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Glendinning L, Wright S, Pollock J, Tennant P, Collie D, McLachlan G. Variability of the Sheep Lung Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3225-3238. [PMID: 26994083 PMCID: PMC4959240 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00540-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sequencing technologies have recently facilitated the characterization of bacterial communities present in lungs during health and disease. However, there is currently a dearth of information concerning the variability of such data in health both between and within subjects. This study seeks to examine such variability using healthy adult sheep as our model system. Protected specimen brush samples were collected from three spatially disparate segmental bronchi of six adult sheep (age, 20 months) on three occasions (day 0, 1 month, and 3 months). To further explore the spatial variability of the microbiotas, more-extensive brushing samples (n = 16) and a throat swab were taken from a separate sheep. The V2 and V3 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq. DNA sequences were analyzed using the mothur software package. Quantitative PCR was performed to quantify total bacterial DNA. Some sheep lungs contained dramatically different bacterial communities at different sampling sites, whereas in others, airway microbiotas appeared similar across the lung. In our spatial variability study, we observed clustering related to the depth within the lung from which samples were taken. Lung depth refers to increasing distance from the glottis, progressing in a caudal direction. We conclude that both host influence and local factors have impacts on the composition of the sheep lung microbiota. IMPORTANCE Until recently, it was assumed that the lungs were a sterile environment which was colonized by microbes only during disease. However, recent studies using sequencing technologies have found that there is a small population of bacteria which exists in the lung during health, referred to as the "lung microbiota." In this study, we characterize the variability of the lung microbiotas of healthy sheep. Sheep not only are economically important animals but also are often used as large animal models of human respiratory disease. We conclude that, while host influence does play a role in dictating the types of microbes which colonize the airways, it is clear that local factors also play an important role in this regard. Understanding the nature and influence of these factors will be key to understanding the variability in, and functional relevance of, the lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Glendinning
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Wright
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jolinda Pollock
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tennant
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David Collie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry McLachlan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Hester SE, Goodfield LL, Park J, Feaga HA, Ivanov YV, Bendor L, Taylor DL, Harvill ET. Host Specificity of Ovine Bordetella parapertussis and the Role of Complement. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130964. [PMID: 26158540 PMCID: PMC4497623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical bordetellae are comprised of three subspecies that differ from broad to very limited host specificity. Although several lineages appear to have specialized to particular host species, most retain the ability to colonize and grow in mice, providing a powerful common experimental model to study their differences. One of the subspecies, Bordetella parapertussis, is composed of two distinct clades that have specialized to different hosts: one to humans (Bpphu), and the other to sheep (Bppov). While Bpphu and the other classical bordetellae can efficiently colonize mice, Bppov strains are severely defective in their ability to colonize the murine respiratory tract. Bppov genomic analysis did not reveal the loss of adherence genes, but substantial mutations and deletions of multiple genes involved in the production of O-antigen, which is required to prevent complement deposition on B. bronchiseptica and Bpphu strains. Bppov lacks O-antigen and, like O-antigen mutants of other bordetellae, is highly sensitive to murine complement-mediated killing in vitro. Based on these results, we hypothesized that Bppov failed to colonize mice because of its sensitivity to murine complement. Consistent with this, the Bppov defect in the colonization of wild type mice was not observed in mice lacking the central complement component C3. Furthermore, Bppov strains were highly susceptible to killing by murine complement, but not by sheep complement. These data demonstrate that the failure of Bppov to colonize mice is due to sensitivity to murine, but not sheep, complement, providing a mechanistic example of how specialization that accompanies expansion in one host can limit host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Hester
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Goodfield
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Feaga
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yury V. Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liron Bendor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Martineau HM, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Underwood C, Forbes V, Palmarini M, Griffiths DJ. Cellular differentiation and proliferation in the ovine lung during gestation and early postnatal development. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:255-67. [PMID: 23356932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation in specific anatomical regions of the ovine lung during prenatal and postnatal development. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify ciliated epithelial cells, Clara cells, neuroepithelial bodies and type II pneumocytes in the lungs of preterm (67, 127 and 140 days of gestation), full-term (147 days) and postnatal (9, 16 and 91 days old) lambs. Differentiation of ciliated epithelial cells was seen at 67 days of gestation and at term for Clara cells. Neuroepithelial bodies were first detected at 127 days of gestation. From 16 to 91 days of age there was a significant (P <0.05) increase in beta-tubulin (present in ciliated epithelial cells) and Clara cell protein (present in Clara cells) in multiple regions of the lung. Detection of Ki67, a marker of proliferation, in preterm lambs showed a reduction in proliferation index in multiple anatomical regions of the lung between 70 days of gestation and term. Cell proliferation increased following parturition, and then decreased between 16 and 91 days of age, with the largest reduction occurring in the alveolar compartment. Knowledge of which cells are present at specific times of lung development provides valuable information on the anatomy of the ovine lung, improving its use as a model for ovine and human neonatal disease. In addition, the antibodies used here will be valuable for future studies requiring the identification and quantification of respiratory epithelial cell phenotypes in the sheep lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Martineau
