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Simultaneous Analysis of 19 Marker Components for Quality Control of Oncheong-Eum Using HPLC–DAD. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092992. [PMID: 35566342 PMCID: PMC9104317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncheong-eum (OCE) is a traditional herbal prescription made by combining Samul-tang and Hwangryunhaedok-tang. It is primarily used to treat gynecological disorders such as metrorrhagia and metrostaxis. In the present study, we focused on developing and validating a simultaneous assay for the quality control of OCE using 19 marker components (gallic acid, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, coptisine chloride, jatrorrhizine chloride, paeoniflorin, berberine chloride, palmatine chloride, ferulic acid, nodakenin, benzoic acid, baicalin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, decursin, and decursinol angelate). This analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector, and chromatographic separation of the 19 markers was carried out using a SunFireTM C18 reversed-phase column and gradient elution conditions with two mobile phases (0.1% aqueous formic acid–0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile). The developed analytical method was validated through linearity, limits of detection and quantification, recovery, and precision. Under this assay, 19 markers in OCE samples were detected at not detected–9.62 mg/g. The analytical methods developed and validated in our research will have value as basic data for the quality control of related traditional herbal prescriptions as well as OCE.
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2
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Ekar T, Kreft S. Common risks of adulterated and mislabeled herbal preparations. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:288-297. [PMID: 30339960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing trend of returning to nature and the fear of adverse reactions from conventional medicines, people are increasingly resorting to the use of herbal preparations. Because of long-term use and natural origin these preparations give a sense of security. But herbal formulations also possess undesirable effects and, among other dangers, present a risk connected with deliberate addition of synthetic compounds, deliberate or unintentional replacement of the plant species or simply a risk of mislabeling. While the replacement of the plant species occurs in a very different groups of herbal products, reports of added illicit synthetic substances often include groups of herbal weight-loss preparations, sexual enhancers, preparations for treatment of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, antidiabetic and blood pressure lowering preparations. In the world of Internet ordering, these are the dangers that everyone should be aware of. In this article, we reviewed the safety issues related to adulterated or mislabeled herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Ekar
- Public Institution Gorenjske Lekarne, Kranj, Slovenia
| | - Samo Kreft
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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A graphene tip coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of four synthetic adulterants in slimming supplements. Food Chem 2017; 224:329-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Pawar RS, Grundel E. Overview of regulation of dietary supplements in the USA and issues of adulteration with phenethylamines (PEAs). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:500-517. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Pawar
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition; College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Erich Grundel
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition; College Park MD 20740 USA
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Detection of structurally similar adulterants in botanical dietary supplements by thin-layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 883:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Moreira APL, Martini M, de Carvalho LM. Capillary electrophoretic methods for the screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants in herbal-based pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3212-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L. Moreira
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mariele Martini
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Leandro M. de Carvalho
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
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7
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Mass spectrometric analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in products labeled as botanical dietary supplements or herbal remedies: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6767-90. [PMID: 25270866 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased availability and use of botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies among consumers has been accompanied by an increased frequency of adulteration of these products with synthetic pharmaceuticals. Unscrupulous producers may add drugs and analogues of various classes, such as phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, weight loss, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory agents, or anabolic steroids, to develop or intensify biological effects of dietary supplements or herbal remedies. The presence of such adulterated products in the marketplace is a worldwide problem and their consumption poses health risks to consumers. Analytical methods that allow rapid and reliable testing of dietary supplements for the presence of synthetic drugs are needed to address such fraudulent practices. Mass spectrometry (MS) and hyphenated techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have become primary tools in this endeavor. The present review critically assesses the role and summarizes the applications of MS in the analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies. The uses of MS techniques in detection, confirmation, and quantification of known pharmaceutical adulterants as well as in screening for and structure elucidation of unexpected adulterants and novel designer drugs are discussed.
