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Calahorra-Rio L, Guadaño-Sánchez M, Moya-Cavas T, Urraca JL. Magnetic Core-Shell Nanoparticles Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Zearalenone Determination. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238166. [PMID: 36500258 PMCID: PMC9738517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of novel molecularly imprinted magnetic nano-beads for the selective extraction (MISPE) of zearalenone mycotoxin in river and tap waters and further analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD). A semi-covalent imprinting approach was achieved for the synthesis of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). The nanoparticles were prepared by covering the starting Fe3O4 material with a first layer of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and then with a second layer using cyclododecyl 2-hydroxy-4-(3-triethoxysilylpropylcarbamoyloxy) benzoate. The last was used with a dual role, template and functional monomer after the extraction of the template molecule. The material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (FT-IR). The solid phase extraction was optimized in all the steps: loading, washing and elution. The optimal conditions allowed the determination of zearalenone in trace levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 µg L-1 without significant differences between the fortified and found level concentrations.
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Schiwek S, Alhussein M, Rodemann C, Budragchaa T, Beule L, von Tiedemann A, Karlovsky P. Fusarium culmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously with Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070456. [PMID: 35878194 PMCID: PMC9324393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of grain crops. Infected plants accumulate deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV), which are mycotoxins of the trichothecene B group. These toxins are also produced by F. graminearum species complex. New trichothecenes structurally similar to trichothecenes B but lacking the carbonyl group on C-8, designated NX toxins, were recently discovered in atypical isolates of F. graminearum from North America. Only these isolates and a few strains of a yet to be characterized Fusarium species from South Africa are known to produce NX-2 and other NX toxins. Here, we report that among 20 F. culmorum strains isolated from maize, wheat, and oat in Europe and Asia over a period of 70 years, 18 strains produced NX-2 simultaneously with 3-ADON and DON or NIV. Rice cultures of strains producing 3-ADON accumulated NX-2 in amounts corresponding to 2−8% of 3-ADON (1.2−36 mg/kg). A strain producing NIV accumulated NX-2 and NIV at comparable amounts (13.6 and 10.3 mg/kg, respectively). In F. graminearum, producers of NX-2 possess a special variant of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoded by TRI1 that is unable to oxidize C-8. In F. culmorum, producers and nonproducers of NX-2 possess identical TRI1; the reason for the production of NX-2 is unknown. Our results indicate that the production of NX-2 simultaneously with trichothecenes B is a common feature of F. culmorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schiwek
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kuehn-Institute, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Mohammad Alhussein
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Charlotte Rodemann
- Plant Phytopathology and Crop Protection, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (C.R.); (A.v.T.)
| | - Tuvshinjargal Budragchaa
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Lukas Beule
- Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius Kuehn-Institute, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Plant Phytopathology and Crop Protection, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (C.R.); (A.v.T.)
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.K.)
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Mycotoxins in food, recent development in food analysis and future challenges; a review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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Calori-Domingues MA, Bernardi CMG, Nardin MS, de Souza GV, Dos Santos FGR, Stein MDA, Gloria EMD, Dias CTDS, de Camargo AC. Co-occurrence and distribution of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone in wheat from Brazil. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:142-51. [PMID: 26886061 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1152598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) were investigated in wheat from the 2009 and 2010 crop years. Samples (n = 745) from commercial fields were collected in four wheat producing regions (WPR) which differed in weather conditions. Analyses were performed using HPLC-DAD. Contamination with ZEN, DON and NIV occurred in 56, 86 and 50%, respectively. Also, mean concentrations were different: DON = 1046 µg kg(-1), NIV < 100 µg kg(-1) and ZEN = 82 µg kg(-1). Co-occurrence of ZEN, DON and NIV was observed in 74% of the samples from 2009 and in 12% from 2010. Wet/cold region WPR I had the highest mycotoxin concentration. Wet/moderately hot region WPR II had the lowest mycotoxin levels. Furthermore, the mean concentration of each mycotoxin was higher in samples from 2009 as compared with those from 2010. Precipitation during flowering or harvest periods may explain these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia Calori-Domingues
- a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Carolina Maria Gil Bernardi
- a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Mariana Sartori Nardin
- a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Gláucia Vendramini de Souza
- a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | | | - Mirella de Abreu Stein
- a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Eduardo Micotti da Gloria
