1
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Felisilda BMB, Payne AD, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemical Behavior and Detection of Sulfated Sucrose at a Liquid|Organogel Microinterface Array. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10256-10262. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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2
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Yap L, Murali S, Bhakta G, Titmarsh DM, Chen AKL, Chiin Sim L, Bardor M, Lim YM, Goh JCH, Oh SKW, Choo ABH, van Wijnen AJ, Robinson DE, Whittle JD, Birch WR, Short RD, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Immobilization of vitronectin-binding heparan sulfates onto surfaces to support human pluripotent stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1887-1896. [PMID: 28941021 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Functionalizing medical devices with polypeptides to enhance their performance has become important for improved clinical success. The extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion protein vitronectin (VN) is an effective coating, although the chemistry used to attach VN often reduces its bioactivity. In vivo, VN binds the ECM in a sequence-dependent manner with heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans. We reasoned therefore that sequence-based affinity chromatography could be used to isolate a VN-binding HS fraction (HS9) for use as a coating material to capture VN onto implant surfaces. Binding avidity and specificity of HS9 were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assays. Plasma polymerization of allylamine (AA) to tissue culture-treated polystyrene (TCPS) was then used to capture and present HS9 as determined by radiolabeling and ELISA. HS9-coated TCPS avidly bound VN, and this layered surface supported the robust attachment, expansion, and maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells. Compositional analysis demonstrated that 6-O- and N-sulfation, as well as lengths greater than three disaccharide units (dp6) are critical for VN binding to HS-coated surfaces. Importantly, HS9 coating reduced the threshold concentration of VN required to create an optimally bioactive surface for pluripotent stem cells. We conclude that affinity-purified heparan sugars are able to coat materials to efficiently bind adhesive factors for biomedical applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1887-1896, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Yap
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Sadasivam Murali
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Gajadhar Bhakta
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Drew M Titmarsh
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Allen Kuan-Liang Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Lyn Chiin Sim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.,Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Yu Ming Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - James C H Goh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, E4 #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Steve K W Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Andre B H Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, E4 #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - David E Robinson
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, Australia
| | - Jason D Whittle
- School of Engineering, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, Australia
| | - William R Birch
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Robert D Short
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, Australia.,Material Science Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore
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3
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Wijesinghe SJ, Ling L, Murali S, Qing YH, Hinkley SFR, Carnachan SM, Bell TJ, Swaminathan K, Hui JH, van Wijnen AJ, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Affinity Selection of FGF2-Binding Heparan Sulfates for Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:566-575. [PMID: 27291835 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The future of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as a successful cell therapy relies on bioprocessing strategies to improve the scalability of these cells without compromising their therapeutic ability. The culture-expansion of hMSCs can be enhanced by supplementation with growth factors, particularly fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). The biological activity of FGF2 is controlled through interactions with heparan sulfate (HS) that facilitates ligand-receptor complex formation. We previously reported on an FGF2-interacting HS variant (termed HS2) isolated from embryonic tissue by anionic exchange chromatography that increased the proliferation and potency of hMSCs. Here, we detail the isolation of an FGF2 affinity-purified HS variant (HS8) using a scalable platform technology previously employed to generate HS variants with increased affinity for BMP-2 or VEGF165 . This process used a peptide sequence derived from the heparin-binding domain of FGF2 as a substrate to affinity-isolate HS8 from a commercially available source of porcine mucosal HS. Our data show that HS8 binds to FGF2 with higher affinity than to FGF1, FGF7, BMP2, PDGF-BB, or VEGF165 . Also, HS8 protects FGF2 from thermal destabilization and increases FGF signaling and hMSC proliferation through FGF receptor 1. Long-term supplementation of cultures with HS8 increased both hMSC numbers and their colony-forming efficiency without adversely affecting the expression of hMSC-related cell surface antigens. This strategy further exemplifies the utility of affinity-purifying HS variants against particular ligands important to the stem cell microenvironment and advocates for their addition as adjuvants for the culture-expansion of hMSCs destined for cellular therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 566-575, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sadasivam Murali
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yeong Hui Qing
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Susan M Carnachan
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Tracey J Bell
