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Abstract
Maleic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid that functions as a fragrance ingredient and pH adjuster in cosmetics—it is used in a few cosmetic product formulations at low concentrations. Maleic Acid is commonly used in research studies to induce Fanconi syndrome in rats and dogs in an attempt to study the mechanism of this disease. One such study found decreased glomerular filtration rate in rats given 9.0 mmol/kg, but not with 1.5 mmol/kg, Maleic Acid intraperitoneally. Preincubation with 0.75 mmol/L of Maleic Acid reduced sperm penetration of golden hamster eggs to zero. Maleic Acid failed to induce any significant increases in revertant count in strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100 at concentrations up to 7500 µg/plate. A concentration of 2.0 × 10 -2 M Maleic Acid did show a positive pattern in a DNA synthesis inhibition test. Maleic Acid at 10%, pH 1.0, applied for 30 s on rabbit eyes, caused permanent opacity. A 1% solution, pH 1.0, applied for 2 min caused cloudiness of the cornea, but no lasting injury, and a 5% solution, also at pH 1.0, had a similar but more intense effect, with recovery delayed 6 to 7 days. Application of 10µl Maleic Acid (pH not stated) to the volar forearm and labia majora of 21 female Caucasians produced an inflammatory response at 24 and 48 h, which varied from minimal erythema to marked erythema with marked vesiculation. Maleic Acid at 20% (pH not stated) applied to one forearm daily for a period of 6 weeks to 50 human subjects produced acute vesicular dermatitis in 17 subjects, who were dropped from the study. Only five of the remaining subjects accommodated to the treatment, the rest had varying degrees of inflammation or hyperirritable skin. Although Maleic Acid itself may be a dermal and/or ocular irritant, its use as a pH adjustor in cosmetic formulations dictates that most of the acid will be neutralized into various maleate salts. Therefore, the concentration of free Maleic Acid is expected to be low, and dermal or systemic toxicity is not expected to be a concern. The safety of Maleic Acid as a pH adjustor should not be based on the concentration of use, but on the amount of free Maleic Acid that remains after neutralizing the formulation. There is no reason to expect this ingredient to induce any toxicity when used for this purpose. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that Maleic Acid is safe for use in cosmetic formulations as a pH adjustor in the practices of use as described in this safety assessment.
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Hou ML, Lu CM, Lin CH, Lin LC, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetics of Maleic Acid as a Food Adulterant Determined by Microdialysis in Rat Blood and Kidney Cortex. Molecules 2016; 21:367. [PMID: 26999094 PMCID: PMC6273185 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleic acid has been shown to be used as a food adulterant in the production of modified starch by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. Due to the potential toxicity of maleic acid to the kidneys, this study aimed to develop an analytical method to investigate the pharmacokinetics of maleic acid in rat blood and kidney cortex. Multiple microdialysis probes were simultaneously inserted into the jugular vein and the kidney cortex for sampling after maleic acid administration (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.v., respectively). The pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that maleic acid produced a linear pharmacokinetic phenomenon within the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg. The area under concentration versus time curve (AUC) of the maleic acid in kidney cortex was 5-fold higher than that in the blood after maleic acid administration (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.v., respectively), indicating that greater accumulation of maleic acid occurred in the rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Hou
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ming Lu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Lie-Chwen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, No. 145, Zhengzhou Road, Datong District, Taipei 103, Taiwan.
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Lotfy HM, Hegazy MA, Rezk MR, Omran YR. Novel spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of timolol and dorzolamide in their binary mixture. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 126:197-207. [PMID: 24607469 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two smart and novel spectrophotometric methods namely; absorbance subtraction (AS) and amplitude modulation (AM) were developed and validated for the determination of a binary mixture of timolol maleate (TIM) and dorzolamide hydrochloride (DOR) in presence of benzalkonium chloride without prior separation, using unified regression equation. Additionally, simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the binary mixture namely; simultaneous ratio subtraction (SRS), ratio difference (RD), ratio subtraction (RS) coupled with extended ratio subtraction (EXRS), constant multiplication method (CM) and mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR). The proposed spectrophotometric procedures do not require any separation steps. Accuracy, precision and linearity ranges of the proposed methods were determined and the specificity was assessed by analyzing synthetic mixtures of both drugs. They were applied to their pharmaceutical formulation and the results obtained were statistically compared to that of a reported spectrophotometric method. The statistical comparison showed that there is no significant difference between the proposed methods and the reported one regarding both accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam Mahmoud Lotfy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R Rezk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Rostom Omran
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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Nasir F, Iqbal Z, Khan A, Ahmad L, Shah Y, Khan AZ, Khan JA, Khan S. Simultaneous determination of timolol maleate, rosuvastatin calcium and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceuticals and physiological fluids using HPLC-UV. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3434-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Marini RD, Servais AC, Rozet E, Chiap P, Boulanger B, Rudaz S, Crommen J, Hubert P, Fillet M. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis method for the enantiomeric purity determination of S-timolol using heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-cyclodextrin: validation using the accuracy profile strategy and estimation of uncertainty. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:102-11. [PMID: 16643932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) was successfully applied to the enantiomeric purity determination of S-timolol maleate using heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDMS-beta-CD) as chiral selector. With a background electrolyte made up of a methanolic solution of 0.75 M formic acid, 30 mM potassium camphorsulfonate and containing 30 mM HDMS-beta-CD, the determination of 0.1% of R-timolol in S-timolol could be performed with an enantiomeric resolution of 8.5. Pyridoxine was selected as internal standard. The NACE method was then fully validated by applying a novel strategy using accuracy profiles. It is based on beta-expectation tolerance intervals for the total measurement error which includes trueness and intermediate precision. The uncertainty of measurements derived from beta-expectation tolerance intervals was estimated at each concentration level of the validation standards. To confirm the suitability of the developed and validated method, several real samples of S-timolol maleate containing R-timolol maleate at different concentrations were analysed and the results were compared to those obtained by liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Djang'eing'a Marini