- a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu Dos Santos Dias
- b Department of Exact Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- a Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture , University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , Brazil
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Hybrid nanoparticles based on magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube-nanoC18SiO2 composites for solid phase extraction of mycotoxins prior to their determination by LC-MS. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang J, Li J, Jiang Y, Duan X, Qu H, Yang B, Chen F, Sivakumar D. Natural occurrence, analysis, and prevention of mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:64-83. [PMID: 24188233 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.569860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are small toxic chemical products formed as the secondary metabolites by fungi that readily contaminate foods with toxins in the field or after harvest. The presence of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, in fruits and their processed products is of high concern for human health due to their properties to induce severe acute and chronic toxicity at low-dose levels. Currently, a broad range of detection techniques used for practical analysis and detection of a wide spectrum of mycotoxins are available. Many analytical methods have been developed for the determination of each group of these mycotoxins in different food matrices, but new methods are still required to achieve higher sensitivity and address other challenges that are posed by these mycotoxins. Effective technologies are needed to reduce or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Preventive measures aimed at the inhibition of mycotoxin formation in fruits and their processed products are the most effective approach. Detoxification of mycotoxins by different physical, chemical, and biological methods are less effective and sometimes restricted because of concerns of safety, possible losses in nutritional quality of the treated commodities and cost implications. This article reviewed the available information on the major mycotoxins found in foods and feeds, with an emphasis of fruits and their processed products, and the analytical methods used for their determination. Based on the current knowledge, the major strategies to prevent or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , People's Republic of China
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Malachova A, van Egmond H, Berthiller F, Krska R. Determination of nivalenol in food and feed: an update. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recent scientific opinion published by the EFSA CONTAM panel on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed, this article provides an update on the determination of this Fusarium mycotoxin. After a brief introduction into the chemistry of nivalenol, chromatographic methods as well as other approaches are being discussed. Methods for the determination of nivalenol are well established and can be applied for the analysis of cereals, food, feed and biological samples. Accurate quantification of nivalenol is mostly carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with (multi-stage) mass spectrometry (MS) often within a multi-analyte approach. Some novel techniques, such as direct analysis in real time (DART) MS and electrochemical methods, have shown potential to determine nivalenol, but applications for routine measurements are not yet available. None of the currently available analytical methods has been formally validated in interlaboratory validation studies. While a certified calibrant for nivalenol is available, no matrix reference materials have been developed. Due to the scarcity of appropriate antibodies also no rapid immunochemical methods specific for nivalenol have become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Malachova
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - F. Berthiller
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - R. Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Determination of Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Cereals by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Scientific Opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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10
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Meister U. Analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats and other cereals by means of HPLC with fluorescence detection. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 24:31-9. [PMID: 23606078 DOI: 10.1007/bf02985268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bearing in mind the high toxicity of T-2 and HT-2 toxins which occur in cereals (mainly in oats) EU plans legal limits for these mycotoxins. The occurrence data are insufficient because reliable and sensitive analysis methods are not available.A sensitive HPLC gradient method was developed which is applicable with common HPLC equipment (HPLC with fluorescence detection). After extraction of the toxins from sample matrix with methanol/water the diluted extracts were cleaned-up using immunoaffinity columns and then derivatized with 1-anthroylnitrile/DMAP. The T-2 and HT-2 toxins were separated from peaks of the cereal matrix and derivatization reagent by means of a relatively complex HPLC gradient method. The method was validated for oats, wheat, rye, barley, and maize. The recovery rates were in the range of 70-99%, the precision (RSDR) of 3-8%. The limits of detection of T-2 and HT-2 toxins were 1 μg/kg. A total of 119 samples of cereals and cereal products was analyzed according to the optimized method. The analyses of 54 samples of dehulled oats and of 11 samples of processed oat products from food industry had a contamination frequency of 100%. The contents (sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins) amounted to 3 to 174 μg/kg for the dehulled oats and to 4 to 48 μg/kg for the processed oat products. 29 samples of maize and maize products had a contamination frequency of 80% (2-106 μg/kg in the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins). In the samples of wheat and barley the toxins were detected only occasionally (contents: 1-10 μg/kg), in rye not at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meister