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - James H Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Ouyang Y, Wu C, Sun X, Liu J, Linhardt RJ, Zhang Z. Development of hydrophilic interaction chromatography with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry for heparin and low molecular weight heparin disaccharide analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:277-284. [PMID: 26689158 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are widely used as clinical anticoagulants. The determination of their composition and structural heterogeneity still challenges analysts. METHODS Disaccharide compositional analysis, utilizing heparinase-catalyzed depolymerization, is one of the most important ways to evaluate the sequence, structural composition and quality of heparin and LMWH. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HILIC/QTOFMS) has been developed to analyze the resulting digestion products. RESULTS HILIC shows good resolution and excellent MS compatibility. Digestion products of heparin and LMWHs afforded up to 16 compounds that were separated using HILIC and analyzed semi-quantitatively. These included eight common disaccharides, two disaccharides derived from chain termini, three 3-O-sulfo-group-containing tetrasaccharides, along with three linkage region tetrasaccharides and their derivatives. Structures of these digestion products were confirmed by mass spectral analysis. The disaccharide compositions of a heparin, two batches of the LMWH, enoxaparin, and two batches of the LMWH, nadroparin, were compared. In addition to identifying disaccharides, 3-O-sulfo-group-containing tetrasaccharides, linkage region tetrasaccharides were observed having slightly different compositions and contents in these heparin products suggesting that they had been prepared using different starting materials or production processes. CONCLUSIONS Thus, compositional analysis using HILIC/QTOFMS offers a unique insight into different heparin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Chengling Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Jianfen Liu
- Xiehe Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050083, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
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5
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Toppazzini M, Coslovi A, Rossi M, Flamigni A, Baiutti E, Campa C. Capillary Electrophoresis of Mono- and Oligosaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:301-338. [PMID: 27645743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reports an overview of the recent advances in the analysis of mono- and oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis (CE); furthermore, relevant reviews and research articles recently published in the field are tabulated. Additionally, pretreatments and procedures applied to uncharged and acidic carbohydrates (i.e., monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides carrying carboxylate, sulfate, or phosphate groups) are described.Representative examples of such procedures are reported in detail, upon describing robust methodologies for the study of (1) neutral oligosaccharides derivatized by reductive amination and by formation of glycosylamines; (2) sialic acid derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, released from human serum immunoglobulin G; (3) anomeric couples of neutral glycosides separated using borate-based buffers; (4) unsaturated, underivatized oligosaccharides from lyase-treated alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Toppazzini
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Anna Coslovi
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Flamigni
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edi Baiutti
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristiana Campa
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy.
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6
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Zhang Q, Chen X, Zhu Z, Zhan X, Wu Y, Song L, Kang J. Structural Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Heparin by Ultraperformance Size Exclusion Chromatography/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1819-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303185w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Zhijia Zhu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueqiang Zhan
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- College of Chemistry,
Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lankun Song
- Waters Corporation, Block
13, Jinhai Road 1000 , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201206,
China
| | - Jingwu Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lingling Road 345, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Determination of binding constants between one protein and multiple carbohydrates by affinity chromatography on a microchip. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: Analysis of heparin digests by RPIP-UHPLC–QTOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Liu X, Sun C, Zang H, Wang W, Guo R, Wang F. Capillary Electrophoresis for Simultaneous Analysis of Heparin, Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid and its Application in Preparations and Synovial Fluid. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:373-9. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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10
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The efficient structure elucidation of minor components in heparin digests using microcoil NMR. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2244-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Jones CJ, Beni S, Larive CK. Understanding the effect of the counterion on the reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (RPIP-HPLC) resolution of heparin-related saccharide anomers. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6762-9. [PMID: 21780769 DOI: 10.1021/ac2013724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (RPIP-HPLC) is an increasingly popular chromatographic technique for the separation of charged compounds, including oligosaccharides derived from the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). This family of heparin disaccharides has been shown to be useful compounds to probe the details of the RPIP-HPLC separation mechanism, the aspects of which are still being debated. In this manuscript, the effects of ion-pairing reagent (IPR) concentration, counterion, and mobile phase pH on the quality of the RPIP-UPLC separation were examined with particular emphasis on how these factors impact the separation of the disaccharide anomers. These results highlight the role of the IPR counterion and demonstrate that the resolution of the disaccharide anomers can be minimized by conducting the separation at low pH, simplifying chromatographic analysis and improving resolution. The results presented herein can also provide insights into strategies for developing more sensitive and efficient reverse-phase separations for other charged analytes including larger GAG oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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12
