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Paraquat in Surface Water of Some Streams in Mai Chau Province, the Northern Vietnam: Concentrations, Profiles, and Human Risk Assessments. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/8521012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentrations and profiles of paraquat, a kind of herbicide, were studied in water samples taken from a stream flowing through five villages of Mai Chau province, the Northern Vietnam, during dry and rainy seasons. In this study, paraquat was found at almost the sampling sites and showed an average concentration for paraquat to be 30.69 μg/L and with a maximum of 134.08 μg/L. The herbicide concentration tended to be the highest on the dry season because of the least rainfall and also the highest evaporation rate of water in the stream. For risk assessment of human health, a hazard index (HI) value was calculated for estimating the risk towards the residents. HQ in the dry and rainy season is from 0.0001 to 0.2448 and from 0.0001 to 0.0279, respectively. The results showed a minimum risk; however, there are concerns toward the danger of long-term exposure to the residents from the stream that could affect their life quality.
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Vinhal JO, Nege KK, Lage MR, de M Carneiro JW, Lima CF, Cassella RJ. Adsorption of the herbicides diquat and difenzoquat on polyurethane foam: Kinetic, equilibrium and computational studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:597-604. [PMID: 28802141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a study about the adsorption of the herbicides diquat and difenzoquat from aqueous medium employing polyurethane foam (PUF) as the adsorbent and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as the counter ion. The adsorption efficiency was shown to be dependent on the concentration of SDS in solution, since the formation of an ion-associate between cationic herbicides (diquat and difenzoquat) and anionic dodecylsulfate is a fundamental step of the process. A computational study was carried out to identify the possible structure of the ion-associates that are formed in solution. They are probably formed by three units of dodecylsulfate bound to one unit of diquat, and two units of dodecylsulfate bound to one unit of difenzoquat. The results obtained also showed that 95% of both herbicides present in 45mL of a solution containing 5.5mgL-1 could be retained by 300mg of PUF. The experimental data were well adjusted to the Freundlich isotherm (r2 ≥ 0.95) and to the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Also, the application of Morris-Weber and Reichenberg equations indicated that an intraparticle diffusion process is active in the control of adsorption kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas O Vinhal
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Kassem K Nege
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Mateus R Lage
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - José Walkimar de M Carneiro
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Claudio F Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Cassella
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
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Vinhal JO, Lima CF, Cassella RJ. Sorption of the herbicides diquat and difenzoquat from aqueous medium by polymeric resins in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate: Kinetic and mechanistic study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:482-489. [PMID: 27070666 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1159461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to propose a novel method for the solid-phase extraction of the herbicides diquat (DQT(2+)) and difenzoquat (DFQT(+)) from aqueous medium using polymeric Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4 resins in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The addition of SDS to the medium was of fundamental importance in order to allow the formation of a negatively charged surface able to sorb the cationic solutes. Several factors that could influence the sorption process, such as SDS concentration in the medium, sorbent mass, pH, ionic strength, and initial concentration of the solutes were investigated. Kinetic studies were also performed to model the system and to identify the mechanisms that operate the sorption process of the herbicides. SDS concentration in the medium presented remarkable influence on the extraction efficiency, achieving maximum values when the ratios [SDS]/[herbicide] were approximately 90, for XAD-2, and 22 and 11 for DQT(2+) and DFQT(+), respectively, for XAD-4. The sorption process followed a pseudo second-order kinetic in all cases studied. It was also found that an intraparticle diffusion process controlled exclusively the sorption of the herbicides by the Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4 resins in the first 15 min, becoming less active with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas O Vinhal
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Fluminense Federal University , Niterói/RJ , Brazil
- b Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Viçosa , Viçosa/MG , Brazil
| | - Claudio F Lima
- b Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Viçosa , Viçosa/MG , Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Cassella
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Fluminense Federal University , Niterói/RJ , Brazil
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Santos MSF, Madeira LM, Alves A. Different Approaches for Paraquat Quantification in Waters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.913526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica S. F. Santos
- a LEPABE – Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Luis M. Madeira
- a LEPABE – Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Arminda Alves
- a LEPABE – Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides in soils. Comparison of digestion, shaking and microwave-assisted extractions. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:110-6. [PMID: 18423476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Very challenging analytical problems arise from the continuous introduction in agriculture of chemical pesticides. Particularly, diquat (DQ), paraquat (PQ) and difenzoquat (DF) are a difficult group of quaternary ammonium herbicides to analyze. This article reviews and addresses the most relevant analytical methods for determining the selected herbicides in soil. We discuss and critically evaluate procedures, such as digestion-based methods, shaking extraction and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using silica cartridges. Detection of these herbicides was carried out by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to UV detection and mass spectrometry (MS) as confirmatory technique. Recoveries ranged from 98% to 100% by digestion, from no recovered to 61% by shaking, and from 102% to 109% by MAE with estimated quantification limits between 1.0 microg/kg and 2.0 microg/kg by digestion and 5.0 mug/kg and 7.5 microg/kg by MAE using LC/MS-MS as detection technique. The recoveries obtained under the optimum conditions are compared and discussed with those obtained from digestion extraction and MAE.
