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Li LS, Gao YL, Sun JL, Chen L, Li J. Preparation of thioglycerol-modified silica through thiol-epoxy click reaction and its application in HILIC for detection of oligosaccharide in beverages. Food Chem 2022; 402:134486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
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2
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Si T, Song X, Wang L, Guo Y, Liang X, Wang S. Preparation and evaluation of hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide coated silica composite as high performance liquid chromatographic stationary phase. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Cai T, Zhang H, Chen J, Li Z, Qiu H. Polyethyleneimine-functionalized carbon dots and their precursor co-immobilized on silica for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Durner B, Ehmann T, Matysik FM. High-resolution polymer high performance liquid chromatography: Application of a saw tooth gradient for the separation of various polymers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1587:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Simultaneous optimization of mobile phase composition and pH using retention modeling and experimental design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:336-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Yan B, Bai X, Sheng Y, Li F. Statistical Model Based HPLC Analytical Method Adjustment Strategy to Adapt to Different Sets of Analytes in Complicated Samples. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:424-432. [PMID: 28523827 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On account of the complicated compositions of the products like traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and functional foods, it is a common practice to determine different sets of analytes in the same product for different purposes. OBJECTIVE To efficiently develop the corresponding HPLC methods, a statistical model based analytical method adjustment (SMB-AMA) strategy was proposed. METHODS In this strategy, the HPLC data acquired with design of experiments methodology were efficiently utilised to build the retention models for all the analytes and interferences shown in the chromatograms with multivariate statistical modelling methods. According to the set of analytes under research, Monte-Carlo simulations were conducted based on these retention models to estimate the probability of achieving adequate separations between all the analytes and their interferences. Then the analytical parameters were mathematically optimised to the point giving a high value of this probability to compose a robust HPLC method. Radix Angelica Sinensis (RAS) and its TCM formula with Folium Epimedii (FE) were taken as the complicated samples for case studies. RESULTS The retention models for the compounds in RAS and FE were built independently with correlation coefficients all above 0.9799. The analytical parameters were tactfully adjusted to adapt to six cases of different sets of analytes and different sample matrices. In the validation experiments using the adjusted analytical parameters, satisfactory separations were acquired. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the SMB-AMA strategy was able to develop HPLC methods rationally and rapidly in the adaption of different sets of analytes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjun Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, 310053, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, 310053, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, 310053, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fanzhu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, 310053, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Kormány R, Molnár I, Fekete J. Renewal of an old European Pharmacopoeia method for Terazosin using modeling with mass spectrometric peak tracking. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 135:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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De Pauw R, Pursch M, Desmet G. Using the column wall itself as resistive heater for fast temperature gradients in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1420:129-34. [PMID: 26476853 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new system is proposed for applying fast temperature gradients in liquid chromatography. It consists of a 0.7 mm × 150 mm fused-silica column coated with a 50 μm Nickel-layer, which is connecting with a power source and a temperature control system to perform fast and reproducible temperature gradients using the column wall itself as a resistive heater. Applying a current of 4A and passive cooling results in a maximal heating and cooling rate of, respectively, 71 and -21 °C/min. Multi-segment temperature gradients were superimposed on mobile phase gradients to enhance the selectivity for three sets of mixtures (pharmaceutical compounds, a highly complex mixture and an insecticide sample). This resulted in a higher peak count or better selectivities for the various mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben De Pauw
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS-IR), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Stade Produktions GmbH, Analytical Technology Center, 21677 Stade, Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS-IR), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Tyteca E, Park SH, Shellie RA, Haddad PR, Desmet G. Computer-assisted multi-segment gradient optimization in ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Tyteca E, Guillarme D, Desmet G. Use of individual retention modeling for gradient optimization in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: separation of nucleobases and nucleosides. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1368:125-31. [PMID: 25441348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the separation of twelve nucleobases and nucleosides was optimized via chromatogram simulation (i.e., prediction of individual retention times and estimation of the peak widths) with the use of an empirical (reversed-phase) non-linear model proposed by Neue and Kuss. Retention time prediction errors of less than 2% were observed for all compounds on different stationary phases. As a single HILIC column could not resolve all peaks, the modeling was extended to coupled-column systems (with different stationary phase chemistries) to increase the separation efficiency and selectivity. The analytical expressions for the gradient retention factor on a coupled column system were derived and accurate retention time predictions were obtained (<2% prediction errors in general). The optimized gradient (predicted by the optimization software) included coupling of an amide and an pentahydroxy functionalized silica stationary phases with a gradient profile from 95 to 85%ACN in 6 min and resulted in almost baseline separation of the twelve nucleobases and nucleosides in less than 7 min. The final separation was obtained in less than 4h of instrument time (including equilibration times) and was fully obtained via computer-based optimization. As such, this study provides an example of a case where individual retention modeling can be used as a way to optimize the gradient conditions in the HILIC mode using a non-linear model such as the Neue and Kuss model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tyteca