- ILU Institut für Lebensmittel- und Umweltforschung e.V., Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40-41, 14558, Nuthetal, OT Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany,
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Choi EJ, Kang ST, Jung SY, Shin JM, Jang MS, Lee SM, Kim JH, Chae YZ. Analysis and Uncertainty Estimation of Zearalenone in Cereal-Based Products by LC-MS/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2012.44.6.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Kong W, Xie T, Li J, Wei J, Qiu F, Qi A, Zheng Y, Yang M. Analysis of fumonisins B1 and B2 in spices and aromatic and medicinal herbs by HPLC-FLD with on-line post-column derivatization and positive confirmation by LC-MS/MS. Analyst 2012; 137:3166-74. [PMID: 22627776 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, which are known to cause fatal diseases in some animals and humans. Here, we describe a sensitive, reproducible and reliable analytical method for the quantitative determination of fumonisins B(1) (FB(1)) and B(2) (FB(2)) in 112 spices and aromatic and medicinal herbs marketed in China. This method is based on high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) coupled to a new on-line post-column derivatization using ortho-phthaldialdehyde with 2-mercaptoethanol and immunoaffinity column clean-up. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a complete separation of FB(1) and FB(2) was obtained using a Synergi C(18) column and a gradient elution at 0.8 mL min(-1) with methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 3.15. The limits of detection for FB(1) and FB(2) were both 40 μg kg(-1). Good recoveries were found for spiked samples with FB(1) and FB(2), ranging from 82.34% to 98.16% for FB(1) and from 72.58% to 97.10% for FB(2), with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 7.0%. 5 spices, 11 aromatic herbs and 96 medicinal herbs including 93 normal samples and 19 visibly moldy samples, which were spoiled artificially, were analyzed. The results showed that 8 (42.1%) visibly moldy samples and 8 (8.6%) normal samples were contaminated with FB(1) at mean contents of 129.0 and 165.9 μg kg(-1), and with FB(2) at 1745.0 and 256.8 μg kg(-1), respectively. Positive confirmation of detected samples was performed by liquid chromatography tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), using a triple quadrupole analyzer and operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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Li C, Wu YL, Yang T, Huang-Fu WG. Rapid determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with ultrasonic extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:57-63. [PMID: 22291057 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and reliable analytical method is developed for the rapid determination of fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) in corn by high-performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS). Fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) are extracted from corn with methanol-water (3:1, v/v) by means of ultrasonic extraction, and directly injected into an LC-MS-MS system after centrifugation. Fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) are separated on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C(18) column with a solution of methanol-water-formic acid as the mobile phase. The method is validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and stability. Moreover, the method was applied to real samples and demonstrated to be suitable for the determination of fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) in corn. The total time required for the analysis of one sample was ~30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Li
- College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, PR China
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Li Y, Shi W, Shen J, Zhang S, Cheng L, Wang Z. Development of a rapid competitive indirect ELISA procedure for the determination of deoxynivalenol in cereals. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.589046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Li Y, Wang Z, De Saeger S, Shi W, Li C, Zhang S, Cao X, Shen J. Determination of deoxynivalenol in cereals by immunoaffinity clean-up and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods 2011; 56:192-7. [PMID: 22037248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunoaffinity column (IAC) was prepared with a new deoxynivalenol (DON) monoclonal antibody and used as a clean-up tool before ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis of DON in cereals. The developed IAC clean-up method showed high recoveries for DON. They ranged from 61% to 103% in wheat, rice, and millet with intra-day and inter-day variations below 19% and 17%, respectively. The column capacity was 2.86μg DON per mL of gel, and it maintained above 0.68μg/mL of gel after 10 cycles of usage at 2 days intervals. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 and 0.8μg/kg, respectively. Twenty-one out of 40 analyzed commercial cereal samples were positive at DON concentrations from 7 to 534μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Jang MR, Lee CH, Choi IS, Shin CS, Kim JH, Jang YM, Kim DS, Ahn DH. Analysis of Zearalenone Contamination in Cereal-Based Products Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detector and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2011.43.2.