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Aulakh JS, Fekete A, Malik AK, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Mahajan R. Determination of Quats in Beverages and Urine Samples by Capillary Zone Eletrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adic.200790102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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García De Llasera MP, Rodríguez-Castillo A, Vera-Avila LE. Relative influence of the dissolved humic material on the solid-phase extraction efficiency of pesticides from environmental water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2007; 42:615-27. [PMID: 17701696 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701465486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of organic matter on the solid-phase extraction (SPE) efficiency for pesticides belonging to different chemical groups (urea-derivatives, carbamates and triazines) and having different polarities, was simultaneously studied for the first time in pure and simulated water samples. SPE was carried out in precolumns packed with C18 silica or styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer PLRP-S phases on-line coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Retention factors in water (k'(W)) were estimated for 25 compounds and used for the calculation of the theoretical breakthrough volume (Vb(T)) in pure water. Experimental breakthrough volumes (Vb(E)) were first determined using purified and deionized water as the matrix for selected compounds having Vb(T) < 500 mL; then, the same water with an added humic acid sodium salt (HA) at 0.4-5.6 mg/L of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, was used as the matrix for compounds having VbE < 500 mL in pure water. Several polar pesticides showed negative linear or logarithmic Vb(E) curves depending on HA content; their recoveries were also determined in environmental samples having low dissolved organic carbon values, between 0.5-6.4 mg/L. A similar behavior was observed for these compounds in simulated and natural water samples, where DOC concentration and the percolated volume (Vp) mainly determine the solute recoveries values. However, the variation of recoveries as a function of DOC content could be negative or null depending on the two examined conditions (Vp lower or larger than Vb(E) in pure water). Results demonstrated that breakthrough volume must always be considered to correctly interpret the participation of dissolved humic material on the SPE efficiency of organic micropollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha P García De Llasera
- Departamento de Química Analítica de la Facultad de Química de la, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México
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de Almeida RM, Yonamine M. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of the herbicides paraquat and diquat in plasma and urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:260-4. [PMID: 17442635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a method was developed and optimized aiming to determinate the herbicides paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) in human plasma and urine samples. An initial procedure of chemical reduction of the analytes by adding NaBH4 directly in the buffered samples (pH 8.0) was performed. This procedure was necessary to convert the quaternary ammonium substances into more volatile compounds for gas chromatographic analysis. The reduction compounds were extracted with C18 cartridges (solid-phase extraction). Ethyl paraquat (EPQ) was used as internal standard (IS). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the analytes in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The limits of detection were 0.05 mg/l for both PQ and DQ. By using the weighted least squares linear regression (1/x1/2 for plasma and 1/y for urine), the accuracy of the analytical method was improved at the lower end of the calibration curve (from 0.1 to 50 mg/l; r>0.98). This method can be readily utilized as an important tool to confirm the suspicion of PQ and/or DQ poisoning and evaluate the extent of the intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Menck de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580 B13B CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bones J, Thomas K, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. On-line preconcentration of pharmaceutical residues from large volume water samples using short reversed-phase monolithic cartridges coupled to LC-UV-ESI-MS. Talanta 2006; 70:1117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mutavdzić D, Brnardić I, Kastelan-Macan M. Influence of suspended clay minerals and humic matter on the solid phase extraction efficiency of selected pesticides from water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2006; 41:1085-101. [PMID: 16923593 DOI: 10.1080/03601230600851075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of humic acids (HA) and Ca-montmorillonite (CaM) on the solid-phase extraction (SPE) efficiency of atrazine, alachlor and alpha-cypermethrin from water samples at various pH-values. The nature and intensity of binding of the studied pesticides to CaM were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and termogravimetric analysis (TGA) test. The studied pesticides eluted from discs were analysed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The effects of CaM and humic acid were generally pH-dependent and acted independently in extraction efficiency influence. Lower recovery of pesticides was observed at higher pH values when CaM was > or =0.1 g and was attributed to greater dispersion of clay, increased surface area and subsequent adsorption. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in humic acid had less effect on the extraction efficiency when water was at pH 8 compared to water at pH 2, which was probably due to greater nonpolar interactions of the pesticides to the charge-neutralized humic acid molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Mutavdzić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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Rodríguez-Morales S, Zhou X, Salari H, Castillo R, Breen PJ, Compadre CM. Liquid chromatography determination of residue levels on apples treated with cetylpyridinium chloride. