1
|
Mikuma T, Iwata YT, Miyaguchi H, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, Inoue H. The use of a sulfonated capillary on chiral capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry of amphetamine-type stimulants for methamphetamine impurity profiling. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 249:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
2
|
Misra TK, Chen TS, Wong KT, Liu CY. A Convenient Modified Short Route for the Preparation of [32]ane-N8Hydrochloride. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
3
|
He L, Zhang J, Sun Y, Liu J, Jiang X, Qu L. A multiple-function stationary phase based on perhydro-26-membered hexaazamacrocycle for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5971-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
4
|
Reproducible chiral capillary electrophoresis of methamphetamine and its related compounds using a chemically modified capillary having diol groups. Forensic Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-009-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Chen TH, Misra TK, Liu CY. Capillary electrochromatographic separation of peptides using a macrocyclic polyamine for molecular recognition. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1651-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
GUO Y, LIU D, WANG H, YUAN R, BAO JJ. Zone Electrophoresis in an Inner-cooling Wide-bore Electrophoresis System with UV Detection. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1025-30. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugao GUO
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University
| | - Danning LIU
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University
| | - Huaifeng WANG
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University
| | - Ruijuan YUAN
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Piechowski M. Application of CE with novel dynamic coatings and field-amplified sample injection to the sensitive determination of isomeric benzoic acids in atmospheric aerosols and vehicular emission. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3526-34. [PMID: 17828799 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reliable CE method with direct UV detection has been developed to separate eight isomeric benzoic acids in atmospheric aerosols and vehicular emission without complex sample pretreatment. Optimal electrophoretic conditions, with migration times under 5 min, were obtained by using a 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.7) containing a dynamic surface coating EOTrol LN (0.005% w/v). The separations were carried out in a cathode to anode direction (-30 kV) allowing the low cathodal EOF ( approximately 1 x 10(-9) m(2)V(-1)s(-1)) to extend the effective separation by slowing the movement of the studied aromatic acids. Moreover, the sensitivity of the method at 200 nm was enhanced by using a field-amplified sample injection (FASI) with electrokinetic (EK) sample injection (-2 kV, 60 s). Prior to sample injection, a short water plug (3 s at 0.5 psi) was introduced. Under these conditions, the method was capable of detecting the analytes in deionized water with LODs (S/N = 3) as low as 0.1 microg/L for most of the studied acids. In the presence of 10 mg/L of sulphate (added to simulate a sample matrix), LODs ranged from 0.26 to 0.62 microg/L. The validation of the method has proven an excellent separation performance and accuracy for the determination of isomeric benzoic acids in the studied matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis and Air Quality, Environmental Science and Technology Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu CY, Chen TH, Misra TK. A macrocyclic polyamine as an anion receptor in the capillary electrochromatographic separation of carbohydrates. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:407-15. [PMID: 17451724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical approach of the 32-membered macrocyclic polyamine, 1,5,9,13,17,21,25,29-octaazacyclodotriacontane ([32]ane-N8) was described for the capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) separation of derivatized mono- and disaccharides. The column displayed reversal electroosmotic flow (EOF) at pH below 7.0, while a cathodic EOF was shown at pH above 7.0. The reductive amination of saccharides was carried out with p-aminobenzoic acid. Some parameters that affect the CEC separations were investigated. Several competitive ligands, such as Tris, EDTA and phosphate were also examined for the effect on the performance. We achieved a complete separation of all compounds as well as the excess derivatizing agent by using borate buffer (pH 9.0) in a mode of concentration gradient (60 mM inlet side and 70 mM outlet side). The relative standard deviation of the retention time measured for each sample was less than 4% in six continuous runs, suggesting that the bonded phase along with the gradient formed inside the column was quite stable. With the mixing modes of anion coordination, anion exchange, and shape discrimination, the interaction adequately accomplishes the separation of carbohydrates which are epimers or have different glycosidic linkage, although the electrophoretic migration is also involved in the separation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tian Y, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Xie C, Li H, Yang X. Open‐Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography Using Capillaries Modified with p‐tert‐Butylcalix[4]arene‐1,3‐bis(allyloxyethy)ether. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500274356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- a Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhaorui Zeng
- a Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuanyin Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chuanhui Xie
- a Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haibing Li