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Ren Y, Zhang Y, Lai S, Han S, Han Z, Wu Y. Simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 contaminants in maize by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 692:138-45. [PMID: 21501723 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work developed an analytical method for simultaneous determination of fumonisins B(1), B(2) and B(3) residues in maize by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and especially focused on the optimization of extraction, clean-up, UHPLC separation and MS/MS parameters. The method involves addition of fumonisins isotope internal standards, extraction with a mixture of acetonitrile and water and clean-up with solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. A single-laboratory method validation was conducted by testing three different spiking levels for repeatability and recovery according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) guidelines. The LOQ of FB(1), FB(2) and FB(3) were 1.50, 1.65 and 0.4 μg kg(-1), respectively, which were lower than the criteria of EU, USA and other countries regarding minimum residue limits of fumonisins in foods including baby foods and feedstuffs. Recoveries of three fumonisins ranged from 80.9% to 97.0% with RSD values of 2.4-11.1%.The advantages of this method include simple pretreatment, rapid determination and high sensitivity, and it fulfills the requirements for food analysis with respect to minimum residue limits of fumonisins in various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Tinyiro SE, Yao W, Sun X, Wokadala C, Wang S. Scavenging of Zearalenone by Bacillus Strains-in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2011.304.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jin P, Han Z, Cai Z, Wu Y, Ren Y. Simultaneous determination of 10 mycotoxins in grain by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using13C15-deoxynivalenol as internal standard. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1701-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.517222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Panini NV, Bertolino FA, Salinas E, Messina GA, Raba J. Zearalenone determination in corn silage samples using an immunosensor in a continuous-flow/stopped-flow systems. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Pérez-Torrado E, Blesa J, Moltó J, Font G. Pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of zearalenone in cereal flours. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Hervás M, López MÁ, Escarpa A. Simplified calibration and analysis on screen-printed disposable platforms for electrochemical magnetic bead-based inmunosensing of zearalenone in baby food samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1755-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Bensassi F, Zaied C, Abid S, Hajlaoui MR, Bacha H. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in durum wheat in Tunisia. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Biesaga-Kos´cielniak J, Filek M. Occurrence and Physiology of Zearalenone as a New Plant Hormone. SOCIOLOGY, ORGANIC FARMING, CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOIL SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3333-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yang LZ, Li Y, Zhuang XM, Jiang L, Chen JM, Luck R, Lu TB. Mechanistic Studies of CC Bond Cleavage of Nitriles by Dinuclear Metal Cryptates. Chemistry 2009; 15:12399-407. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Hervás M, López MÁ, Escarpa A. Electrochemical immunoassay using magnetic beads for the determination of zearalenone in baby food: An anticipated analytical tool for food safety. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Rahmani A, Jinap S, Soleimany F. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009; 8:202-251. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Co-isolation of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone with sol–gel immunoaffinity columns for their determination in wheat and wheat products. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5828-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Lattanzio VM, Pascale M, Visconti A. Current analytical methods for trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ghali R, Ghorbel H, Hedilli A. Fumonisin determination in tunisian foods and feeds. ELISA and HPLC methods comparison. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3955-3960. [PMID: 19298079 DOI: 10.1021/jf803786h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A survey for fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2, respectively) was performed on 180 samples of high-consumption food commodities and 15 feed samples randomly collected from various regions of Tunisia. The determination of fumonisin level was performed by an in-house validated high-performance liquid chromatography and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Detection limit by ELISA for fumonisins sum was 25 microg/kg, and those by HPLC were 50 microg/kg for FB1 and 70 microg/kg for FB2. Recoveries of fumonisins spiked at 130 microg/kg ranged from 68.5 to 75.6% by ELISA, whereas those by HPLC for FB1 at 400 microg/kg and for FB2 at 300 microg/kg varied from 75.2 to 90.5%. Naturally occurring fumonisins were found in 10.5% of food samples with levels ranging from 70 to 2130 microg/kg. All contaminated samples contained FB1, and 31.5% of them contained FB2. In addition, the most contaminated commodities were corn foods and sorghum, whereas no fumonisin contamination was found in any nut or rice samples. For analyzed feed samples, fumonisins were detected in 86.6% of them with concentrations ranging from 50 to 2800 microg/kg. In addition, the performance of analytical methods was investigated in a comparison between ELISA and HPLC results for samples analyzed by both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha Ghali
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology, Research Unit, Toxicology and Environment, Centre of Urgent Medical Aid of Tunis, 99UR07-04 Tunis, Tunisia.