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Galeotti F, Volpi N. Online Reverse Phase-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Separation and Characterization of Heparan Sulfate, Heparin, and Low-Molecular Weight-Heparin Disaccharides Derivatized with 2-Aminoacridone. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6770-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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13
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Jones CJ, Beni S, Limtiaco JFK, Langeslay DJ, Larive CK. Heparin characterization: challenges and solutions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:439-465. [PMID: 21469955 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although heparin is an important and widely prescribed pharmaceutical anticoagulant, its high degree of sequence microheterogeneity and size polydispersity make molecular-level characterization challenging. Unlike nucleic acids and proteins that are biosynthesized through template-driven assembly processes, heparin and the related glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate are actively remodeled during biosynthesis through a series of enzymatic reactions that lead to variable levels of O- and N-sulfonation and uronic acid epimers. As summarized in this review, heparin sequence information is determined through a bottom-up approach that relies on depolymerization reactions, size- and charge-based separations, and sensitive mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to determine the structural identity of component oligosaccharides. The structure-elucidation process, along with its challenges and opportunities for future analytical improvements, is reviewed and illustrated for a heparin-derived hexasaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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14
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Determination of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate as related substances in heparin by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Brustkern AM, Buhse LF, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Keire DA. Characterization of Currently Marketed Heparin Products: Reversed-Phase Ion-Pairing Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of Heparin Digests. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9865-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Brustkern
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lucinda F. Buhse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Moheb Nasr
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Ali Al-Hakim
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - David A. Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States, and Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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16
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Jones CJ, Membreno N, Larive CK. Insights into the mechanism of separation of heparin and heparan sulfate disaccharides by reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:479-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Eldridge SL, Higgins LA, Dickey BJ, Larive CK. Insights into the capillary electrophoresis separation of heparin disaccharides from nuclear magnetic resonance, pKa, and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7406-15. [PMID: 19653663 DOI: 10.1021/ac901218q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the pK(a) values of heparin disaccharide functional groups can provide insights into the nature of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interactions and prove useful for optimization of the charged-based separations typically used in GAG analysis. In order to gain a better understanding into the capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation process, the pK(a) values of the carboxylate and primary amine moieties of 11 heparin disaccharide standards were determined through (1)H NMR detected pH titrations. These pK(a) values were used to calculate the effective net charge of each disaccharide and compared to the electrophoretic mobilities measured by CE. Although a different migration order had been reported by other researchers, our results indicate a strong positive correlation between the two measurements, consistent with the migration order observed in our CE separations. The effect of mutarotation was also examined by (1)H NMR. Mutarotation equilibrium constants favored the alpha anomer over the beta conformation. pK(a) values determined for both anomers of the four disaccharide standards containing a GlcN primary amine indicated that the beta anomer of the GlcN residue was more acidic. Partial separation of these anomers was achieved in CE separations using either formic acid or phosphate buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L Eldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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18
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Effective reversed-phase ion pair high-performance liquid chromatography method for the separation and characterization of intact low-molecular-weight heparins. Anal Biochem 2009; 387:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Hu P, Fang L, Chess EK. Source-Induced Fragmentation of Heparin, Heparan, and Galactosaminoglycans and Application. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2332-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802626e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Hu
- Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Inc., 25212 Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073
| | - Liqiong Fang
- Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Inc., 25212 Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073
| | - Edward K. Chess
- Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Inc., 25212 Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073
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20