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 20, Boulevard d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Tyteca E, Périat A, Rudaz S, Desmet G, Guillarme D. Retention modeling and method development in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Qiao L, Li H, Shan Y, Wang S, Shi X, Lu X, Xu G. Study of surface-bonded dicationic ionic liquids as stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Lin CH, Chen CY, Chang SW, Wu JC, Liu YC, Lin CE. Separation and Retention Behavior of Aromatic Carboxylic Acid Isomers by High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography Using β-Cyclodextrin Bonded Phase with Diamine-s-Triazine Moiety. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Cela R, Ordoñez E, Quintana J, Rodil R. Chemometric-assisted method development in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1287:2-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Qiao L, Dou A, Shi X, Li H, Shan Y, Lu X, Xu G. Development and evaluation of new imidazolium-based zwitterionic stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Greco G, Letzel T. Main Interactions and Influences of the Chromatographic Parameters in HILIC Separations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:684-93. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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18
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Ordoñez EY, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R. Computer assisted optimization of liquid chromatographic separations of small molecules using mixed-mode stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1238:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Beelders T, Sigge GO, Joubert E, de Beer D, de Villiers A. Kinetic optimisation of the reversed phase liquid chromatographic separation of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) phenolics on conventional high performance liquid chromatographic instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1219:128-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Blackler AR, Speers AE, Wu CC. Chromatographic benefits of elevated temperature for the proteomic analysis of membrane proteins. Proteomics 2009; 8:3956-64. [PMID: 18780350 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) perform crucial cellular functions and are the primary targets for most pharmaceutical agents. However, the hydrophobic nature of their membrane-embedded domains and their intimate association with lipids make them difficult to handle. Numerous proteomic platforms that include LC separations have been reported for the high-throughput profiling of complex protein samples. However, there are still many challenges to overcome for proteomic analyses of IMPs, especially as compared to their soluble counterparts. In particular, considerations for the technical challenges associated with chromatographic separations are just beginning to be investigated. Here, we review the benefits of using elevated temperatures during LC for the proteomic analysis of complex membrane protein samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele R Blackler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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21
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Gu B, Cortes H, Luong J, Pursch M, Eckerle P, Mustacich R. Low Thermal Mass Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1488-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802022z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binghe Gu
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Hernan Cortes
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Jim Luong
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Matthias Pursch
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Patric Eckerle
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Robert Mustacich
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
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22
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Prediction of retention times and peak shape parameters of unknown compounds in traditional Chinese medicine under gradient conditions by ultra performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Combined effect of solvent content, temperature and pH on the chromatographic behaviour of ionisable compounds. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1193:117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Bolanča
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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25
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Hartman R, Abrahim A, Clausen A, Mao B, Crocker LS, Ge Z. Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for the Impurity and Quantitative Analysis of Etoricoxib. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120023800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hartman
- a Analytical Research , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065‐0914 , USA
| | - Ahmed Abrahim
- a Analytical Research , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065‐0914 , USA
| | - Andrew Clausen
- a Analytical Research , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065‐0914 , USA
| | - Bing Mao
- a Analytical Research , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065‐0914 , USA
| | - Louis S. Crocker
- a Analytical Research , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065‐0914 , USA
| | - Zhihong Ge
- a Analytical Research , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065‐0914 , USA
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26
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Clausen A, Dowling T, Bicker G. DESCRIPTION OF THE RETENTION BEHAVIOR AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF THE CHANGE IN pKa WITH TEMPERATURE OF A DIASTEREOMERIC PAIR OF ISOLEUCINE DERIVATIVES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120003029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clausen
- a Merck Research Laboratories, Analytical Research , Merck & Co., Inc. , P. O. Box 2000, RY818-B208, Rahway, NJ, 07065, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Dowling
- a Merck Research Laboratories, Analytical Research , Merck & Co., Inc. , P. O. Box 2000, RY818-B208, Rahway, NJ, 07065, U.S.A
| | - Gary Bicker
