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Novotny MV. Development of capillary liquid chromatography: A personal perspective. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:3-16. [PMID: 28701267 PMCID: PMC5675780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a historical account on the development of capillary LC from its beginning to the present day. The first investigations into the viability of capillary LC date back to the late 1970s, a decade after the pioneering efforts in HPLC. The drastically reduced column dimensions were required to counter the slow solute diffusion in liquids. There were numerous instrumental difficulties with sample introduction and detection in the picoliter or even femtoliter volumes. High-efficiency separations were needed in the analysis of complex biological mixtures. Miniaturization brought distinct advantages in spectroscopic and electrochemical detection. Since the 1980s, column technologies underwent significant changes: (a) from glass-drawn microcapillaries to slurry-packed, small-diameter fused silica columns; and (b) in microcapillaries packed alternatively with sub-2-μm particles or monoliths. The viability of LC-MS combination has dramatically promoted the use of small-diameter capillaries. Through "omics technologies", capillary LC/tandem MS accounts for most applications in proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9780471980582.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2-(5-Benzoacridine)ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate as sensitive reagent for the determination of bile acids by HPLC with fluorescence detection and online atmospheric chemical ionization-mass spectrometric identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2657-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Novotny MV, Soini HA, Mechref Y. Biochemical individuality reflected in chromatographic, electrophoretic and mass-spectrometric profiles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 866:26-47. [PMID: 18551752 PMCID: PMC2603028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current trends in molecular profiling for the emerging systems biology applications. Historically, the methodological developments in separation science were coincident with the availability of new ionization techniques in mass spectrometry. Coupling miniaturized separation techniques with technologically-advanced MS instrumentation and the modern data processing capabilities are at the heart of current platforms for proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics. These are being featured here by the examples from quantitative proteomics, glycan mapping and metabolomic profiling of physiological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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You J, Shi Y, Zhao X, Zhang H, Suo Y, Yulin L, Wang H, Sun J. Enhancement of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for the determination of free and glycine-conjugated bile acids in human serum. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2837-46. [PMID: 17305246 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and accurate method based on the precolumn derivatization of bile acids (BA) with a high ionization efficiency labeling reagent 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl-benzenesulfonate (BDEBS) coupled with LC/MS has been developed. After derivatization, BA molecules introduced a weak basic nitrogen atom into the molecular core structure that was readily ionized in commonly used acidic HPLC mobile phases. Derivatives were sufficiently stable to be efficiently analyzed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS/MS in positive-ion mode. The MS/MS spectra of BA derivatives showed an intense protonated molecular ion at m/z [M + H]+. The collision-induced dissociation of the molecular ion produced fragment ions at [MH-H2O]+, [MH-2H2O]+, [MH-3H2O]+. The characteristic fragment ions were at m/z 320.8, 262.8, and 243.7 corresponding to a cleavage of N-CO, O-CO, and C-OCO, respectively, and bonds of derivatized molecules. The selected reaction monitoring, based on the m/z [M+H]+ --> [MH-H2O]+, [MH-2H2O]+, [MH-3H2O]+, 320.8, 262.8, and 243.7 transitions, was highly specific for the BA derivatives. The LODs for APCI in a positive-ion mode, at an S/N of 5, were 44.36-153.6 fmol. The validation results showed high accuracy in the range of 93-107% and the mean interday precision for all standards was <15% at broad linear dynamic ranges (0.0244-25 nmol/mL). Good linear responses were observed with coefficients of > 0.9935 in APCI/MS detection. Therefore, the facile BDEBS derivatization coupled with mass spectrometric analysis allowed the development of a highly sensitive and specific method for the quantitation of trace levels of the free and glycine-conjugated BA from human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmao You
- College of Chemistry Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu Shandong, PR China.