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Isolation and Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Glycosaminoglycans from Marine Mollusc Amussium pleuronectus (Linne) using Chromatography. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:791-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Eldridge SL, Korir AK, Gutierrez SM, Campos F, Limtiaco JF, Larive CK. Heterogeneity of depolymerized heparin SEC fractions: to pool or not to pool? Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2963-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Korir AK, Larive CK. Advances in the separation, sensitive detection, and characterization of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:155-69. [PMID: 18841350 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the relationship between the structure and biological function of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) presents an important analytical challenge mainly due to the difficulty in determining their fine structure. Heparin and HS are responsible for mediation of a wide range of biological actions through specific binding to a variety of proteins including those involved in blood coagulation, cell proliferation, differentiation and adhesion, and host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, there is a growing interest in characterizing the microstructure of heparin and HS and in elucidating the molecular level details of their interaction with peptides and proteins. This review discusses recent developments in the analytical methods used for sensitive separation, detection, and structural characterization of heparin and HS. A brief discussion of the analysis of contaminants in pharmaceutical heparin is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Korir
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Physical Sciences Bldg. 1, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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23
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Abstract
Complex natural polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are a class of ubiquitous macromolecules that exhibit a wide range of biological functions and participate and regulate multiple cellular events and (patho)physiological processes. They are generally present either as free chains (hyaluronic acid and bacterial acidic polysaccharides) or as side chains of proteoglycans (PGs; chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate) and are most often found in cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix. The recent emergence of modern analytical tools for their study has produced a virtual explosion in the field of glycomics. CE, due to its high resolving power and sensitivity, has been useful in the analysis of intact GAGs and GAG-derived oligosaccharides and disaccharides affording concentration and structural characterization data essential for understanding the biological functions of GAGs. In this review, novel off-line and on-line CE-MS and MS/MS methods for screening of GAG-derived oligosaccharides and disaccharides will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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24
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Korir AK, Limtiaco JFK, Gutierrez SM, Larive CK. Ultraperformance ion-pair liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry for compositional profiling and quantification of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1297-306. [PMID: 18215021 DOI: 10.1021/ac702235u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are important pharmaceutical targets because they bind a large number of proteins, including growth factors and cytokines, mediating many biological processes. Because of their biological significance and complexity, there is a need for development of rapid and sensitive analytical techniques for the characterization and compositional analysis of heparin and HS at the disaccharide level, as well as for the structure elucidation of larger glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sequences important for protein binding. In this work, we present a rapid method for analysis of disaccharide composition using reversed-phase ion-pairing ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry ((RPIP)-UPLC-MS). Heparin disaccharide standards were eluted in less than 5 min. The method was used to determine the constituents of GAGs from unfractionated heparin/HS from various bovine and porcine tissues, and the results were compared with literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Korir
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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25
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Abstract
This chapter illustrates the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of sugar acids, that is, monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides carrying carboxylate, sulphate or phosphate groups. In order to provide a general description of the main results and challenges in the field, some relevant applications and reviews on CE of such saccharidic compounds are tabulated. Furthermore, some detailed experimental procedures are shown, regarding the CE analysis of sugar acids released upon hydrolysis of acidic polysaccharides and of glycans linked to glycoproteins. In particular, the protocols will deal with the following compounds: (i) unsaturated, underivatized oligosaccharides from lyase-treated alginate; (ii) oligosaccharides derivatized with 4-aminobenzonitrile, arising from chemical hydrolysis of alginate; (iii) sialic acid derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, released from human serum immunoglobulin G.
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26
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Patel RP, Narkowicz C, Hutchinson JP, Hilder EF, Jacobson GA. A simple capillary electrophoresis method for the rapid separation and determination of intact low molecular weight and unfractionated heparins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 46:30-5. [PMID: 18024047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple, selective and accurate capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed for the rapid separation and identification of various low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) and unfractionated heparin. Separation and operational parameters were investigated using dalteparin sodium as the test LMWH. The developed method used a 70 cm fused silica capillary (50 microm i.d.) with a detection window 8.5 cm from the distal end. Phosphate electrolyte (pH 3.5; 50 mM), an applied voltage of -30 k V, UV detection at 230 nm and sample injection at 20 mbar for 5s were used. The method performance was assessed in terms of linearity, selectivity, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy. The method was successfully applied to the European Pharmacopeia LMWH standard, dalteparin sodium, enoxaparin sodium and heparin sodium with a significant reduction in the run time and increased resolution compared with previously reported CE methods. Different CE separation profiles were obtained for various LMWHs and unfractionated heparin showing significant structural diversity. The current methodology was sensitive enough to reveal minor constituent differences between two different batches of enoxaparin sodium. This CE method also clearly showed chemical changes that occurred to LMWHs under different stress conditions. The sensitivity, selectivity and simplicity of the developed method allow its application in research or manufacturing for the identification, stability analysis, characterization and monitoring of batch-to-batch consistency of different low molecular weight and unfractionated heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul P Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 26, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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27