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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Brinig MM, Register KB, Ackermann MR, Relman DA. Genomic features of Bordetella parapertussis clades with distinct host species specificity. Genome Biol 2007; 7:R81. [PMID: 16956413 PMCID: PMC1794550 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-9-r81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory pathogen Bordetella parapertussis is a valuable model in which to study the complex phenotype of host specificity because of its unique two-species host range. One subset of strains, including the sequenced representative, causes whooping cough in humans, while other strains infect only sheep. The disease process in sheep is not well understood, nor are the genetic and transcriptional differences that might provide the basis for host specificity among ovine and human strains. RESULTS We found 40 previously unknown genomic regions in an ovine strain of B. parapertussis using subtractive hybridization, including unique lipopolysaccharide genes. A microarray survey of the gene contents of 71 human and ovine strains revealed further differences, with 47 regions of difference distinguishing the host-restricted subgroups. In addition, sheep and human strains displayed distinct whole-genome transcript abundance profiles. We developed an animal model in which sheep were inoculated with a sheep strain, human strain, or mixture of the two. We found that the ovine strain persisted in the nasal cavity for 12 to 14 days, while the human strain colonized at lower levels and was no longer detected by 7 days post-inoculation. The ovine strain induced less granulocyte infiltration of the nasal mucosa. CONCLUSION Several factors may play a role in determining host range of B. parapertussis. Human- and ovine-associated strains have differences in content and sequence of genes encoding proteins that mediate host-pathogen contact, such as lipopolysaccharide and fimbriae, as well as variation in regulation of toxins, type III secretion genes, and other virulence-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Brinig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Karen B Register
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Hodgson JC. Endotoxin and Mammalian Host Responses During Experimental Disease. J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:157-75. [PMID: 17101336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin is an integral component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and a prime example of unique and highly conserved bacterial surface molecules that engage with the innate immune system of the mammalian host via pattern recognition receptors on a range of host cells. The results of this interaction, which may be beneficial or detrimental to the development and welfare of the host, are reviewed, focusing on the different sensitivities and consequences in a range of hosts of experimental exposure to endotoxin, the disease outcomes and recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hodgson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Abstract
Sheep respiratory infections appear as differing clinical syndromes. Mild, acute infections are usually due to parainfluenza 3 (PI3) virus. A mild but chronic respiratory problem in lambs under 1 year old is thought to be caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae probably in association with Pasteurella and PI3. Acute bacterial pneumonia usually results from infection with Pasteurella of biotype A. Infection with PI3 can initiate invasion by Pasteurella. Bordetella parapertussis infection has also been implicated. Serotypes of biotype T P. haemolytica cause an acute septicaemia. Stressful management practices may be a predisposing factor. Chronic proliferative pneumonia results from infection by retroviruses of pulmonary adenomatosis or maedi-visna. Both infections have incubation periods extending into years. The former produces fatal tumorous masses in the lungs. Diagnostic tests are being actively sought. Maedi-visna can present as several clinical problems, frequently as an insidious but fatal proliferative pneumonia.
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MESH Headings
- Adenomatosis, Pulmonary/complications
- Adenomatosis, Pulmonary/veterinary
- Adenomatosis, Pulmonary/virology
- Animals
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/complications
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/veterinary
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/complications
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/virology
- Pneumonia, Viral/complications
- Pneumonia, Viral/veterinary
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/complications
- Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Respirovirus Infections/complications
- Respirovirus Infections/veterinary
- Respirovirus Infections/virology
- Sheep
- Sheep Diseases/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Martin
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Università di Perugia, Italy
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Porter JF, Connor K, Donachie W. Differentiation between human and ovine isolates of Bordetella parapertussis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 135:131-5. [PMID: 8598269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb07977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic relatedness of 18 human and 29 ovine isolates of Bordetella parapertussis was examined by macrorestriction digestion of DNA with the rarely cutting enzyme XbaI and resolution by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. There was clear separation of human and ovine isolates and variation within host types. The human isolates were separated into three types as were the 24 Scottish ovine isolates. Species-specific bands were observed with the human isolates at 114, 134, 166, 213, 346 and 372 kb. No species-specific bands were found in the B. parapertussis ovine isolates. Isolates of B. parapertussis recovered from sheep in New Zealand gave a further two DNA banding patterns which were clearly different from the Scottish ovine and the human isolates. These results indicate that human and ovine isolates of B. parapertussis are genetically distinct and that variation exists within isolates from the same host species. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis therefore appears to be a powerful discriminatory tool for the classification of B. parapertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Porter
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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