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Lipps WC, Prakash B, Schug KA. A review of ASTM D7979 for the analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in non-potable water by co-solvation with methanol and using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2234-2249. [PMID: 33813799 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances are large class of man-made compounds known in the media as "forever chemicals". In 2015, ASTM International published ASTM D7979, for the analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in non-potable water samples. This method extracts the substances by co-solvation with methanol and measures targeted compounds using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ASTM D7979 is a performance-based method that analyzes 31 compounds plus 14 isotopically labeled surrogates. The minimum reporting limit is approximately 10 ng/L with an analytical range of 10-200 ng/L for most compounds. Expected recovery of surrogates and spiked matrices is 70-130%. Samples containing high suspended solids can be analyzed with minimal interferences and potential loss of analyte. The method is consistent with ASTM and EPA's sustainable development goals by using reduced volumes of sample, solvent, and minimizing hazardous solvents and sample preparation materials while maintaining data quality and detection limits that are suitable for the intended use. This paper covers the rationale, outlines some of the challenges associated with analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, and describes the steps taken by the ASTM Committee D19 task group to develop, optimize, and validate this method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brahm Prakash
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Inc., Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,Affiliate of the Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation (CLEAR), The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Development and Application of a Multi-Residue Method to Determine Pesticides in Agricultural Water Using QuEChERS Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural water is closely linked to surface and ground water as well as soil; hence, ensuring its safety is an important endeavor. We used the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe” (QuEChERS) method to analyze multi-residue pesticides in agricultural water by using a combined-sorbent-based clean-up procedure. Among the various sorbents examined, clean-up using ENVI-Carb combined with a primary secondary amine sorbent delivered the highest recovery of multi-residue pesticides (>93.9%). While the developed method showed satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.9991), precision, and specificity, recovery was low for pyrazolate (29.1%) and thidiazuron (59.2%). The limits of detection and quantification for the 55 pesticides targeted in this study were in 0.02–3.0 μg L−1 and 0.1–9.9 μg L−1, respectively. The developed method was used to identify and quantify multi-residue pesticides during sample analysis. The results suggest that the QuEChERS method employing a combination of ENVI-Carb and another sorbent can be applied for the effective analysis of multi-residue pesticides in agricultural water.
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Tümay Özer E, Osman B, Parlak B. An experimental design approach for the solid phase extraction of some organophosphorus pesticides from water samples with polymeric microbeads. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Determination of aniline and quinoline compounds in textiles. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Andrade-Eiroa A, Canle M, Leroy-Cancellieri V, Cerdà V. Solid-phase extraction of organic compounds: A critical review. part ii. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2Modified with Polystyrene and Poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl Methacrylate) as Adsorbents for the Solid Phase Extraction of Organophosphorus Pesticides. J CHEM-NY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/1289592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel hybrid TiO2particles were developed and assessed as an adsorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) of organophosphorus pesticides (fensulfothion, parathion methyl, coumaphos, and diazinon) from spiked water. The sol-gel method was used to synthesize TiO2particles, which were coated with free-radical polystyrene (PS) and poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PClHPMA) polymers. Particle structures were determined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm that the polymers were successfully anchored to the TiO2particles. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to determine organic and inorganic matter in TiO2-PS and TiO2-PClHPMA particles showing results of 20 : 80 wt/wt% and 23 : 77 wt/wt%, respectively. SEM-EDS and X-ray diffraction test were conducted to determine the morphology and semielemental composition of the particles showing amorphous characteristics. By observing the contact angle, particles coated with PClHPMA were determined to be more hydrophilic than TiO2-PS particles. The pore size distributions obtained from the N2adsorption-desorption isotherms were 0.150 and 0.168 cm3g−1. The specific surface area (BET) was 239.9 m2g−1for TiO2-PS and 225.7 m2g−1for TiO2-PClHPMA. The synthesized particles showed relatively high yields of adsorption in SPE. The pesticide recoveries obtained by high performance liquid chromatography ranged from 6 to 26% for TiO2-PClHPMA and 44 to 92% for TiO2-PS.