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1062:285-9. [PMID: 15679166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has been found to be effective in reducing microbial contamination in apples. A sensitive and specific HPLC method was developed to determine CPC residues in apples treated with CPC. This method involves ion exchange solid-phase extraction, and the use of stearylpyridinium chloride (SPC) as internal standard. Limit of quantitation, was 0.5 microg/ml of CPC for the apple ethanolic extracts. The observed residues in apple (2.35-4.35 microg/g of apple) were lower than those previously reported for chicken and beef. The method is specific, sensitive, reproducible and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rodríguez-Morales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 522-3, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Vidal JLM, Vega AB, López FJS, Frenich AG. Application of internal quality control to the analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in surface and groundwater from Andalusia (Spain) by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1050:179-84. [PMID: 15508310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of paraquat (PQ), deiquat (DQ), chlormequat (CQ) and mepiquat (MQ) in water samples by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS). The LC separations of the target compounds, as well as their MS parameters, were optimized in order to improve selectivity and sensitivity. Separation was carried out in a Xterra C8 column, using as mobile phase methanol-heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) in isocratic mode. The molecular ion was selected for the quantitation in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was applied with silica cartridges in order to preconcentrate the compounds from waters. Detection limits were in the range 0.02-0.40 microg l(-1). Recovery range varied between 89 and 99.5% with precision values lower than 6%. The method has been applied successfully to the analysis of both surface and groundwater samples from agricultural areas of Andalusia (Spain), using well defined internal quality control (IQC) criteria. The results revealed the presence of deiquat and paraquat in some samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martínez Vidal
- Research Group: Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04071 Almería, Spain.
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Martins MA, Blanco RF, Pereira CM, Beck P, Brondani S, Cunico W, Zimmermann NE, Bonacorso HG, Zanatta N. 5-Trifluoromethyl-1,2-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolium chlorides: synthesis and , , and NMR chemical shifts. J Fluor Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(02)00195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Núñez O, Moyano E, Galceran MT. Solid-phase extraction and sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis for the determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides in drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2002; 946:275-82. [PMID: 11873975 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Conditions for the simultaneous determination of paraquat, diquat and difenzoquat by capillary zone electrophoresis were established by combining two preconcentration procedures. Off-line solid-phase extraction was used for the isolation and preconcentration of quats in drinking water. Quats were then analysed by capillary electrophoresis using sample stacking with matrix removal as on-column preconcentration procedure. Two different porous graphitic carbon cartridges were compared. The breakthrough volumes of the three herbicides were calculated and the loading capacity of the sorbents was compared. Recoveries higher than 80% for difenzoquat and around 40% for paraquat and diquat were obtained when a sample volume of 250 ml was percolated. For the stacking-capillary electrophoresis analysis of quats, 50 mM acetic acid-ammonium acetate (pH 4.0), 0.8 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with 5% (v/v) methanol as carrier electrolyte was used. Detection limits, based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1, were lower than 0.3 microg l(-1) for standards in Milli-Q water, and lower than 2.2 microg l(-1) for drinking water samples. Run-to-run and day-to-day precision of the method were established. The two preconcentration procedures used together was successfully applied to the analysis of the three herbicides in spiked drinking water at concentrations below the maximum admissible US Environmental Protection Agency levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Núñez
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Among the environmental areas, in this review attention will be focused on water matrices and both on organic (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), inorganic species and anion pollutants, since these kinds of substances include a wide number of compounds with different physical and chemical properties and different effects on human health. Analytical methods for control of quality of waters are required to be highly specific and possibly highly sensitive for the determination of even low amounts of pollutants. The main problems encountered during the analysis are the separation of matrix components from the pollutants of interest and the achievement of low detection limits. Therefore an overview on different materials and techniques available for sample concentration and/or matrix removal will be provided and discussed according to the chemical characteristics of the pollutant that has to be enriched.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bruzzoniti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy
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Abstract
This paper highlights recent advances in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of quaternary ammonium herbicides in water, soil, plant and biological samples. After a brief introduction summarizing the properties of quaternary ammonium herbicides and the difficulties involved in measuring them, attention is paid primarily to solid supports used for isolation and concentration, pre-treatments required for the different matrices, and eluents applied for quantitative desorption of these analytes. The determination techniques used after SPE and applications of the proposed SPE methodology are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.
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