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You J, Shi Y, Ming Y, Yu Z, Yi Y, Liu J. Development of a Sensitive Reagent, 1,2-Benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate, for Determination of Bile Acids in Serum by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection, and Identification by Mass Spectrometry with an APCI Source. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Que AH, Konse T, Baker AG, Novotny MV. Analysis of bile acids and their conjugates by capillary electrochromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2703-10. [PMID: 10905296 DOI: 10.1021/ac991059v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different macroporous, monolithic capillary columns were prepared to separate various bile acid mixtures through capillary electrochromatography (CEC) at high efficiency. These columns are shown to be ideally suitable for coupling to an electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectrometer. Detection and structural identification of different bile acid derivatives in either the positive- or negative-ion mode necessitated column technologies with different polarities and the capabilities of a reversed electroosmotic flow. High column efficiencies (610,000 theoretical plates/meter for glycocholic acid in normal-phase separation) were preserved in the coupling to mass spectrometry (MS), with the detection limits of approximately 40 femtomole (for cholic acid) and identification through CEC/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Que
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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Garguilo MG, Thomas DH, Anex DS, Rakestraw DJ. Laser-induced dispersed fluorescence detection of polycyclic aromatic compounds in soil extracts separated by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 883:231-48. [PMID: 10910217 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrogen containing aromatic compounds (NCACs) are characterized in soil extracts and laboratory standards by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with laser-induced dispersed fluorescence (LIDF) detection using a liquid-nitrogen cooled charge-coupled device detector. The LIDF detection technique provides information on compound identity and, when coupled with the high separation efficiencies of the CEC technique, proves useful in the analysis of complex mixtures. Differences in fluorescence spectra also provide a means of identifying co-eluting compounds by using deconvolution algorithms. Detection limits range from 0.5 to 96x10(-10) M for selected PAHs and 0.9-3.7x10(-10) M for selected NCACs. Soil extracts are also injected onto the CEC column to evaluate chromatographic method performance with respect to complex samples and the ability to withstand exposure to environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Garguilo
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
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Abstract
An overview of the most recent developments in microcolumn liquid chromatography (LC) is presented. A short theoretical discussion on chromatographic dilution and extracolumn bandbroadening is given and also the recent progress and advances in column technology and instrumentation are reviewed. However, the emphasis of this review is on miniaturized sample clean-up, sample introduction techniques and on both established and more recent detection techniques for microcolumn LC. The hyphenation of miniaturized LC columns with other techniques, specifically on multidimensional chromatography and the coupling of microcolumn LC to mass spectrometry is discussed in detail. Both the on-line and automated off-line interfacing to other separation and detection techniques will also be addressed. Finally, a number of typical microcolumn LC applications are presented in order to demonstrate the potential of microcolumn LC methods in a variety of scientific areas.
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Siméon N, Chatelut E, Canal P, Nertz M, Couderc F. Anthracycline analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Application to the analysis of daunorubicine in Kaposi sarcoma tumor. J Chromatogr A 1999; 853:449-54. [PMID: 10486752 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is now a well-known sensitive and selective detection mode for capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. It has been shown to be 100- to 100,000-times more sensitive than UV detection and little work has been done using LIF in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The need for greater resolution and higher sensitivity for the analysis of anthracyclines (fluorescent chemotherapic drugs), prompted us to compare CE-LIF and HPLC-LIF, for the detection of these substances. CE-LIF sensitivity based on quantity of anthracycline injected is 50-times greater than that obtained with HPLC-LIF, because of the injected sample volume. Analysis of daunorubicin in Kaposy sarcoma tumors and in plasma are presented. The decrease of the concentration of daunorubicin in the tumor and in the plasma following time show the same behavior, indicating identical concentrations of the anthracycline in both samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Siméon
- Picometrics, Parc Technologique du Canal, Ramonville-Toulouse, France
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12