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Camara JE, Satterfield MB, Nelson BC. Quantitative determination of disaccharide content in digested unfragmented heparin and low molecular weight heparin by direct-infusion electrospray mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1706-14. [PMID: 17275239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparins and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans derived from natural sources that are prescribed as anticoagulants. In this work, a direct-infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) method was applied to the quantitative analysis of known disaccharides in various native heparins and LMWHs after digestion with heparinase enzymes. Disaccharide deltaUA2S-->GlcNS6S was found to compose the majority of all samples analyzed (81-88%). The values were significantly higher than those reported by previously published methods. The disaccharide isomer pair deltaUA-->GlcNS6S/deltaUA2S-->GlcNS was also detected in all samples at lower levels (11-19%). While digestion with heparinases I and II revealed a limited number of disaccharides, the addition of heparinase III to digests led to the detection of disaccharide deltaUA2S-->GlcNAc6S in native porcine heparin. This result indicated the importance of utilizing all three heparinases to gain maximum information when analyzing heparin and LMWH digests. This method displayed good between-day (4-6%) and between-digest (1-2%) reproducibility in separate experiments. To determine if the digestion matrix was suppressing the signal of low-abundance disaccharides, several disaccharides were exogenously added at low levels (1-10 pmol/mg) to a quenched digest reaction. Analysis revealed that low level disaccharides were detectable in this matrix above the limits of detection (0.1-0.2 pmol/mg) and quantitation (0.2-0.7 pmol/mg). While this method was unable to distinguish between disaccharide isomers, it utilized simple mass spectrometry instrumentation to provide useful quantitative data for characterizing preparations of native heparin and LMWH, which could be used to compare various marketed preparations of these popular anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Camara
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States.
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28
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Korir AK, Almeida VK, Malkin DS, Larive CK. Separation and analysis of nanomole quantities of heparin oligosaccharides using on-line capillary isotachophoresis coupled with NMR detection. Anal Chem 2007; 77:5998-6003. [PMID: 16159133 DOI: 10.1021/ac050669u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important in a number of biological processes and are structurally altered in many pathological conditions. The complete determination of GAG primary structures has been hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific analytical techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a powerful tool for GAG structure elucidation despite its relatively poor limits of detection. Solenoidal microcoils have greatly enhanced the mass limits of detection of NMR, enabling the on-line coupling of microseparation and concentration techniques such as capillary isotachophoresis (cITP), which can separate and concentrate analytes by 2-3 orders of magnitude. We have successfully used cITP coupled with on-line NMR detection to separate and concentrate nanomole quantities of heparin oligosaccharides. This sensitive on-line measurement approach has the potential to provide new insights into the relationships between biological function and GAG microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Korir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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29
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Saad OM, Ebel H, Uchimura K, Rosen SD, Bertozzi CR, Leary JA. Compositional profiling of heparin/heparan sulfate using mass spectrometry: assay for specificity of a novel extracellular human endosulfatase. Glycobiology 2005; 15:818-26. [PMID: 15843596 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An important class of carbohydrates studied within the field of glycobiology, heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) have been implicated in a diverse array of biological functions. Changes in their sulfation pattern and domain organization have been associated with different pathological situations such as viral infectivity, tumor growth, and metastasis. To obtain structural information about these biomolecules, and the modifications they may undergo during different stages of cell growth and development, a mass spectrometry-based method was developed and used to obtain unambiguous structural information on the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that comprise heparin/HS. The method was applied to assay for the heparin substrate specificity of a newly discovered human extracellular endosulfatase, HSulf-2, which has been implicated in tumorigenesis. This new protocol incorporates 12 known heparin disaccharides, including three sets of isomers. A unique response factor (R) is determined for each disaccharide, whereas a multiplexed and data processing method is incorporated for faster data acquisition and quantification purposes. Proof of principle was performed by using various heparin/HS samples isolated from bovine and porcine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Saad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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30