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Maddah B, Javadi SS, Mirzaei A, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M. Application of Electrospun Polystyrene Nanofibers as Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent for the Preconcentration of Diazinon and Fenitrothion in Environmental Waters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.896820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akbar Mirzaei
- a Department of Chemistry , Imam Hossein University , Tehran , Iran
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Li J, Yu N, Zhang B, Jin L, Li M, Hu M, Zhang X, Wei S, Yu H. Occurrence of organophosphate flame retardants in drinking water from China. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 54:53-61. [PMID: 24556230 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been identified as known or suspected carcinogens or neurotoxic substances. Given the potential health risks of these compounds, we conducted a comprehensive survey of nine OPFRs in drinking water in China. We found total concentrations of OPFRs in tap water ranging from 85.1 ng/L to 325 ng/L, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were the most common components. Similar OPFR concentrations and profiles were observed in water samples processed through six different waterworks in Nanjing, China. However, boiling affected OPFR levels in drinking water by either increasing (e.g., TBEP) or decreasing (e.g., tributyl phosphate, TBP) concentrations depending on the particular compound and the state of the indoor environment. We also found that bottled water contained many of the same major OPFR compounds with concentrations 10-25% lower than those in tap water, although TBEP contamination in bottled water remained a concern. Finally, we concluded that the risk of ingesting OPFRs through drinking water was not a major health concern for either adults or children in China. Nevertheless, drinking water ingestion represents an important exposure pathway for OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Ling Jin
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Meiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Amini N, Shariatgorji M, Crescenzi C, Thorsén G. Screening and Quantification of Pesticides in Water Using a Dual-Function Graphitized Carbon Black Disk. Anal Chem 2009; 82:290-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901946b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Amini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carlo Crescenzi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Thorsén
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Carvalho FP, Villeneuve JP, Cattini C, Tolosa I, Bajet CM, Navarro-Calingacion M. Organic contaminants in the marine environment of Manila Bay, Philippines. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 57:348-358. [PMID: 19132437 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were determined in sediments and oysters' soft tissues (Cassostrea gigas) collected in selected sites of Manila Bay. Overall, the concentration levels were very low. In sediments, PCBs were the compounds present in higher concentrations, with Sigma13PCB congeners averaging 0.69 +/- 0.46 ng/g (dry weight), followed by SigmaDDT averaging 0.53 +/- 0.28 ng/g and Sigmachlordane with 0.26 +/- 0.28 ng/g. Concentrations measured in oysters averaged 20 +/- 17 ng/g (dry weight) for Sigma13PCB and were higher than SigmaDDT, with 9.5 +/- 2.4 ng/g, and Sigmachlordane, with 3.8 +/- 3.1 ng/g. No dissolved residues of polar compounds, such as herbicides, and organophosphorous and organochlorine pesticides were found in the bay water. In general, results showed that concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues, such as DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane, chlordane, lindane, endosulfan, and heptachlor in sediments and oysters were low in comparison with other coastal areas in Asia, although PCB concentrations in oysters were relatively high in some zones of Manila Bay and indicative of loose control of industrial chemical waste discharges into the bay. Nevertheless, current concentrations of persistent organochlorine contaminants in sediments were under threshold effect levels (TELs) and chronic toxic effects are, thus, unlikely to generate impairment of marine biota in Manila Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P Carvalho
- Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000, Monaco.
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Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado M. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction materials for the gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus pesticides in waters. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3612-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Preservation and analytical procedures for the analysis of chloro-s-triazines and their chlorodegradate products in drinking waters using direct injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carvalho FP, Villeneuve JP, Cattini C, Tolosa I, Thuan DD, Nhan DD. Agrochemical and polychlorobyphenyl (PCB) residues in the Mekong River delta, Vietnam. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:1476-85. [PMID: 18571205 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An environmental survey on pesticide residues and polychlorobyphenyl compounds (PCBs), encompassing more than 70 polar and non-polar compounds quantifiable by the techniques used, was performed in the Mekong River delta based on analyses of water, sediment and bivalve mollusc samples. Few polar compounds, such as diazinon and fenotrothion, were detected in water but a high number of non-polar chlorinated compounds, such as DDT, HCH, endosulfan and PCBs, were detected in sediments and biota. The highest concentrations measured were of DDT with an average 6.3 ng g(-1) dry weight (range 0.32-67 ng g(-1)) in sediments and 38.6 ng g(-1) (range 5.5-123 ng g(-1)) in molluscs' soft tissues. Amongst chlorinated compounds, DDT concentrations were followed in decreasing order by those of PCB, endosulfan, hexachlorocyclohexane and chlordane. Residues of organochlorine compounds originate from local usage of agrochemicals although with a likely contribution also of atmospheric deposition of residues (not measured) originated elsewhere. Concentrations of PCB and pesticide residues in the aquatic environment of the Mekong River delta are lower than values reported for other regions of Vietnam and Asia. Nevertheless, current concerns about the effects of chlorinated compounds on public health advise improved control of chemical residue discharges in order to abate environmental contamination.
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Shariatgorji M, Amini N, Thorsen G, Crescenzi C, Ilag LL. μ-Trap for the SALDI-MS Screening of Organic Compounds Prior to LC/MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5515-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8005186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Thorsen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Crescenzi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold L. Ilag
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Gawdzik B, Sobiesiak M, Puziy AM, Poddubnaya OI. Carbon Sorbents Derived from Porous Polymers for Off‐Line Preconcentration of Chlorophenols from Water. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Gawdzik
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Marie Curie Skłodowska University , pl. Marii Curie‐Skłodowskiej 3, Lublin , 20‐031 , Poland
| | - M. Sobiesiak
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Marie Curie Skłodowska University , pl. Marii Curie‐Skłodowskiej 3, Lublin , 20‐031 , Poland
| | - A. M. Puziy
- b Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology , Kiev , Ukraine
| | - O. I. Poddubnaya
- b Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology , Kiev , Ukraine
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Zheivot VI. Gas chromatography on carbon adsorbents: Characterization, systematization, and practical applications to catalytic studies. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806090024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a novel sorbent for extraction of dicamba, a highly polar acidic herbicide, from aqueous samples was evaluated. The sorption capacity of CNTs increases remarkably with decreasing sample pH. The solution of ACN and ammonia (80:20 v/v) was found to be the most effective as the eluent for desorption from a 0.2 g CNT cartridge. The method was tested for river water samples with the LOD of 2 microg/L (for 100 mL sample) and compared with C18 bonded silica.
