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Friesen JB, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Countercurrent Separation of Natural Products: An Update. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1765-96. [PMID: 26177360 PMCID: PMC4517501 DOI: 10.1021/np501065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the current instrumentation, method development, and applications in countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), collectively referred to as countercurrent separation (CCS). The article provides a critical review of the CCS literature from 2007 since our last review (J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1489-1508), with a special emphasis on the applications of CCS in natural products research. The current state of CCS is reviewed in regard to three continuing topics (instrumentation, solvent system development, theory) and three new topics (optimization of parameters, workflow, bioactivity applications). The goals of this review are to deliver the necessary background with references for an up-to-date perspective of CCS, to point out its potential for the natural product scientist, and thereby to induce new applications in natural product chemistry, metabolome, and drug discovery research involving organisms from terrestrial and marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Brent Friesen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
- Physical
Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Institute for Tuberculosis Research,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
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2
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GUESSmix-guided optimization of elution–extrusion counter-current separations. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4225-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a generic term covering all forms of liquid-liquid chromatography that use a support-free liquid stationary phase held in place by a simple centrifugal or complex centrifugal force field. Biphasic liquid systems are used with one liquid phase being the stationary phase and the other being the mobile phase. Although initiated almost 30 years ago, CCC lacked reliable columns. This is changing now, and the newly designed centrifuges appearing on the market make excellent CCC columns. This review focuses on the advantages of a liquid stationary phase and addresses the chromatographic theory of CCC. The main difference with classical liquid chromatography (LC) is the variable volume of the stationary phase. There are mainly two different ways to obtain a liquid stationary phase using centrifugal forces, the hydrostatic way and the hydrodynamic way. These two kinds of CCC columns are described and compared. The reported applications of CCC in analytical chemistry and comparison with other separation and enrichment methods show that the technique can be successfully used in the analysis of plants and other natural products, for the separation of biochemicals and pharmaceuticals, for the separation of alkaloids from medical herbs, in food analysis, etc. On the basis of the studies of the last two decades, recommendations are also given for the application of CCC in trace inorganic analysis and in radioanalytical chemistry.
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Janaway L, Hawes D, Ignatova S, Wood P, Sutherland IA. A New Small Coil‐Volume CCC Instrument for Direct Interfacing with MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120021254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Janaway
- a Brunel Institute for Bioengineering , Brunel University , Uxbridge , UB8 3PH , UK
| | - David Hawes
- a Brunel Institute for Bioengineering , Brunel University , Uxbridge , UB8 3PH , UK
| | - Svetlana Ignatova
- b Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Philip Wood
- a Brunel Institute for Bioengineering , Brunel University , Uxbridge , UB8 3PH , UK
| | - Ian A. Sutherland
- a Brunel Institute for Bioengineering , Brunel University , Uxbridge , UB8 3PH , UK
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Yang F, Zhang T, Zhang R, Ito Y. Application of analytical and preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation of alkaloids from Coptis chinensis Franch. J Chromatogr A 1998; 829:137-41. [PMID: 9923080 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used for the systematic selection and optimization of the two-phase solvent system to separate alkaloids from Coptis chinensis Franch. The optimum solvent system thus obtained led to the successful separation of alkaloids from C. chinensis Franch by preparative HSCCC. One batch separation yielded four pure alkaloids, including palmatine, berberine, epiberberine and coptisine from the crude alkaloid extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- Beijing Institute of New Technology Application, China
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6
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Chapter 2 Countercurrent chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Abstract
During the past several years, counter-current chromatography (CCC) technology has been advanced to cover a broad spectrum of applications, from large-scale preparative to analytical-scale separations. These advances include liquid-liquid dual CCC, foam CCC and partition of macromolecules with aqueous-aqueous polymer phase systems. For these developments the synchronous coil planet centrifuge scheme has been used, which relies on a relatively simple mechanical design. Future developments in CCC may be focused on the improvement of the more intricate non-synchronous coil planet centrifuge scheme which has a greater potential for the separation of biopolymers and cell particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Schaufelberger DE, McCloud TG, Beutler JA. Laser-light-scattering detection for high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1991; 538:87-90. [PMID: 2050798 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Schaufelberger
- Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Laboratory, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702
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Schaufelberger DE. Applications of analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography in natural products chemistry. J Chromatogr A 1991; 538:45-57. [PMID: 1646832 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Schaufelberger
- Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Laboratory, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21701
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10
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Drogue S, Rolet MC, Thiébaut D, Rosset R. Improvement of on-line detection in high-speed counter-current chromatograph: UV absorptiometry and evaporative light-scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Oka H, Oka F, Ito Y. Multilayer coil planet centrifuge for analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1989; 479:53-60. [PMID: 2808596 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A compact portable model of a high-speed counter-current chromatograph enables efficient analytical separations of microgram sample quantities within 10 min. A series of preliminary experiments was conducted to study retention of the stationary phase of various two-phase solvent systems in short coils with different helical diameters. Under the optimal experimental conditions, analytical capability of the apparatus was successfully demonstrated in separation of flavonoids from a crude sea buckthorn ethanol extract in a multilayer coil with a total capacity of 8 ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oka
- Laboratory of Technical Development, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Lee YW, Cook CE, Fang QC, Ito Y. Application of analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography to the isolation of bioactive natural products. J Chromatogr A 1989; 477:434-8. [PMID: 2808588 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Ito Y, Chou FE. New high-speed counter-current chromatograph equipped with a pair of separation columns connected in series. J Chromatogr A 1988; 454:382-6. [PMID: 3235602 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Laboratory of Technical Development, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Zhang TY, Xiao R, Xiao ZY, Pannell LK, Ito Y. Rapid separation of flavonoids by analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1988; 445:199-206. [PMID: 3215971 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A commercial model of the analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography instrument was used for separation of flavonoids from a crude ethanol extract of dried fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). Using a two-phase solvent system of chloroform-methanol-water (4:3:2), a five-fold increase in flow-rate of the mobile phase from 60 to 300 ml/h resulted in a rapid separation of five components in less than 15 min without significant loss in peak resolution. Major flavonoid component, isorhamnetin, was identified in its pure state by mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Zhang
- Laboratory of Technical Development, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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15
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Zhang TY, Pannell LK, Pu QL, Cai DG, Ito Y. Separation of hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives extracted from rheum with analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1988; 442:455-8. [PMID: 3417834 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Y Zhang
- Laboratory of Technical Development, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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16
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Lee YW, Ito Y, Fang QC, Cook CE. Analytical High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919808068315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee YW, Voyksner RD, Fang QC, Cook CE, Ito Y. Application of Countercurrent Chromatography/Thermospray Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Natural Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919808068320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Support-free high-speed countercurrent liquid chromatography provides a rich domain of applications, some beyond reach of conventional liquid chromatography.
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