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Behr JR, Matsumoto Y, White FM, Sasisekharan R. Quantification of isomers from a mixture of twelve heparin and heparan sulfate disaccharides using tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2553-62. [PMID: 16124039 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparin/heparan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) have been implicated in clinically relevant processes such as hemostasis, infection, development, and cancer progression, through their interactions with proteins. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) were combined to identify and quantify 12 HSGAG disaccharides that can be generated by enzymatic depolymerization with heparin lyases. This technique includes free amine-containing disaccharides that had previously been observed in MSn but not quantified. Our methods use diagnostic product ions from MSn spectra of up to three isomeric disaccharides at once, and up to three sequential stages of MSn in tandem, for the quantitative analysis of the relative percentage of each of these isomers. The isomer quantification was validated using mock mixtures and showed acceptable accuracy and precision. These methods may be applied to the quantification of other isomers by MSn. While each of the 12 disaccharides alone had a linear response to an internal standard in the MS1 spectra, the individual response factors did not remain constant when the concentrations of the other 11 disaccharides in the mixtures fluctuated, due to competition for electrospray ionization. The absolute concentration of one fluctuating isomer was determined out of a constant mixture of the other disaccharides. The rapid, accurate, and sensitive quantification of all isomeric disaccharides may contribute to the eventual sequencing of longer saccharides by MSn, enabling the elucidation of the structure-function relationships of HSGAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Behr
- Biological Engineering Division, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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31
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Gunay NS, Linhardt RJ. Capillary electrophoretic separation of heparin oligosaccharides under conditions amenable to mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1014:225-33. [PMID: 14558628 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of high-molecular-mass heparin oligosaccharides compatible with mass spectral detection was developed. Structurally defined heparin oligosaccharides ranging in size from tetrasaccharide to tetradecasaccharide were used to optimize the conditions. Applying normal and reversed polarity modes, these oligosaccharides were separated by CE under various conditions. Ammonium hydrogencarbonate (30 mM at pH 8.50) used as the running electrolyte system gave good separation efficiency and resolution in the normal polarity mode. Application of this method to the separation of complicated heparin oligosaccharide mixtures required the addition of electrolyte additives. Ammonium hydrogencarbonate (30 mM), containing triethylamine (10 mM), was useful for the separation of complex oligosaccharide mixtures. Run-to-run and day-to-day precision and limits of detection were established for these separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sibel Gunay
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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32
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Saad OM, Leary JA. Compositional analysis and quantification of heparin and heparan sulfate by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:2985-95. [PMID: 12964742 DOI: 10.1021/ac0340455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method using a combination of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) was developed for the identification and quantitative analysis of eight heparan sulfate (HS)- and heparin-derived delta-disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. The compositional analysis of nonisomeric disaccharide constituents of heparin/HS was achieved from full-scan MS1 spectra using an internal standard and a calculated response factor for each disaccharide. Diagnostic product ions from MSn spectra of isomeric disaccharides were used for the quantitative analysis of the relative amounts of each of the isomers in mixtures. The protocol was validated using several quality control samples and showed satisfactory accuracy and precision. The analysis is rapid, accurate, and uses no purification or separation steps prior to analysis by MS, thus reducing sample consumption and analysis time of traditional methods. Using this quantitative analysis procedure, percentages of disaccharide compositions for heparins from porcine and bovine intestinal mucosa and heparan sulfate from bovine kidney were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Saad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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33
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Prochazka S, Mulholland M, Lloyd-Jones A. Optimisation for the separation of the oligosaccharide, sodium Pentosan Polysulfate by reverse polarity capillary zone electrophoresis using a central composite design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:133-41. [PMID: 12560057 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The separation by reverse polarity capillary zone electrophoresis of the therapeutically developed sodium salt of Pentosan Polysulfate was optimised through the analysis of response surface methodologies, modeled using a central composite design. The optimisation investigated injection pressure, injection time and voltage and the effect of the conditions on retention times, peak areas, separation efficiency and the method sensitivity. The overall goal was to develop the most sensitive results with no decrease in separation efficiency. The following results were obtained: (1) retention times generally decreased as injection pressure, injection time and voltage increased, injection time having the least effect; (2) as expected peak areas increased as injection pressure and injection time increased but decreased as voltage increased; (3) separation efficiencies generally increased as injection pressure and injection time decreased, with voltage having almost no effect. For the optimum condition, the sample was introduced at the inlet vial at the cathode hydrodynamically, at optimal setting of 44 s at 35 mbar. The optimal voltage was -20 kV. In comparison with other methods, the optimum showed increased sensitivity, resolution and separation efficiency. Repeatability studies were performed on the optimum parameter conditions. Relative standard deviation values obtained were between 0.9 and 5.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prochazka
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2001, Australia