- b Institute of Materia Medica, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- b Institute of Materia Medica, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin SY, Wang GR, Huang QP, Liu CY. Speciation of selenium compounds by open tubular capillary electrochromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4257-65. [PMID: 17001743 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a T-type interface and a crossflow nebulizer to find ways to combine CEC with inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP-MS) detection for selenium speciation. For CEC separation, we employed a macrocyclic polyamine-bonded phase capillary as the separation column and a bare fused-silica capillary filled with the make-up liquid (0.05 M HNO3). The effect of nebulizer gas flow rate, make-up liquid flow, type, concentration and pH of the mobile phase on the separation have been studied. Tris buffer of 50 mM at pH 8.50 gave the best performance for selenium speciation. The reproducibility of the retention time indicated that sample injection by electrokinetic and nebulizer gas flow was better than that by self-aspiration alone. The detection limits for selenate, selenite, selenocystine and selenomethionine were found to be 2.40, 3.53, 12.86 and 11.25 ng/mL, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity and element-specific detection, as well as the high selectivity of the bonded phase, quantitative analysis of selenium speciation in urine was also achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kodama S, Yamamoto A, Terashima H, Honda Y, Taga A, Honda S. A sulfonated capillary that gives reproducible migration times for capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:4070-8. [PMID: 16252329 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To obtain reproducible migration times and rapid analyses of analytes, sulfonate groups were chemically introduced to the inner wall of untreated fused-silica capillary with 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrichlorosilane. The sulfonated capillary showed relatively constant electroosmotic mobility which was greater than that obtained by an untreated fused-silica capillary over the pH range studied (pH 2-9). In both CZE and MEKC, the RSDs of the migration times of analytes with the sulfonated capillary were less than 0.2% which were significantly lower than those obtained with an untreated fused-silica capillary (0.5-3.5%). When BGE were set at pH 7.0 for CZE and MEKC, the analysis times with the sulfonated capillary were about half those obtained with an untreated fused-silica capillary. These results indicate that the sulfonated capillary can provide highly reproducible and rapid analyses in CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kodama
- Toyama Institute of Health, Kosugi-machi, Toyama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Chen Y, Zeng Z, Xie C, Yang X. p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene-1,3-bis(allyloxyethoxy)ether Coated Capillaries for Open-Tubular Electrochromatography. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:717-20. [PMID: 15984214 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-1,3-bis(allyloxyethoxy)ether (CA[4]-BAE) chemically coated capillaries via a free-radical reaction with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) that was attached onto the inner wall previously were carried out. IR spectra and decreased electroosmotic flow (EOF) suggested that the capillary was successfully coated with CA[4]-BAE. A slight slope of EOF versus pH at 5 < pH < 9 would help to make the separation reproducible. The CA[4]-BAE-coated capillary showed improved separations of toluidine isomers, naphthol isomers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared with an uncoated capillary. The special selectivity indicates that there is a certain extent of host-guest interactions between the solutes and the CA[4]-BAE coating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guihen E, Glennon JD. Recent highlights in stationary phase design for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1044:67-81. [PMID: 15354429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the most recent innovations made to achieve high performance in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) separations, focusing on the ingenious chemical and physical solutions made to increase the surface area and equip the stationary phase with exploitable selectivity. Among the approaches taken are chemically bonded ligands, etching with chemical bonding, sol-gels, molecularly imprinted polymers, porous layers, physically attached or adsorbed phases, and nanoparticle coatings. Particularly noteworthy are modern developments with macrocyclic receptor ligands, nanoparticles and open channel electrochromatography on-chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Guihen
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Preparation and application of a novel type of calix[6]crown coated capillary for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Lin SY, Chen WH, Liu CY. Nucleoside monophosphates recognition using macrocyclic polyamine bonded phase in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:1230-8. [PMID: 12007121 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200205)23:9<1230::aid-elps1230>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An open-tubular wall-coated macrocyclic polyamine capillary column (70 cm x 75 microm ID) with 50 cm effective length for the separation of nucleoside monophosphates is described. Some parameters with respect to concentration, pH, composition of the buffer, and voltage in order to optimize the separation were studied. The coated capillary showed reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF), allowing anions to be separated in the co-EOF mode. Baseline separations were achieved for the eight nucleotides in less than 26 min using a background electrolyte consisting of H(3)PO(4)-NaH(2)PO(4) (30 mM, pH 3.10), an applied voltage of -15 kV, and detection at 254 nm. The macrocyclic polyamine on the capillary wall introduced anion coordination