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8
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Wei HQ, Liu EB. Determination of Baicalin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupling with Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Detection. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Carvalho LD, Cohen P, Silva C, Moreira A, Falcão T, Dal Molin T, Zemolin G, Martini M. A new approach to determining pharmacologic adulteration of herbal weight loss products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1661-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.706834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Li Y, Zhang H, Hu J, Xue F, Li Y, Sun C. A GC–EI-MS-MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Seven Adulterants in Slimming Functional Foods. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:928-33. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Li W, Shibin Y, Pi Z, Song F, Liu Z. SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF ALKALOIDS IN RHIZOMA CORYDALIS BY CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.570840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- a Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, P. R. China
| | | | - Zifeng Pi
- a Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Fengrui Song
- a Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- a Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun, P. R. China
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13
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Simultaneous Determination of Seven Adulterants in Slimming Functional Foods by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-010-9192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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de Carvalho LM, Martini M, Moreira AP, Garcia SC, Nascimento PCD, Bohrer D. Determination of synthetic pharmaceuticals in phytotherapeutics by capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection (CZE-C4D). Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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de Carvalho LM, Martini M, Moreira APL, de Lima APS, Correia D, Falcão T, Garcia SC, de Bairros AV, do Nascimento PC, Bohrer D. Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 204:6-12. [PMID: 20554134 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity that is associated with a high consumption of slimming substances is considered a public health problem around the world. In this context, the increasing consumption of phytotherapeutic formulations as alternative obesity treatments has revealed the presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants. The illegally added adulterants are frequently anorexic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant pharmaceuticals. This review aims to describe the analytical methodologies utilized for the determination of adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations. Furthermore, this review describes some important adulteration cases, which occurred mainly in Europe, Asia, Brazil, and the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M de Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Caixa Postal 5051, CEP 97110-970, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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16
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Chang YS, Ku YR, Wen KC, Ho LK. ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS IN ADULTERATED TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINES BY HPCE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan -Shiun Chang
- a Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College , 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yoe -Ray Ku
- a Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical College , 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
- b Department of Health, Executive Yuan , National Laboratories of Foods and Drugs , 161-2, Kuen-Yang Street, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo -Ching Wen
- b Department of Health, Executive Yuan , National Laboratories of Foods and Drugs , 161-2, Kuen-Yang Street, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li -Kang Ho
- c Department of Pharmacology , National Yang-Ming University , 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nung Street Shih-Pai, Pettou, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Huang TM, Zhang HY, Chen NZ, Deng CH, Liu Z, Duan GL. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Peptides in a Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, Lu-Ying-Ke-Li. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Hsieh SC, Huang MF, Lin BS, Chang HT. Determination of aristolochic acid in Chinese herbal medicine by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1105:127-34. [PMID: 16439258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the analysis of aristolochic acids (AAs) that are naturally occurring nephrotoxin and carcinogen by capillary electrophoresis in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). Owing to lack of intrinsic fluorescence characteristics of oxidized AAs (OAAs), reduction of the analytes by iron powder in 10.0 mM HCl is required prior to CE analysis. The reduced AAs (RAAs) exhibit fluorescence at 477 nm when excited at 405 nm using a solid-state blue laser. By using 50.0 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.0) containing 10.0 mM SDS, the determination of AA-I and AA-II by CE-LIF has been achieved within 12 min. The CE-LIF provides the LODs of 8.2 and 5.4 nM for AA-I and AA-II, respectively. The simple CE-LIF method has been validated by the analysis of 61 Chinese herbal samples. Prior to CE analysis, OAAs were extracted by using 5.0 mL MeOH, and then the extracts were subjected to centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 5 min. After reduction, extraction, and centrifugation, the supernatants were collected and subjected to CE analysis. Of the 61 samples, 14 samples contain AA-I and AA-II, as well as 10 samples contain either AAI or AAII. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the migration times for AA-I and AA-II are less than 2.5% and 2.1% for three consecutive measurements of each sample. The RSD values for the peak heights corresponding to AA-I and AA-II in most samples are about 8.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The result shows that the present CE-LIF approach is sensitive, simple, efficient, and accurate for the determination of AAs in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chung Hsieh