- a Merck Research Laboratories, Analytical Research , Merck & Co., Inc. , P. O. Box 2000, RY818-B208, Rahway, NJ, 07065, U.S.A
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Lin CH, Chen CY, Chang SW, Wu JC, Lin CE. Use of β-cyclodextrin bonded phase with s-triazine moiety in the spacer for separation of aromatic carboxylic acid isomers by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 576:84-90. [PMID: 17723618 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The separation and retention behavior of five aromatic carboxylic acid isomers was investigated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a beta-cyclodextrin bonded phase with s-triazine ring in the spacer. The influence of mobile phase pH on the retention was examined. The presence of s-triazine moiety in the spacer enhances greatly the selectivity of the isomers of aromatic carboxylic acids. Baseline separations of the five aromatic carboxylic acid isomers were achieved. In particular, the isomers of toluic, aminobenzoic, nitrobenzoic and hydroxybenzoic acid were successfully and effectively separated. The chromatographic results indicate that, in addition to inclusion complexation, pi-pi interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction between the bonded phase and analytes play significant roles in the retention of these acid isomers. Different elution orders were observed for these acidic solutes with different substituents. Possible retention mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsing Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
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Heinisch S, Puy G, Barrioulet MP, Rocca JL. Effect of temperature on the retention of ionizable compounds in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: Application to method development. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1118:234-43. [PMID: 16643927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of pharmaceutical compounds is often a difficult challenge which requires mathematical tools to improve the quality of the separation method. This work is an attempt to rationalize the anomalous variation of the logarithm of the retention factor with temperature in case of ionizable compounds. The effect of temperature on ionizable compounds was studied within a large range of temperature, ranging from 30 to 130 degrees C. The determination of the so-called chromatographic pKa and the study of its variation with temperature allow to explain why the forms of the van't Hoff curves are so different depending on the type of solute, the type of buffer and the type of the mobile phase. A retention model along with a computation procedure is proposed to optimize both temperature and mobile phase composition and to provide good and robust conditions as shown by illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Heinisch
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS UMR 5180), Université Claude Bernard, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Krisko RM, McLaughlin K, Koenigbauer MJ, Lunte CE. Application of a column selection system and DryLab software for high-performance liquid chromatography method development. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1122:186-93. [PMID: 16712861 PMCID: PMC2519830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a strategy for the development of chromatographic methods for drug candidates based upon the use of simple MS compatible mobile phases and optimization of the chromatographic selectivity through variations of the stationary phase and mobile phase pH. The strategy employs an automated column selection system and a series of HPLC columns, varying in hydrophobicity and silanol activity, in combination with DryLab software to develop chromatographic methods for the separation of mixtures of bupivacaine and its metabolites; acidic, basic, and neutral compounds; and atenolol, nitrendipine, and their degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Krisko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Mallott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kieran McLaughlin
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE 19805, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 302 886 7369. E-mail address: (K. McLaughlin)
| | - Michael J. Koenigbauer
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE 19805, USA
| | - Craig E. Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Mallott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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31
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Shan Y, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Tian Y. Retention modeling and simultaneous optimization of pH value and gradient steepness in RP-HPLC using feed-forward neural networks. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Molnar I. Computerized design of separation strategies by reversed-phase liquid chromatography: development of DryLab software. J Chromatogr A 2002; 965:175-94. [PMID: 12236524 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of DryLab software is a special achievement in analytical HPLC which took place in the last 16 years. This paper tries to collect some of the historical mile stones and concepts. DryLab, being always subject to change according to the needs of the user, never stopped being developed. Under the influence of an ever changing science market, the DryLab development team had to consider not just scientific improvements, but also new technological achievements, such as the introduction of Windows 1.0 and 3.1, and later Windows NT and 2000. The recent availability of new 32-bit programming tools allowed calculations of chromatograms to be completed more quickly so as to show peak movements which result for example from slight changes in eluent pH. DryLab is a great success of interdisciplinary and intercontinental cooperation by many scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Molnar
- Institut fuer Angewandte Chromatographie, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Column temperature plays two important roles in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC): control of retention (k) and control of selectivity (a). While changes in retention as a function of temperature are ubiquitous, selectivity changes for any given solute pair are more pronounced for ionized samples and samples with more polar substituents. With many samples, column temperature can be selected in a manner that optimizes resolution. The selectivity effects observed for temperature changes in RP-HPLC generally are complementary to those observed for mobile phase strength changes, so it is often possible to improve resolution by simultaneous optimization of temperature and mobile phase percent organic or gradient steepness. Computer simulation is a powerful tool for such optimization experiments. This paper reviews the influence of temperature on chromatographic selectivity for RP-HPLC.