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An argon-ion laser fluorometer optimal for concentration detection of 5-bromomethyl fluorescein derivatized carboxylic acids. Mikrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01244962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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Laser-induced fluorescence detection of native-fluorescent analytes in column liquid chromatography, a critical evaluation. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00053-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Krull IS, Deyl Z, Lingeman H. General strategies and selection of derivatization reactions for liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 659:1-17. [PMID: 7820271 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The general strategies, reasons and the different possibilities for the derivatization of biomedically important compounds are reviewed. Different approaches apply for small versus large analyte molecules, different advantages and disadvantages are visualized with pre- and post-column arrangements. Particular interest is focused upon solid-phase derivatization reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Krull
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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Zhao JY, Waldron KC, Miller J, Zhang JZ, Harke H, Dovichi NJ. Attachment of a single fluorescent label to peptides for determination by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1992; 608:239-42. [PMID: 1430027 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)87129-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Complicated electropherograms are produced in the separation of fluorescently labeled peptides. Incomplete labeling of epsilon-amino groups on lysine residues results in the production of 2n-1 reaction products, where n is the number of alpha and epsilon amino groups in the peptide. A single label is attached to the peptide by first taking the peptide through one cycle of the Edman degradation reaction. All epsilon-amino groups are converted to the phenyl thiocarbamyl and the cleavage step exposes one alpha-amino group at the N-terminus of the peptide; the fluorescent label is attached to the N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Kiang CH, Nolan T, Huang BL, Lee CP. Determination of femtomole/milliliter concentrations of enprostil acid in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 567:195-212. [PMID: 1918246 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of multiple-column high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with laser-induced fluorescence for the determination of femtomole/milliliter concentrations of enprostil acid, a prostaglandin analogue, in human plasma. The drug is isolated from plasma by phenyl solid-phase extraction and fluorescently labeled at its carboxyl functional group with a large excess of 2-bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene. A multi-column method using both normal- and reversed-phase chromatography is necessary to separate the labeled drug from the unreacted reagent. Post-column dilution of the mobile phase with water after the reversed-phase chromatography allows on-line concentration of the labeled analyte onto a guard column prior to the microbore HPLC. A loop guard column device provides a simple way to inject up to 1.0 ml of sample solution onto a microbore column without significantly reducing the column efficiency. A 325-nm He-Cd laser is used to excite the labeled drug, and fluorescence emission is monitored at 450 nm. Using this system, we are able to derivatize, detect, and quantify 5 pg of the prostaglandin analogue in 1.0 ml of plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kiang
- Department of Analytical and Metabolic Chemistry, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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Study of the characteristics and analytical application of a capillary chromatograph with an electrochemical detector. J Chromatogr A 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(90)85114-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Beale SC, Hsieh YZ, Wiesler D, Novotny M. Application of 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2-carbaldehyde as a fluorogenic reagent for the analysis of primary amines by liquid chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1990; 499:579-87. [PMID: 2324216 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)97002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3-(2-Furoyl)quinoline-2-carbaldehyde (FQCA) has been synthesized and characterized as a fluorogenic derivatizing reagent for liquid chromatography. The reagent forms highly fluorescent isoindoles upon reaction with primary amines. The spectral properties and optimum reaction conditions for the formation of isoindoles have been investigated. The utility of FQCA for the high-sensitivity analysis of amino acids by laser-induced fluorescence with an argon-ion laser is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Beale
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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Setchell KD, Vestal CH. Thermospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: a new and highly specific technique for the analysis of bile acids. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Tsuda T, Noda H. Effect of the position of the laser beam focal point on a capillary flow-through cell on the signal-to-noise ratio for a fluorimetric detector in capillary column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hsieh YZ, Beale SC, Wiesler D, Novotny M. 3-Benzoyl-2-naphthaldehyde, a new fluorogenic reagent for microcolumn liquid chromatography-laser-induced fluorescence detection of amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heindorf MA, McGuffin VL. Limitations of 2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione-1-hydrazone as a precolumn fluorescence derivatization reagent. J Chromatogr A 1989; 464:186-94. [PMID: 2715247 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Heindorf
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Street