- Division of Nephrology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Ichikawa H, Wang X, Konishi T. Role of component herbs in antioxidant activity of shengmai san--a traditional Chinese medicine formula preventing cerebral oxidative damage in rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2004; 31:509-21. [PMID: 14587874 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x03001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an attractive model for studying antioxidant-based composite therapy. We previously reported that Shengmai San (SMS), a TCM formulation for treating cardiac disorders, inhibited cerebral oxidative damage in rats when evaluated by both glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity loss and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation after forebrain ischemia-reperfusion. In the present study, we further examined the preventive effect of SMS and related decoctions composed of three component herbs (Panax ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus and Schisandra chinensis) against oxidative brain injury to rationalize the complex formulation of SMS. Schisandra chinensis itself and decoctions containing it all inhibited TBARS formation in vivo. In contrast, Ophiopogon japonicus itself and formulations containing it had little effect on TBARS formation. GPX activity loss in vivo, on the other hand, was completely prevented only by SMS and Ophiopogon japonicus itself. A comparison of the in vitro antioxidant potential of SMS and related decoctions and in vivo effectiveness in preventing cerebral oxidative damage revealed that all the in vitro antioxidant indices examined here essentially correlated well with inhibition of TBARS formation in vivo. DPPH quenching and crocin bleaching activities showed particularly good correlation, and then, superoxide scavenging activity followed. However, none of them correlated with the inhibition of GPX activity loss in vivo. The role of each component herb is also discussed for the SMS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyo Ichikawa
- Department of Radiochemistry--Biophysics and Functional Food Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Japan
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20
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Suntornsuk L, Pipitharome O, Wilairat P. Simultaneous determination of paracetamol and chlorpheniramine maleate by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:441-9. [PMID: 14550863 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was established for determination of paracetamol (PARA) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in cold tablets. Separation of both drugs, as well as other seven cold remedy ingredients, was achieved in 25.5 min using a sodium dihydrogenphosphate-sodium tetraborate buffer (10 mM, pH 9.0) containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (50 mM) and acetonitrile (26% v/v). The effective capillary length of 50 cm, the separating voltage of 15 kV and the temperature of 30 degrees C was optimized. Detection was by a diode array detector at 214 nm. Method linearity was excellent (r(2)>0.999) over the concentration tested (10-250 microg/ml) with good precision and accuracy. Recoveries were good (>99%) with limits of detection of 0.4 and 0.5 microg/ml and limits of quantitation of 2 (%R.S.D.=3.1%) and 4 (%R.S.D.=2.4%) microg/ml, for PARA and CPM, respectively. The developed method was applied to the determination of ingredients in cold tablets and was found to be simple, rapid and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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21
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Ku YR, Chag LY, Ho LK, Lin JH. Analysis of synthetic anti-diabetic drugs in adulterated traditional Chinese medicines by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:329-34. [PMID: 12972099 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four synthetic anti-diabetic drugs, acetohexamide (ACE), chlorpropamide (CHL), glibenclamide (GLI) and tolbutamide (TOL), which can be found as adulterants in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were assayed simultaneously using high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) in 4 min with UV detection at 200 nm. The electrolyte was a buffer solution containing 100 mM phosphate buffer (NaH2PO4/Na2B4O7, pH 7.5). Applied voltage was 15.0 kV and temperature was 30 degrees C. 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) ethyl ammonium chloride (HEA) was used as an internal standard. The effects of buffer concentration, pH and supplied voltage on separation were investigated. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of these anti-diabetic drugs for intra-day and inter-day analyses were 0.23-4.27 and 1.23-6.33%, respectively. The recoveries of the synthetic drug adulterants in traditional Chinese medicinal formula ranged from 81.3 to 105.5%. GLI was found and determined in a real sample of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoe-Ray Ku