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34
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Dolan JW, Snyder LR, Jupille TH, Wilson NS. Variability of column selectivity for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography compensation by adjustment of separation conditions. J Chromatogr A 2002; 960:51-67. [PMID: 12150563 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase columns are widely used in assays based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When such assays are repeated over time, it is often necessary to replace the column. In such cases, the selectivity of columns from different production batches may prove sufficiently variable to result in a failed separation. It is possible to compensate for differences in column selectivity by making small changes (adjustments) in separation conditions. The present paper describes an efficient procedure for choosing adjusted conditions and discusses its general applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dolan
- LC Resources Inc, Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA
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35
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Jupille TH, Dolan JW, Snyder LR, Molnar I. Two-dimensional optimization using different pairs of variables for the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of a mixture of acidic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2002; 948:35-41. [PMID: 12831180 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computer-facilitated method development has been extended for the simultaneous optimization of any two variables in separations by HPLC and other chromatographic procedures (gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, etc.). The application of this approach to HPLC method development is illustrated by the reversed-phase separation of a nine-component mixture of organic acids. Two of four variables (temperature, solvent strength (%B), pH and buffer concentration) were separately optimized in terms of selectivity, and the results are compared in terms of which variables and other conditions are most effective in providing maximum resolution for samples that contain ionizable compounds.
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36
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Wen D, Olesik SV. Chromatography of substituted benzoic acids with methanol-water-carbon dioxide mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2001; 931:41-52. [PMID: 11695520 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the proportion of CO2 concentration in methanol-water-CO2 mobile phases on the separation of several substituted benzoic acids was explored by studying the variation of retention with mobile phase pH in these mixtures. As the amount of CO2 in methanol-aqueous buffer-CO2 mixtures increased, a more basic buffer was needed to control the dissociation of these acids. Differences in terms of retention, separation efficiency and peak asymmetry were shown for substituted benzoic acids with methanol-water-CO2 and methanol-aqueous buffer-CO2 mixtures. Variations of these chromatographic parameters with mobile phase pH were related to the dissociation of these acids and their interaction with methanol-aqueous buffer-CO2 mobile phases and the stationary phase. The addition of a buffer into methanol-aqueous solution-CO2 was an effective means to optimize separations of acidic analytes with high fluidity liquid mobile phases. The substituted benzoic acids had baseline separation in the least amount of time using the high fluidity liquid mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wen
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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37
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LoBrutto R, Jones A, Kazakevich YV. Effect of counter-anion concentration on retention in high-performance liquid chromatography of protonated basic analytes. J Chromatogr A 2001; 913:189-96. [PMID: 11355812 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of acid and salt concentration in the mobile phase on the retention of basic analytes has been studied. An increase in the retention of fully protonated analytes with increasing the concentration of inorganic additives was found. The addition of salt, such as perchlorate, trifluoroacetate, and phosphate, leads to the increase of retention for fully protonated analytes while mobile phase pH remains constant. The observed effect was attributed to the interaction of protonated analytes with the counter-anion of acid or salt, which leads to the disruption of the analyte solvation shell and the increase of its hydrophobicity and corresponding increase of retention. A mathematical model for the description of the influence of counter-anion concentration on analyte retention is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R LoBrutto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079-2694, USA
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38