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34
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Mao W, Thanawiroon C, Linhardt RJ. Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:77-94. [PMID: 11857641 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are a family of polydisperse, highly sulfated complex mixtures of linear polysaccharides that are involved in many life processes. Defining the structure of glycosaminoglycans is an important factor in elucidating their structure-activity relationship. Capillary electrophoresis has emerged as a highly promising technique consuming an extremely small amount of sample and capable of rapid, high-resolution separation, characterization and quantitation of analytes. Numerous capillary electrophoresis methods for analysis of intact glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides have been developed. These methods allow for both qualitative and quantitative analysis with a high level of sensitivity. This review is concerned with separation methods of capillary electrophoresis, detection methods and applications to several aspects of research into glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides. The importance of capillary electrophoresis in biological and pharmaceutical samples in glycobiology and carbohydrate biochemistry and its possible applications in disease diagnosis and monitoring chemical synthesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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35
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Duchemin V, Le Potier I, Troubat C, Ferrier D, Taverna M. Analysis of intact heparin by capillary electrophoresis using short end injection configuration. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:127-33. [PMID: 11857645 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of intact heparin was developed using a phosphate buffer and a fused silica capillary. Operational parameters such as pH and concentration of the running buffer were investigated. The short end injection configuration permitted a gain on peak efficiency, on the analysis time and on the repeatability of both migration times and peak areas, through a reduction of the migration distance. Moreover, the beneficial effect of the presence of sodium chloride in the heparin sample on the peak efficiency was demonstrated and the influence of the salts on the conformation of the heparin was discussed. The optimized method (short end injection configuration, 50mM phosphate buffer pH 3, heparin sample prepared in 10 g/L NaCl solution) was validated in terms of linearity, reproducibility and specificity according to ICH requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Duchemin
- ROCHE, Service de développement analytique, 52 rue M. et J. Gaucher, 94120 Fontenay-sous-Bois, France
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36
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Lamari FN, Militsopoulou M, Mitropoulou TN, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived disaccharides in biologic samples by capillary electrophoresis and protocol for sequencing glycosaminoglycans. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:95-102. [PMID: 11857642 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biologically significant carbohydrates which either as free chains (hyaluronan) or constituents of proteoglycans (chondroitin/dermatan sulfates, heparin, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate) participate and regulate several cellular events and (patho)physiological processes. Capillary electrophoresis, due to its high resolving power and sensitivity, has been successfully used for the analysis of glycosaminoglycans. Determination of compositional characteristics, such as disaccharide sulfation pattern, is a useful prerequisite for elucidating the interactions of glycosaminoglycans with matrix effective molecules and, therefore, essential in understanding the biological functions of proteoglycans. The interest in the field of characterization of such biologically important carbohydrates is soaring and advances in this field will signal a new revolution in the area of glycomics equivalent to that of genomics and proteomics. This review focuses on the capillary electrophoresis methods used to determine the disaccharide pattern of glycosaminoglycans in various biologic samples as well as advances in the sequence analysis of glycosaminoglycans using both chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Lamari
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Natural Products, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, 261 10 Patras, Greece
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37
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Chapter 22 Capillary electrophoresis of intact and depolymerized glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Ruiz-Calero V, Moyano E, Puignou L, Galceran MT. Pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry for the analysis of heparin depolymerised disaccharides. J Chromatogr A 2001; 914:277-91. [PMID: 11358222 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of eight heparin-derived disaccharides. A 30 mM formic acid buffer at pH 3.20 was selected as running electrolyte, and the separation was performed by the simultaneous application of a CE voltage of -30 kV and an overimposed pressure of 0.5 p.s.i. (3.45 kPa). The application of pressure assistance was needed to provide stable electrospray conditions for successful coupling. The linearity of the CE-MS and CE-MS-MS methods was checked under these conditions. Quality parameters such as run-to-run precision and limits of detection were established in both CE-MS and CE-MS-MS modes. Finally, enzymatically depolymerised bovine and porcine mucosal heparins were analysed in this CE-MS system and the characteristic relative molar percentages of major and minor disaccharides were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ruiz-Calero
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Abstract
This review article is concerned with the recent developments in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) of carbohydrates. The literature shows that CE possesses impressive potential in the analysis of carbohydrates. On the other hand, CEC has just started to show promise in the analysis of carbohydrates. Advances in separation and detection approaches of derivatized and underivatized carbohydrates are discussed based on the available literature. In addition, important applications are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3071, USA.
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