- National laboratories of Foods and Drugs, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, 161-2, Kuen-Yang Street, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lau AJ, Holmes MJ, Woo SO, Koh HL. Analysis of adulterants in a traditional herbal medicinal product using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:401-6. [PMID: 12609680 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adulterations with synthetic drugs are common problems with herbal medicine and this can potentially cause serious adverse effects. It is therefore important to determine the presence of synthetic drugs in herbal medicine to ensure patients' safety. The objective of this study was to develop sensitive and specific methods to analyse phenylbutazone, caffeine and oxyphenbutazone present in a traditional Indonesian herbal product. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) methods in the selected reaction-monitoring (SRM) mode were developed. It was found that the sample contained 0.53% w/w (n=3, RSD=7.56%) phenylbutazone and 0.04% w/w (n=3, RSD=8.39%) caffeine. This corresponded to 43.17 mg phenylbutazone and 3.23 mg caffeine in each sachet of powder. The methods were validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ. LOD and LOQ were found to be 3.69 and 12.29 ng/ml, respectively for phenylbutazone. For caffeine, the LOD and LOQ were 0.84 and 2.80 ng/ml, respectively. Oxyphenbutazone in the sample was found to be present at a level below the quantification level of 10.2 ng/ml. With better methods developed for analysis of adulterants in herbal medicine, the quality and safety of these medicines can be better controlled and regulated to ensure patients' safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aik-Jiang Lau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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23
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Liu JT, Liu RH. Enantiomeric composition of abused amine drugs: chromatographic methods of analysis and data interpretation. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2002; 54:115-46. [PMID: 12543495 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(02)00136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Tsung Liu
- Department of Forensic Education, Army Force of Military Police School, Wugu, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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24
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Kaddoumi A, Nakashima MN, Nakashima K. Fluorometric determination of DL-fenfluramine, DL-norfenfluramine and phentermine in plasma by achiral and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 763:79-90. [PMID: 11710586 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection has been developed for the simultaneous determination of sympathomimetic amines including ephedrine, norephedrine, 2-phenylethylamine, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine, phentermine (Phen) and DL-fenfluramine (Fen) in spiked human plasma. Furthermore, an enantioselective HPLC method for the separation of D-Fen (dexfenfluramine) and L-Fen (levofenfluramine) in addition to their active metabolites D- and L-norfenfluramine (Norf) is described. The detection was achieved at emission wavelength of 430 nm with excitation wavelength of 325 nm for both methods. The analytes were extracted from plasma (100 microl) at pH 10.6 with ethyl acetate using fluoxetine as the internal standard. The extracts were evaporated and derivatized with the fluorescence reagent 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)benzoyl chloride in the presence of carbonate buffer (pH 9.0). A gradient separation was achieved on a C18 column for the achiral separation or on a Chiralcel OD-R column for the chiral separation. The methods were fully validated, and shown to have excellent linearity, sensitivity and precision. The chiral method has been applied for the determination of D- and L-enantiomers of Fen and Norf, in addition to Phen in rat plasma after an intraperitoneal administration of DL-Fen and Phen, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaddoumi
- Department of Analytical Research for Pharmacoinformatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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25
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Thormann W, Lurie IS, McCord B, Marti U, Cenni B, Malik N. Advances ofcapillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis (1999-2000). Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4216-43. [PMID: 11824639 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4216::aid-elps4216>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, capillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis is reviewed on the basis of the literature of 1999, 2000 and the first papers in 2001. An overview of progress relevant examples for each major field of application, namely (i) analysis of drug seizures, explosives residues, gunshot residues and inks, (ii) monitoring of drugs, endogenous small molecules and ions in biofluids and tissues, (iii) general screening for serum proteins and analysis of specific proteins (carbohydrate deficient transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, lipoproteins and hemoglobins) in biological fluids, and (iv) analysis of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides in biological samples, including oligonucleotide therapeutics, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thormann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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26
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Ong ES, Woo SO. Determination of aristolochic acids in medicinal plants (Chinese) prepared medicine using capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2236-41. [PMID: 11504058 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20017)22:11<2236::aid-elps2236>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (I and II) are commonly found in medicinal plants such as Radix aristolochiae and have been reported to cause acute hepatitis and end-stage renal failure. The aim of this work was to develop a method for the analysis of aristolochic acids in medicinal plant/Chinese prepared medicine (CPM) using (CZE). The buffer used was 30 mM sodium tetraborate at pH 9.5, detection was at 254 nm, applied voltage at 18 kV and the temperature was set at 25 degrees C. The effect of ionic strength, pH, and applied voltage on the separation was investigated. The precision values (relative standard deviation, RSD, %) for the relative migration time and peak area or peak height for aristolochic acids I and II were found to be less than 0.3% and between 2.6 to 4.0%, respectively. The limit of detection for aristolochic acids I and II was found to be 1.2 and 0.9 mg/L, respectively. The proposed method using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with CZE was used to determine the amount of aristolochic acids in medicinal plants or CPM samples with complex matrix and the results were compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Method precision (RSD, n = 6) was found to be less than 4% when those from applied to medicinal plants and CPM samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Ong