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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Evans CE, Mcguffin VL. Direct Examination of Elution Nonequilibrium in Liquid Chromatography by Laser-Induced Fluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918808069033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Andreolini F, Beale SC, Novotny M. Determination of serum metabolic profiles of bile acids by microcolumn liquid chromatography/laser-induced fluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Makin HL, Heftmann E. High-performance liquid chromatography of steroid hormones. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1988; 30:183-234. [PMID: 3068525 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-83467-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although a considerable amount of work has been carried out in the last ten years in developing methods for the separation of steroids by HPLC, it is still not widespread for the reasons discussed above. There is however no doubt that further developments in HPLC technology, in increasing sensitivity and/or specificity of detection systems, perhaps with microbore columns, may lead to an increase in the use of this powerful analytical procedure as an additional separation method to improve specificity of assay. Solution of the problem of simple interfacing of HPLC systems with mass spectrometers (discussed in another chapter by Games) should further increase the application of HPLC. HPLC is of particular value in providing a means of separating unstable compounds prior to assay by relatively nonspecific quantitation methods. Most steroids do not fall into this category, but the steroid vitamin D and its metabolites do and HPLC has proved in this area to be invaluable (see chapter by Jones & DeLuca). There are a multiplicity of different HPLC systems for the separation of steroids, varying in column type (and manufacturer), solvent composition and method of elution, temperature of elution, etc., and only a few attempts have been made to rationalise these data. It would therefore seem that a fruitful area of future study would be the investigation of computerised systems for the selection and optimisation of HPLC systems for particular steroid separations.
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Takeuchi T, Ishii D. Signal enhancement by on-column fluorometric detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using micropacked fused-silica columns. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)82191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Edkins TJ, Shelly DC. Enhanced performance of a laser-induced fluorescence liquid chromatographic apparatus: a systems approach. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)82020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ultraviolet fibre optic photometric cell with an effective volume of 30 nl for micro-scale high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Novotny M. Capillary chromatography in the condensed mobile phases: From the concepts to analytically useful separations and measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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van Vliet H, Bruin G, Kraak J, Poppe H. Post-column reaction detection for open-tubular liquidchromatography using laser-induced fluorescence. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pearson JD. High-performance liquid chromatography column length designed for submicrogram scale protein isolation. Anal Biochem 1986; 152:189-98. [PMID: 3954041 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography of small amounts of protein was readdressed with respect to current gas-phase sequencing technology. Useful primary sequence information can be obtained from as little as 5-100 pmol of material. This corresponds on a mass level to the nanogram to microgram range where, unfortunately, HPLC columns often give low recoveries depending on the size and surface hydrophobicity of the peptide or protein. It was rationalized in this study that reduced column length could have a beneficial effect on recovery without significant loss of resolution. To demonstrate this, six HPLC columns ranging from 0.2 to 25 cm in length were made and evaluated in terms of protein loading and resolution. Column lengths of less than 1 cm were found to increase recovery of surface hydrophobic proteins without loss of resolution, as shown for a standard protein profile. These columns resolve proteins best when loaded with less than 10 micrograms, with recoveries greater than 90%. All column internal diameters were at least 4.1 mm so that standard HPLC pumps could be used to generate gradients.
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Gluckman JC, Novotny M. Applications of a miniaturized fluorimetric photodiode array detector for capillary liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Van Vliet H, Poppe H. The performance of some cell designs for laser-induced fluorescence detection in open-tubular liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Selected applications of laser methods to analytical problems are reviewed. Examples are chosen from multiphoton ionization and laser fluorescence analysis. Although efforts to carry out elemental analysis with laser techniques are probably the most advanced, studies suggest that the analysis of molecular species is also quite promising, particularly in regard to interfacing laser fluorimetric detection with high-performance liquid chromatography. Recent experiments indicate that analysts can expect to attain in a number of cases the ultimate limit of single-atom or single-molecule detection with laser-based methods.
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