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Janos P, Skoda J. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of ionogenic compounds: comparison of retention models. J Chromatogr A 1999; 859:1-12. [PMID: 10563410 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two kinds of retention models describing a behaviour of ionogenic substances in reversed-phase chromatographic systems were compared. Model A utilises a concept of limiting retention factors and is especially suitable for the prediction of retention of compounds co-existing in several forms in mobile phase. An effect of the concentration of organic modifier (e.g., methanol) on the magnitudes of the limiting retention factors and equilibrium constants (dissociation constants of the separated substances) can be expressed with the aid of various, more or less sophisticated, relationships. A stoichiometric displacement model (model B) in its original form simply relates the analyte retention to the content of organic modifier in the mobile phase. In this work, it was modified to also express an effect of the mobile phase pH introducing side equilibria (acid-base) into the model. Both models predict a sigmoidal dependence of the analyte retention factor on the mobile phase pH in accordance with experimental data, and allow, among others, to estimate dissociation constants from those data. Experimental dependencies between the analyte retention and the concentration of methanol in the mobile phase comply well with model A, whereas the stoichiometric displacement model could be used only in a limited range of the methanol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Janos
- Research Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ustí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
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39
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Kaiser M. HPLC optimization of the separation of explosives and propellant components with an octadecyl phase by computer simulation. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.19970220605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Study of different criteria for the selection of a rugged optimum in high performance liquid chromatography optimisation. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Zhu PL, Snyder LR, Dolan JW, Djordjevic NM, Hill DW, Sander LC, Waeghe TJ. Combined use of temperature and solvent strength in reversed-phase gradient elution. I. Predicting separation as a function of temperature and gradient conditions. J Chromatogr A 1996; 756:21-39. [PMID: 9008855 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that computer simulation based on two initial experiments can predict separation in reversed-phase gradient elution as a function of gradient conditions (gradient steepness, gradient range and gradient shape) and column conditions (column length, flow-rate and particle size). The present study extends this capability for changes in temperature. Four initial experiments (two different gradient times, two different temperatures) provide input data that allow predictions of separation as a function of temperature as well as gradient and column conditions. A semi-empirical relationship, tR = a + bT, is able to relate gradient retention time tR to column temperature T (other conditions constant). The accuracy of this approach has been evaluated for 102 solutes and a variety of experimental conditions, including the use of five different HPLC instruments (four different models).
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Zhu
- LC Resources Inc., Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA
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42
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Zhu P, Dolan J, Snyder L, Hill D, Van Heukelem L, Waeghe T. Combined use of temperature and solvent strength in reversed-phase gradient elution III. Selectivity for ionizable samples as a function of sample type and pH. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Combined use of temperature and solvent strength in reversed-phase gradient elution II. Comparing selectivity for different samples and systems. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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47
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Hirayama N, Maruo M, Kuwamoto T. Determination of dissociation constants of aromatic carboxylic acids by ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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The S index in the retention equation in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85343-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Liu G, Djordjevic N, Erni F. Reversed- and normal-phase separations by high-temperature open-tubular column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85043-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Lewis JA, Dolan JW, Snyder LR, Molnar I. Computer simulation for the prediction of separation as a function of pH for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Resolution as a function of simultaneous change in pH and solvent strength. J Chromatogr A 1992; 592:197-208. [PMID: 1583095 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation by the simultaneous variation of pH and solvent strength (%B) was studied for acidic (substituted benzoic acids) and basic samples (substituted anilines). The combination of these two variables was expected to be more useful than either variable alone. This proved to be the case for the benzoic acid sample, but not for the aniline sample. Column plate numbers were also studied for each sample and as a function of pH. With the exception of one compound (3,5-dimethylaniline) in one particular pH range (3.0-4.5), plate numbers of 12,000-20,000 were observed for each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lewis
- LC Resources Inc., Walnut Creek, CA 94596
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