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Chemistry Research Unit, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium
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Marini R, Matthijs N, Vander Heyden Y, Smeyers-Verbeke J, Dehouck P, Hoogmartens J, Silvestre P, Ceccato A, Goedert P, Saevels J, Herbots C, Caliaro G, Herráez-Hernández R, Verdú-Andrès J, Campíns-falcó P, Van de Wauw W, De Beer J, Boulanger B, Chiap P, Crommen J, Hubert P. Collaborative study of an liquid chromatographic method for the determination of R-timolol and other related substances in S-timolol maleate. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hopkała H, Pomykalski A, Mroczek T, Ostęp M. Densitometric and videodensitometric TLC determination of timolol and betaxolol in ophthalmic solutions. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2003. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.16.2003.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Djang'eing'a Marini R, Chiap P, Boulanger B, Dewe W, Hubert P, Crommen J. LC method for the simultaneous determination ofR-timolol and other closely related impurities inS-timolol maleate: Optimization by use of an experimental design. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Erk N. Simultaneous determination of dorzolamide HCL and timolol maleate in eye drops by two different spectroscopic methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 28:391-7. [PMID: 11929684 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two-component mixtures of dorzolamide hydrochloride and timolol maleate were assayed by first derivative and ratio derivative spectrophotometric methods. The first method, derivative spectrophotometry, by the zero-crossing measurements, was used due to the drugs closely overlapping absorption spectra. Linear calibration graphs of first derivative values at 250.3 nm for dorzolamide hydrochloride and 315.8 nm for timolol maleate. The second method, is based on ratio first derivative spectrophotometry, the amplitudes in the first derivative of the ratio spectra at 242.9 and at 223.5 nm were selected to determine dorzolamide and timolol maleate in the binary mixture. Calibration graphs were established for 8.0-30.0 microg ml(-1) for dorzolamide hydrochloride and 3.0-24.6 microg ml(-1) for timolol maleate in binary mixture. Good linearity, precision and selectivity were found, and the proposed methods were applied successfully to the pharmaceutical dosage from containing the above-mentioned drug combination without any interference by the excipients. Vierordt's method was also developed for a comparison method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Erk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Kulkarni SP, Amin PD. Stability indicating HPTLC determination of timolol maleate as bulk drug and in pharmaceutical preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:983-7. [PMID: 11095299 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Timolol was the first beta blocker to be used as an anti-glaucoma agent and to date remains as the standard because none of the newer beta blockers were found to be more effective. The high performance thin layer chromatographic method of analysis of timolol maleate is reported. The mobile phase selected was ethyl acetate-methanol-isopropyl alcohol-ammonia (25%) (80:20:2:1, v/v/v/v). The calibration curve of the drug was linear in the range of 100-600 ng. The spectrodensitometric analysis was carried out at 294 nm. The mean (+/- RSD) values of slope, correlation coefficient and intercept were 2487.5 (+/- 0.9), 0.996 (+/- 0.081) and 90463 (+/- 1.1), respectively. The system precision and the method precision were excellent with an RSD of 2.8 and 1.004, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation were 10 and 40 ng, respectively. The mean percent recovery was found to be 98.6. Timolol maleate was degraded by exposing the drug to heat, acid and base. The degraded products were found to be well separated from the pure drug with significantly different Rf values suggesting a stability indicating analysis method for quantification of timolol maleate in pharmaceutical preparations and as bulk drug. The method was utilized to analyze timolol maleate from conventional eye drops and novel sustained release solid polymeric ocular inserts and oral preparations. The reported method is simple, selective, precise, accurate, time saving and economic as compared to reported HPLC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kulkarni
- University Department of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), University of Mumbai, Matunga, India
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Santoro MIR, Cho HS, Kedor-Hackmann ER. First-Derivative Spectrophotometric Assay of Timolol Maleate in Ophthalmic Solutions. ANAL LETT 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719608001781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mazzo DJ, Synder PA. High-performance liquid chromatography of timolol and potential degradates on dynamically modified silica. J Chromatogr A 1988; 438:85-92. [PMID: 2837497 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of timolol in pharmaceutical products has been developed and is described. The method employs high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silica dynamically modified with the cetyltrimethylamomonium cation to quantitate the analyte. The use of this type of reversed-phase HPLC system for timolol determinations results in improved quality of chromatography, especially in terms of peak tailing and peak efficiency, in comparison to chromatography on bonded-phase silica. Column-to-column as well as manufacturer-to-manufacturer reproducibility for this separation on silica columns has been obtained and is better in our hands than that encountered with bonded-phase column packings. The method has been shown to be linear for the compounds studied, comparably accurate and precise to bonded-phase methods and specific for timolol in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations. Under the conditions specified, timolol can be successfully separated from its three potential degradates. Possible explanations of the primary retention mechanisms for the analytes are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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