for the interaction with the analytes, the strength of which could be moderated by the type and concentration of the competing ion used in the background electrolyte (BGE). With a low concentration of the competing ion (phosphate ion), the migration behavior followed that obtained in the electrophoretic system. Increasing the concentration of the competing ion resulted in a faster migration and more complete elution of the analyte. The method established was also employed for the analysis of nucleotides in mushrooms. Aqueous extracts of mushrooms from different species and various extraction methods were injected directly for the analysis. Uridine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and cytidine 5'-monophosphate, were found in the sample tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Use of the sol-gel technique to prepare capillary columns coated with a macrocyclic dioxopolyamine for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
An overview of the most recent developments in column technology employed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), mainly for the separation of small molecules and ions, is presented. Particular emphasis is laid on permanent coating. The wall modification methods in CE include covalent modification, adsorbed coatings and polymeric coatings, while those in CEC include packed columns, open-tubular columns and fritless columns. A short discussion on the characterization and selectivity of the bonded phases is also given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Y, Zeng Z, Guan N, Cheng J. Sol-gel technique for the preparation of beta-cyclodextrin derivative stationary phase in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2167-72. [PMID: 11504048 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20017)22:11<2167::aid-elps2167>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) column coated with 2,6-dibutyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DB-beta-CD) was prepared using sol-gel technique. In the sol-gel approach, owing to the three-dimensional network of sol-gel and the strong chemical bond between the stationary phase and the surface of capillary columns, good chromatographic characteristics and unique selectivity in separating isomers were shown. We achieved high efficiencies of 5-14 x 10(4) plates/m for the isomeric nitrophenols using the sol-gel-derived DB-beta-CD columns. The migration time reproducibility of the separation of the isomeric nitrophenols was better than 2.2% over five runs and 4.5% from column to column. These sol-gel-coated DB-beta-CD columns have shown improved separations of isomeric aminophenols, isomeric dihydroxybenzenes and isomeric nitrophenols, in comparison with the sol-gel matrix capillary column. The influences of buffer pH and methanol solvent on separation were investigated. The chiral resolution of enantiomers such as ibuprofen and binaphthol was explored primarily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang WC, Yu XD, Yu AM, Chen HY. Study of a novel cationic calix[4]arene used a selectivity modifier in capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 2001; 910:311-8. [PMID: 11261726 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of a novel cationic calixarene, p-(quaternary ammonium) calix[4]arene, as selectivity modifier in capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemical detection was reported. The calixarene displayed good selectivity for the positional isomers of benzenediol and aminophenol and their successful separation was obtained under optimum conditions. The interaction mechanism between p-(quaternary ammonium) calix[4]arene and the solutes is discussed using the molecular modeling method. The detection limits by electrochemical detection for the most solutes studied here were below picogram level, which was approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported in the literature using UV detection. The results showed that electrochemical detection is especially suitable for an electrophoresis system where calixarenes are used as modifier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu CY, Ho YW, Pai YF. Preparation and evaluation of an imidazole-coated capillary column for the electrophoretic separation of aromatic acids. J Chromatogr A 2000; 897:383-92. [PMID: 11128222 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An imidazole-coated capillary column for electrophoresis has been prepared by means of organosilanization. With mesityl oxide as neutral marker, the results indicated that the electroosmotic flow of the bonded phase displays a dramatic difference in pH dependence in comparison with that of the bare fused-silica column. The presence of positive charges on the coating surface and the anionic exchange property, due to the cationic property of the imidazole group at pH values below 6, allows the separation of geometric isomers that are very similar in ionic mobility. Separation parameters including buffer composition and concentration, pH, applied voltage, and the influence of other additives were investigated. By using acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.2) and an applied voltage of -15 kV with UV detection at 212 nm, the separation of 11 aromatic acids including mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-carboxylic acids could be achieved in less than 14 min. The average plate number was 3 x 10(5)/m. With acetate buffer (25 mM, pH 5.5) and an applied voltage of -25 kV, the addition of silver nitrate or beta-cyclodextrin significantly improved the resolution of some more highly charged carboxylic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guan N, Zeng Z, Wang Y, Fu E, Cheng J. Open tubular capillary electrochromatography in fused-silica capillaries chemically bonded with macrocyclic dioxopolyamine. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Chen WH, Lin SY, Liu CY. Capillary electrochromatographic separation of metal ion species with on-line detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|