- Centre for Analytical Science, Health Science Authenty, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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27
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Kuroda N, Sato D, Ohyama K, Wada M, Nakahara Y, Nakashima K. Separation of sympathomimetic amines of abuse and related compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:905-8. [PMID: 11456100 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Separation of twelve sympathomimetic amines and related compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with UV absorbance detection is described. These amines were well separated within 25 min using 50 mM sodium tetraborate solution containing 15 mM sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) of pH 9.3 as a running solution and detected at 210 nm. MEKC was performed with an applied voltage of 13 kV at 25 degrees C using a fused-silica capillary (50 cm x 75 mm i.d.) with effective length of 37.5 cm. The detection limits of these compounds were in the range from 4 to 97 fmol/injection at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3. The reproducibility of the method expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) for within-day (n=6) and between-day (n=5) assays was less than 4.8 and 8.8%, respectively. The proposed method could be applied to the determination of an anorectic drug, phentermine, in Chinese tea with a detection limit of 99 microg/g (105 fmol/injection, S/N=3).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kuroda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
Herbal medicaments are in common use. In general, the judicious use of carefully selected and prepared herbal medications seems to cause few adverse effects and may be beneficial. However, toxic effects of these products have been reported with increasing frequency. Infants and children may be even more susceptible to some of the adverse effects and toxicity of these products because of differences in physiology, immature metabolic enzyme systems, and dose per body weight. Although information promoting the use of herbal medicine is widespread, true evidence-based information about the efficacy and safety of herbal medications is limited. Although the most conservative approach is to recommend against use of herbal medicine until such evidence is available, some patients are not receptive to this approach. A reasonable approach for health care providers may be to follow such use closely, assist in herbal therapeutic decisions, and monitor for adverse effects and interactions. This manuscript discusses general concepts about herbal medicines, public health implications, and a framework for mechanisms of adverse effects from the use of botanicals. Adverse effects and toxicity of selected herbal products, including Chinese herbal medicines, are presented. The authors propose a risk reduction approach in which physicians actively seek information about the use of complementary or alternative medicine while taking medical histories.
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Cheung HY, Ng CW, Hood DJ. Identification and quantification of base and nucleoside markers in extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma japonicum and Ganoderma capsules by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 911:119-26. [PMID: 11269589 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes the development of a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method for the determination of nucleoside (adenosine, uridine) and base (uracil) markers in aqueous extracts of Ganoderma medicinal preparations. The markers were successfully separated within 10 min using an 80 mM borate buffer, with 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate adjusted to pH 9.0, an operating voltage of 22 kV, temperature of 20 degrees C and a hydrodynamic injection time of 5 s. Separations were carried out in a fused-silica capillary with peak detection by direct UV at 254 nm. Following semi-validation of the method, with each analyte showing a good linear relationship over a 0.2 to 20 ppm concentration range (correlation coefficients from 0.9986 to 0.9998), the amounts of the three markers in the various forms of Ganoderma were easily determined using a relatively simple extraction procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Cheung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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30
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Abstract
This study demonstrates the separation of cold medicine ingredients (e.g., phenylpropanolamine, dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine maleate, and paracetamol) by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Factors affecting their separations were the buffer pH and the concentrations of buffer, surfactant and organic modifiers. Optimum results were obtained with a 10 mM sodium dihydrogen-phosphate-sodium tetraborate buffer containing 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 5% methanol (MeOH), pH 9.0. The carrier electrolyte gave a baseline separation of phenylpropanolamine, dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine maleate, and paracetamol with a resolution of 1.2, and the total migration time was 11.38 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Suntornsuk
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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