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Rodríguez I, Calvo F, Quintana JB, Rubí E, Rodil R, Cela R. Suitability of solid-phase microextraction for the determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:158-65. [PMID: 16442119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of several organophosphorus flame retardants and plastizicers in water samples by gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorous detection (GC-NPD) is evaluated. These compounds have a wide range of polarities and volatilities and require a thorough optimisation of the different SPME parameters. Considering also possible contamination and carryover sources, the best compromise microextraction conditions were found to be direct extraction of 22 ml samples, containing 300 mg/ml of NaCl, with a PDMS-DVB coated fibre at room temperature. Although equilibrium was not achieved, an extraction time of 40 min allowed obtaining a good sensitivity (quantification limits between 0.010 and 0.025 ng/ml), comparable to that achieved by solid-phase extraction (SPE) of 1l samples, producing both similar values of precision and accuracy. Furthermore, the SPME method has shown to be free of matrix effects, avoiding the need of employing the standard addition procedure for quantification, and was suitable for the determination of eight of the nine considered compounds. Only tris-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphate was neither determinable by SPME nor by SPE. Finally, the application of the developed methodology to the analysis of wastewater samples, showed that important concentrations of these compounds (up to 10 ng/ml) have been detected in treated sewage water, being discharged into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Kovačić N, Zupančič‐Kralj L. Matrix Effects in Determination of Triazines and Atrazine Metabolite in Waters with Solid‐Phase Extraction Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500424854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Comparison of the performance of analytical methods based on solid-phase extraction and on solid-phase microextraction for the determination of antifouling booster biocides in natural waters. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
A new analytical procedure using a two-step sample preconcentration (solid-phase extraction (SPE) and field-amplified sample stacking) prior to separation by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was developed for the determination of 14 pesticides such as aldicarb, carbofuran, isoproturon, chlorotoluron, metolachlor, mecoprop, dichlorprop, MCPA, 2,4-D, methoxychlor, TDE, DDT, dieldrin, and DDE in drinking water. Good recoveries of pesticides were obtained using SPE with sample pH adjusted to 2-3. Field-amplified sample stacking was found to give enrichment factors up to 30-fold preconcentration of various pesticides under reversed polarity at -2 kV for 50 s. The optimized background electrolyte (BGE) consisted of 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 10 mM borate buffer, 15 mM beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), and 22% acetonitrile at pH 9.6, running was under 25 kV and detection at 202 nm. Good linearity was obtained for all pesticides with detection limits down to 0.04-0.46 ng/mL and a working range of 0.1-40 ng/mL. The repeatabilities of migration time and peak area were satisfactory with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.66 and 13.6% and 4.1 and 28%, respectively. All pesticides except dieldrin were found to be detected at concentrations at least tenfold lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. The analytical procedure developed offers an economic method for fast screening of multiple pesticide residues in drinking water for health protection. It had been applied to determine carbofuran and MCPA in agricultural run-off water samples, giving satisfactory repeatabilities of 10 and 12%, respectively, with n=5 for the determination of pesticides in contaminated water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Fung
- Centre of Applied Spectroscopy and Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Lambropoulou DA, Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA. Determination of fungicides in natural waters using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 893:143-56. [PMID: 11043595 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study develops a method for the analysis of seven fungicides in environmental waters, using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The analyzed compounds--dicloran, chlorothalonil, vinclozolin, dichlofluanid, captan, folpet and captafol--belong to different classes of chemical compound (chloroanilines, sulphamides, phthalimides and oxazolidines) and are used mainly in agriculture and as antifouling paints. Their determination was carried out by gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass spectrometric detection. To perform SPME, four types of fibre have been assayed and compared: polyacrylate (85 microm), polydimethylsiloxane (100 and 30 microm), carbowax-divinylbenzene (CW-DVB 65 microm) and polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (65 microm). The main parameters affecting the SPME process such as pH, salt additives, methanol content, memory effect, stirring rate and adsorption-time profile were studied. The method was developed using spiked natural waters such as ground water, sea water, river water and lake water in a concentration range of 0.1-10 microg/l. Limits of detection of studied compounds were determined in the range of 1-60 ng/l, by using electron-capture and mass spectrometric detectors. The recoveries of all fungicides were in relatively high levels (70.0-124.4%) and the average R2 values of the calibration curves were above 0.990 for all the analytes. The SPME conditions were finally optimized in order to obtain the maximum sensitivity. The potential of the proposed method was realized by applying it to the trace-level screening determination of fungicides and antifouling compounds in sea water samples originating from various Greek marinas.
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