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An overview of conventional and emerging analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:62-115. [PMID: 19333436 PMCID: PMC2662450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a group of compounds produced by various fungi and excreted into the matrices on which they grow, often food intended for human consumption or animal feed. The high toxicity and carcinogenicity of these compounds and their ability to cause various pathological conditions has led to widespread screening of foods and feeds potentially polluted with them. Maximum permissible levels in different matrices have also been established for some toxins. As these are quite low, analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins have to be both sensitive and specific. In addition, an appropriate sample preparation and pre-concentration method is needed to isolate analytes from rather complicated samples. In this article, an overview of methods for analysis and sample preparation published in the last ten years is given for the most often encountered mycotoxins in different samples, mainly in food. Special emphasis is on liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection, while in the field of sample preparation various solid-phase extraction approaches are discussed. However, an overview of other analytical and sample preparation methods less often used is also given. Finally, different matrices where mycotoxins have to be determined are discussed with the emphasis on their specific characteristics important for the analysis (human food and beverages, animal feed, biological samples, environmental samples). Various issues important for accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses are critically discussed: sampling and choice of representative sample, sample preparation and possible bias associated with it, specificity of the analytical method and critical evaluation of results.
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Turner NW, Subrahmanyam S, Piletsky SA. Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 632:168-80. [PMID: 19110091 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are small (MW approximately 700), toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by a few fungal species that readily colonise crops and contaminate them with toxins in the field or after harvest. Ochratoxins and Aflatoxins are mycotoxins of major significance and hence there has been significant research on broad range of analytical and detection techniques that could be useful and practical. Due to the variety of structures of these toxins, it is impossible to use one standard technique for analysis and/or detection. Practical requirements for high-sensitivity analysis and the need for a specialist laboratory setting create challenges for routine analysis. Several existing analytical techniques, which offer flexible and broad-based methods of analysis and in some cases detection, have been discussed in this manuscript. There are a number of methods used, of which many are lab-based, but to our knowledge there seems to be no single technique that stands out above the rest, although analytical liquid chromatography, commonly linked with mass spectroscopy is likely to be popular. This review manuscript discusses (a) sample pre-treatment methods such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE), (b) separation methods such as (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and (c) others such as ELISA. Further currents trends, advantages and disadvantages and future prospects of these methods have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Turner
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Acetonitrile: the better extractant for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in cereals using an immunoaffinity-based cleanup? Eur Food Res Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-008-0959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Thongrussamee T, Kuzmina N, Shim WB, Jiratpong T, Eremin S, Intrasook J, Chung DH. Monoclonal-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of zearalenone in cereals. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:997-1006. [PMID: 18608510 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701823159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Böhm C, Cichna-Markl M, Brenn-Struckhofova Z, Razzazi-Fazeli E. Development of a selective sample clean-up method based on immuno-ultrafiltration for the determination of deoxynivalenol in maize. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Molina P, Zón M, Fernández H. Novel Studies about the Electrooxidation of a Deoxynivalenol (DON) Mycotoxin Reduction Product Adsorbed on Glassy Carbon and Carbon Paste Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Development of a new analytical method for the determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in food products based on high performance liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection with post-column derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Trebstein A, Seefelder W, Lauber U, Humpf HU. Determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals including oats after immunoaffinity cleanup by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4968-75. [PMID: 18553918 DOI: 10.1021/jf800316m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A reliable method for the determination of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in different cereals, including oats, as well as in cereal products was developed. After extraction with methanol/water (90/10, v/v) and dilution with a 4% NaCl solution, the toxins were purified with immunoaffinity columns, derivatized with 1-anthroylnitrile, separated by HPLC, and determined using fluorescence detection. Due to the unspecific derivatization reagents, validation parameters were matrix dependent: in the range 10-200 microg/kg, recovery rates of 74-120% with relative standard deviations between 0.5 and 20.3% were obtained. On average, the limit of quantitation was shown to be 8 microg/kg for each toxin. For naturally contaminated samples, comparable results were obtained when analysis was performed according to this method without derivatization as well as according to a method based on a SPE cleanup utilizing tandem mass spectrometric detection in both cases. Using aqueous acetonitrile as extractant resulted in incorrectly high toxin concentrations due to water absorption of dry samples and toxin accumulation in the organic phase in the subsequent phase separation of the extractant. Furthermore, when comparing the commercially available immunoaffinity columns for T-2 and HT-2 toxins, significant differences regarding capacity and cleanup performance were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Trebstein
