an efficient separation of triacylglycerols according to the combined number of carbon atoms in the acyl chains a molecule. In addition to the identification of the major chromatographic peaks representing molecules with 26-54 acyl carbons, minor peaks representing triacylglycerols with an odd number of acyl carbons were separated and identified. Furthermore, compositional information on partially separated isobaric triacylglycerols, which differed substantially in the chain length of the fatty acyl residues, was achieved within some of the peaks. A new finding of the present study was the formation of abundant [M + 18]+ ions of saturated triacylglycerols in addition to diagnostic fragment ions,being of primary importance in structure elucidation. This extends the applicability of capillary SFC-(APCI)MS in the analysis of both saturated and unsaturated triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laakso
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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37
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Aichholz R, Spitzer V, Lorbeer E. Analysis of cyanolipids and triacylglycerols from sapindaceae seed oils with high-temperature gas chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Ulberth F, Gabernig R. Quantitative aspects of triglyceride analysis by gas–liquid chromatography using a short metal capillary column. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Laakso P, Manninen P, Mäkinen J, Kallio H. Postparturition changes in the triacylglycerols of cow colostrum. Lipids 1996; 31:937-43. [PMID: 8882972 DOI: 10.1007/bf02522686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of colostrum fat of three cows were studied. In addition to the determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, the distribution of TAG according to the acyl carbon number (ACN) and molecular weight was analyzed utilizing both supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and ammonia negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS). Colostrum TG contained substantially less stearic and oleic acids and more myristic and palmitic acids than the normal Finnish milk fat. The major trends in the changes of fatty acids and TAG were similar for each cow, although clear differences between individuals were found. During the first week of parturition, the proportions of short-chain fatty acids (C4-C10) typically increased as well as those of stearic and oleic acids, whereas the relative amounts of C12-C16 acids decreased, especially those of myristic and palmitic acids. Distinct changes occurred also in TAG distributions: the proportions of molecules with ACN 38-40 increased and those with ACN 44-48 decreased. Although there were distinct differences between individuals shortly after delivery, both the fatty acid compositions and TAG distributions of the milk samples of the cows started to resemble each other after one week. The theoretical profiles of colostrum TAG calculated based on the fatty acid compositions differed clearly from the ACN distributions analyzed by SFC and MS. Thus, the analysis of TAG is essential, because the changes in molecular species composition of colostrum TAG cannot be estimated according to the fatty acid analysis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laakso
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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40
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Creamer LK, MacGibbon AK. Some recent advances in the basic chemistry of milk proteins and lipids. Int Dairy J 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0958-6946(96)85309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Laakso P. Analysis of triacylglycerols— approaching the molecular composition of natural mixtures. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129609541075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Evershed RP. High-resolution triacylglycerol mixture analysis using high-temperature gas chromatography / mass spectrometry with a polarizable stationary phase, negative ion chemical ionization, and mass-resolved chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1996; 7:350-361. [PMID: 24203361 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(95)00701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/1995] [Revised: 10/12/1995] [Accepted: 11/09/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HT-GC/MS) has been employed to study the behavior of mixtures of triacylglycerol molecular species on a polarizable stationary phase (immobilized 65% phenyl methyl silicone). The use of negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) at an ion source block temperature of 300 °C overcomes problems with interpretation of electron ionization (EI) mass spectra produced during the HT-GC/MS. The NICI spectra of triacylglycerols produced under these conditions contain abundant [RCO2](-), [RCO2 - 18](-), and [RCO2 - 19](-) ions, believed to be produced by nucleophilic gas-phase ammonolysis, that are used to identify the individual fatty acid moieties associated with peaks in triacylglycerol total ion chromatograms. The polarizable stationary phase produces significantly enhanced resolution of triacylglycerol molecular species compared to hightemperature stable apolar stationary phases, such as immobilized dimethyl polysiloxanes. The resolution of complex natural mixtures of triacylglycerols can be further improved by use of the Biller-Biemann enhancement technique to produce mass-resolved chromatograms. Investigation of the mass-resolved chromatograms provides important information with regard to the factors that affect elution orders of individual triacylglycerol molecular species. The analysis of mixtures of authentic triacylglycerols by HT-GC/MS via NICI provides data that relate to the analytical limits of the technique for the analysis of triacylglycerols that bear both saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Evershed
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK
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43