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstrasse 3/2, 70736 Fellbach, Germany
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39
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Schollenberger M, Müller HM, Rüfle M, Suchy S, Dejanovic C, Frauz B, Oechsner H, Drochner W. Simultaneous determination of a spectrum of trichothecene toxins out of residuals of biogas production. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1193:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Gromadzka K, Waskiewicz A, Chelkowski J, Golinski P. Zearalenone and its metabolites: occurrence, detection, toxicity and guidelines. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. From a global perspective, Fusarium mycotoxins may be considered as metabolites of particular importance to animal health and productivity. The aim of this review is to collect and summarise information concerning the properties of zearalenone, its derivatives and their biotransformation. Data on the occurrence and toxicity of zearalenone and a comparison of analytical methods used in zearalenone identification and quantification will also be discussed. As our awareness and understanding of the risks associated with zearalenone exposure increase, some countries set official or recommended limits in certain commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Gromadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - A. Waskiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - J. Chelkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - P. Golinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
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41
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Zougagh M, Ríos A. Supercritical fluid extraction of macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins in maize flour samples for rapid amperometric screening and alternative liquid chromatographic method for confirmation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1177:50-7. [PMID: 18054947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method for the direct screening of macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins (zearalenone, ZON; alpha-zearalenol, alpha-ZOL; and beta-zearalenol, beta-ZOL) in maize flour samples is proposed. The sample screening method comprises supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and clean-up on Florisil adsorption cartridge of the selected toxic compounds, followed by continuous flow electrochemical detection. Those samples for which the total concentration is close to or above the threshold limit established by legislation (0.200 mg kg(-1)) are subjected to preconcentration on C18 chromatographic material and liquid chromatographic separation for confirmation purposes. This confirmation method allows the determination of ZON, alpha-ZOL and beta-ZOL in the range between 30 and 300 microg kg(-1), with a average relative standard deviation lower than 5.2 in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zougagh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela s/n, E-13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
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42
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Schollenberger M, Drochner W, Müller HM. Fusarium toxins of the scirpentriol subgroup: a review. Mycopathologia 2007; 164:101-18. [PMID: 17610049 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scirpentriol and its seven acetylated derivatives comprise a family of type-A trichothecene toxins produced by several species of Fusarium fungi. Out of this group 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol has attracted most attention. It elicits toxic responses in several species and was detected in a variety of substrates. Out of the three possible monoacetylated derivatives 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol and the parent alcohol scirpentriol received some attention, whereas the remaining members of the family were mentioned in few reports. The present review deals with the structure, biosynthesis, analysis and toxicity of scirpentriol toxins. Formation by Fusarium species as well as culture conditions used for toxigenicity studies are reviewed; data about the natural occurrence of scirpentriol toxins in different cereal types, cereal associated products as well as in non-grain matrices including potato and soya bean are reported. Basing on literature reports about the toxicity of scirpentriol toxins an attempt is made to summarise the state of knowledge for risk evaluation for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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44
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Suzuki T, Munakata Y, Morita K, Shinoda T, Ueda H. Sensitive Detection of Estrogenic Mycotoxin Zearalenone by Open Sandwich Immunoassay. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:65-70. [PMID: 17213626 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp., and its production on corn and small grains during storage has been of considerable concern. For sensitive ZEA detection, we applied an open sandwich (OS) immunoassay that can noncompetitively detect monovalent antigens utilizing an antigen-induced enhancement of the V(H)/V(L) interaction. We cloned the V(H) and V(L) cDNAs of anti-ZEA mAb to a split-Fv phagemid pKST2, and firstly both V(H) and V(L) fragments were displayed on M13 phage p9 and p7, respectively, using an amber suppressor, TG-1, as a host. The split-Fv phage showed specific binding to immobilized ZEA, which was well inhibited by free ZEA. Then, the V(H)/V(L) interaction and its antigen-dependency were analyzed using a non-suppressor HB2151 as a host to produce V(H)-displaying phage and his/myc-tagged soluble V(L) in the culture supernatant. By capturing V(L) with an anti-myc or -his antibody and probing bound V(H)-phage, ZEA was successfully detected with a superior detection limit as well as a wider working range than those of a competitive assay. Also, essentially the same results were reproduced with purified V(H)-alkaline phosphatase and MBP-V(L) fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Ren Y, Zhang Y, Shao S, Cai Z, Feng L, Pan H, Wang Z. Simultaneous determination of multi-component mycotoxin contaminants in foods and feeds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1143:48-64. [PMID: 17234198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study developed an improved analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of 17 kinds of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium mycotoxin contaminants in foods and feeds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and especially focused on the optimization of extraction, clean-up, UPLC separation and MS/MS parameters of analytes. Homogenized samples were sequentially extracted by 84% (v/v) of acetonitrile aqueous solution with the selected internal standard (zearalanone) spiking, SPE clean-up with Mycosep 226 Aflazon+ Multifunctional cartridges, filtration, concentration and secondary filtration. Using double sample injection method, the analytes were separated by UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm I.D., 1.7 microm), and eluted with ammonium acetate/methanol and aqueous ammonia/methanol for the ESI+ and ESI- analysis, respectively. The 10 positive ions and 7 negative ions of mycotoxins were separated by gradient elution with the retention time of 6.5 and 4 min, respectively. The LOQ of selected analytes ranged from 0.01 to 0.70 microg kg(-1), which was lower than the criteria of EU, USA and other countries on the determination of the minimum limiting level of various mycotoxins in foods including baby foods and feed stuffs. Meanwhile, high correlation coefficients (r2>0.99) of 17 mycotoxins were obtained within their respective linear ranges (0.05-20 microg kg(-1) for 10 positive ions and 0.5-50 microg kg(-1) for 7 negative ions) and reasonable recoveries (70.6-119.0%) of them were also demonstrated in different spiked levels. This quantitative method has many advantages including simple pretreatment, rapid determination and high sensitivity, which could be applied to the determination and quantification of multi-component mycotoxin contaminants in complex matrixes. Meanwhile, the method successfully fulfilled the minimum limiting level requests from various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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46
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Brenn-Struckhofova Z, Cichna-Markl M, Böhm C, Razzazi-Fazeli E. Selective Sample Cleanup by Reusable Sol−Gel Immunoaffinity Columns for Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Food and Feed Samples. Anal Chem 2006; 79:710-7. [PMID: 17222041 DOI: 10.1021/ac061672w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the development of a simple and highly selective method for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in food and feed samples. It combines sample cleanup with sol-gel immunoaffinity columns containing monoclonal anti-DON antibodies and quantification of DON by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The sol-gel immunoaffinity columns are as selective as commercial DON immunoaffinity columns but superior with regard to production costs, storage stability, and reusability. In applying the method for the analysis of maize, wheat, and spaghetti samples, it offers detection limits (LOD, S/N = 3) of 240, 200, and 207 ng/g, and recoveries of 83, 99, and 97%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Brenn-Struckhofova
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Ler SG, Lee FK, Gopalakrishnakone P. Trends in detection of warfare agents. Detection methods for ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B and T-2 toxin. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:1-12. [PMID: 16996531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the different detection methods available for ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and T-2 toxin is presented here. These toxins are potential biological warfare agents (BWA). The aim of this review is not to cover all the papers that had been published but rather to give an overall picture of the trend in the detection methodologies for potential biological warfare agents as we do see the emerging threats from these three toxins. The advantages and disadvantages of each methodology as well as the detection limit will be reviewed. It seems that mass spectrometry has created a niche for analysis of proteinaceous toxins, ricin and SEB as well as molecular toxin, T-2 toxin given its high sensitivity, high selectivity, high specificity and capability to identify and quantify unknown agents simultaneously in a short time frame. But its main drawbacks are its sophisticated instrumentation and its high cost. Improvised immunoassay may be an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok Ghee Ler
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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48