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Lozada L, de la Fuente MA, Fontecha J, Juárez M. Considerations of the quantitative aspect of the determination of milkfat triglycerides with split PTV and on-column injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240181211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Myher JJ, Kuksis A. General strategies in chromatographic analysis of lipids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:3-33. [PMID: 8520698 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00178-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extracts of natural sources contain a large number of lipid classes and molecular species. Completely reproducible samples are obtained only with great care and skill. Analytical methods other than chromatography and/or mass spectrometry are of little use for resolution and identification of lipid molecules even in simple mixtures. The analytical information desired governs the selection of the chromatographic and mass spectrometric method, which determine the sample preparation and derivative needed. Usually a combination of chromatographic methods is necessary to identify specific species of lipids. The recent development of soft ionization techniques, that are readily interfaced with mass spectrometers, have greatly simplified the sample preparation and have largely eliminated the need for derivatization. Because these techniques require expensive equipment and dedicated operators, the methods selected must be consistent with the true analytical needs and the available resources. Although personal preference cannot be eliminated entirely, the general strategies outlined below should help to reduce the number of possibilities facing a lipid analyst to a few practical choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Myher
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada
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45
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Dobson G, Christie WW, Nikolova-Damyanova B. Silver ion chromatography of lipids and fatty acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:197-222. [PMID: 8520692 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00157-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Silver ion chromatography as applied to the analysis of lipids is reviewed. Thin-layer, column, high-performance liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography in the silver ion mode are included. The lipid types covered are fatty acids, triacylglycerols and complex lipids. Separations are divided into those according to number, geometry and position of double bonds, as well as acyl positional isomers for triacylglycerols. The mechanism of silver ion chromatography is discussed in relation to recent studies using silver ion high-performance liquid chromatographic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dobson
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Myher JJ, Kuksis A, Tilden C, Oftedal OT. A cross-species comparison of neutral lipid composition of milk fat of prosimian primates. Lipids 1994; 29:411-9. [PMID: 8090062 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of milk fat is known to be affected by dietary and genetic differences, while the milk triacylglycerol structure is believed to be attuned to the needs of the subsequent lipolysis during gastrointestinal passage. The availability of milk samples from eight species of prosimian primates, whose milk triacylglycerol structure had not been analyzed, offered an opportunity to further assess these ideas. The milk samples were collected by manual expression and the lipids extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, vol/vol). The lipid classes were resolved by thin-layer chromatography, and the neutral lipids subjected to detailed analyses by capillary gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acids and molecular species of triacylglycerols using nonpolar and polarizable liquid phases. The milk samples were found to differ greatly in total fat content (4-73%) and in the composition of the neutral lipid classes and molecular species. The concentration of triacylglycerols ranged from 88-95%, free fatty acids from 0.5-10%, alkyldiacylglycerols from 0.5-5.0%, and diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and free and esterified cholesterol made up the remainder. The fatty acid chain length ranged from C8-C24, with palmitic (16-31%) and oleic (13-40%) acids being the major components in most of the species. In all instances, the molecular association of the fatty acids differed from random distribution by a higher proportion of the monoacid (trioleoyl) and diacid (dipalmitoyloleoyl) glycerols. The phylogenetic influences on neutral milk lipid composition, however, remained unclear, as some of the differences between closely related species were greater than those between more distantly related ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Myher
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada
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Marai L, Kuksis A, Myher J. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the uncommon triacylglycerol structures generated by randomization of butteroil. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Myher JJ, Kuksis A, Marai L. Identification of the less common isologous short-chain triacylglycerols in the most volatile 2.5% molecular distillate of butter oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02564224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Myher
- ; BBDMR; University of Toronto; 112 College St. Toronto M5G 1L6 Canada
| | - A. Kuksis
- ; BBDMR; University of Toronto; 112 College St. Toronto M5G 1L6 Canada
| | - L. Marai
- ; BBDMR; University of Toronto; 112 College St. Toronto M5G 1L6 Canada
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Itabashi Y, Myher JJ, Kuksis A. Determination of positional distribution of short-chain fatty acids in bovine milk fat on chiral columns. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02564223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itabashi
- ; BBDMR; University of Toronto; 112 College St. Toronto M5G 1L6 Canada
- ; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries; Hokkaido University; Hakodate, Hokkaido Japan
| | - John J. Myher
- ; BBDMR; University of Toronto; 112 College St. Toronto M5G 1L6 Canada
| | - Arnis Kuksis
- ; BBDMR; University of Toronto; 112 College St. Toronto M5G 1L6 Canada
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Kalo P, Kemppinen A. Mass spectrometric identification of triacylglycerols of enzymatically modified butterfat separated on a polarizable phenylmethylsilicone column. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02564227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paavo Kalo
- ; Dept. of Applied Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 27 FIN-00014 Finland
| | - Asmo Kemppinen
- ; Department of Food Technology; University of Helsinki; FIN-00014 Finland
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