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Urraca JL, Marazuela MD, Moreno-Bondi MC. Molecularly imprinted polymers applied to the clean-up of zearalenone and α-zearalenol from cereal and swine feed sample extracts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:1155-61. [PMID: 16628404 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer prepared using 1-allylpiperazine (1-ALPP) as the functional monomer, trimethyltrimethacrylate (TRIM) as the crosslinker and the zearalenone (ZON)-mimicking template cyclododecanyl-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (CDHB) has been applied to the clean-up and preconcentration of this mycotoxin (zearalenone) and a related metabolite, alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL), from cereal and swine feed sample extracts. The extraction of ZON and alpha-ZOL from the food samples was accomplished using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with MeOH/ACN (50:50, v/v) as the extraction solvent, at 50 degrees C and 1500 psi. The extracted samples were cleaned up and preconcentrated through the MIP cartridge and analyzed using HPLC with fluorescence detection (lambda (exc)=271/ lambda (em)=452 nm). The stationary phase was a polar endcapped C18 column, and ACN/MeOH/water 10/55/35 (v/v/v, 15 mM ammonium acetate) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) was used as the mobile phase. The method was applied to the analysis of ZON and alpha-ZOL in wheat, corn, barley, rye, rice and swine feed samples fortified with 50, 100 and 400 ng g(-1) of both mycotoxins, and it gave recoveries of between 85 and 97% (RSD 2.1-6.7%, n=3) and 87-97% (RSD 2.3-5.6%, n=3) for alpha-ZOL and ZON, respectively. The method was validated using a corn reference material for ZON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier L Urraca
- Laboratory of Optical Sensors, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Urraca JL, Marazuela MD, Merino ER, Orellana G, Moreno-Bondi MC. Molecularly imprinted polymers with a streamlined mimic for zearalenone analysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1116:127-34. [PMID: 16595138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with selective recognition properties for zearalenone (ZON), an estrogenic mycotoxin, and structurally related compounds have been prepared using the non-covalent imprinting approach. A rationally designed ZON analogue, cyclododecyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (CDHB), that exhibits resemblance to ZON in terms of size, shape and functionality has been synthesized and used as template for MIP preparation instead of the natural toxin. Several functional monomers have been evaluated to maximize the interactions with the template molecule during the polymerization process. The polymer material prepared with 1-allylpiperazine (1-ALPP) as functional monomer, trimethyl trimethacrylate (TRIM) as cross-linker and acetonitrile as porogen (in a 1:4:20 molar ratio) displayed superior binding capacities than any other of the MIPs tested. Selectivity of this material for ZON and structurally related and non-related compounds has been evaluated using it as stationary phase in liquid chromatography. Our results demonstrate that the imprinted polymer shows significant affinity in the porogenic solvent for the template mimic (CDHB) as well as for the ZON and other related target metabolites in food samples, dramatically improving the performance of previously reported MIPs for ZON recognition. Therefore, MIPs can be an excellent alternative for clean-up and preconcentration of the mycotoxin in contaminated food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Urraca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Medina A, Valle-Algarra FM, Mateo R, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Mateo F, Jiménez M. Survey of the mycobiota of Spanish malting barley and evaluation of the mycotoxin producing potential of species of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Fusarium. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 108:196-203. [PMID: 16443299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present work deals with the toxigenic mycobiota occurring in Spanish malting barley and the capability for producing mycotoxins by several important toxigenic fungi. One hundred and eighty seven samples of malting barley were gathered from Spanish breweries before processing. One hundred and fifty kernels per sample were surface-sanitized with a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution and incubated on three culture media. The most abundant fungi were species of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, which were present in 93%, 82.3%, 57.8% and 27.8% of the samples, respectively. To evaluate their mycotoxin producing potential a number of isolates belonging to each genus, except Penicillium, were randomly selected and incubated on culture media known to be appropriate for production of mycotoxins. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were produced by 26.7% of Alternaria spp. isolates (all belonged to Alternaria alternata). All tested isolates of F. verticillioides produced fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and 61.3% of them produced fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)), whereas FB(1) was synthesized by 83.3% and FB(2) by 77.8% of F. proliferatum isolates. Twenty percent of the isolates of the Aspergillus flavus/A. parasiticus group had the capability to produce aflatoxin B(1) and aflatoxin B(2). Thirty out of 34 isolates of F. graminearum produced deoxynivalenol and zearalenone whereas the other 4 isolates produced nivalenol. Ochratoxin A was detected in 75% and 15% of isolates of Aspergillus section Nigri and A. ochraceus, respectively. This is the first survey carried out in Spain on the toxigenic mycobiota contaminating malting barley in breweries and the mycotoxin producing capacity of several species. The information obtained is useful for assessing the risk of mycotoxins in beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Medina
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Ecologia, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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