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Moura E, Tasqueti UI, Mangrich-Rocha RMV, Filho JRE, de Farias MR, Pimpão CT. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Saver A, Lulich JP, Van Buren S, Furrow E. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in juvenile dogs. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e141. [PMID: 34357620 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The features of juvenile-onset calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs have not been previously reported. METHODS Calcium oxalate urolith submissions to the Minnesota Urolith Center between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed to identify those originating from juvenile (≤2 years, n = 510) or mature (7-9 years, n = 39,093) dogs. Breed, sex, urolith salt type and urolith location were compared between groups. Breeds represented in both groups were also compared with respect to sex, urolith salt type and urolith location. RESULTS French (odds ratios [OR] = 14.7, p < 0.001) and English (OR = 14.3, p < 0.001) Bulldogs were overrepresented in juvenile submissions. All juvenile French and English Bulldogs were male. Across all breeds, juvenile dogs were more likely to be male (89%, p < 0.001) than mature dogs (79%). Juvenile dogs were also more likely to form dihydrate stones compared to mature dogs (33% versus 14%, respectively; p < 0.001). Breed differences were discovered in sex, urolith salt type and stone location. CONCLUSIONS French and English Bulldogs comprise a greater proportion of juvenile calcium oxalate urolith submissions than expected based on their rarity in mature submissions. Inherited risk factors, particularly X chromosome variants, should be investigated due to the strong breed and sex predispositions identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Saver
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jody P Lulich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samantha Van Buren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
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4
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Mitchell EP, Church ME, Nemser SM, Yakes BJ, Evans ER, Reimschuessel R, Lemberger K, Thompson PN, Terio KA. Pathology and Epidemiology of Oxalate Nephrosis in Cheetahs. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:977-985. [PMID: 28891390 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817728556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate cases of acute oxalate nephrosis without evidence of ethylene glycol exposure, archived data and tissues from cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus) from North America ( n = 297), southern Africa ( n = 257), and France ( n = 40) were evaluated. Renal and gastrointestinal tract lesions were characterized in a subset of animals with ( n = 100) and without ( n = 165) oxalate crystals at death. Crystals were confirmed as calcium oxalate by Raman spectroscopy in 45 of 47 cheetahs tested. Crystals were present in cheetahs from 3.7 months to 15.9 years old. Cheetahs younger than 1.5 years were less likely to have oxalates than older cheetahs ( P = .034), but young cheetahs with oxalates had more oxalate crystals than older cheetahs ( P < .001). Cheetahs with oxalate crystals were more likely to have renal amyloidosis, interstitial nephritis, or colitis and less likely to have glomerular loop thickening or gastritis than those without oxalates. Crystal number was positively associated with renal tubular necrosis ( P ≤ .001), regeneration ( P = .015), and casts ( P ≤ .001) but inversely associated with glomerulosclerosis, renal amyloidosis, and interstitial nephritis. Crystal number was unrelated to the presence or absence of colitis and was lower in southern African than American and European animals ( P = .01). This study found no evidence that coexisting chronic renal disease (amyloidosis, interstitial nephritis, or glomerulosclerosis), veno-occlusive disease, gastritis, or enterocolitis contributed significantly to oxalate nephrosis. Oxalate-related renal disease should be considered as a potential cause of acute renal failure, especially in young captive cheetahs. The role of location, diet, stress, and genetic predisposition in the pathogenesis of oxalate nephrosis in cheetahs warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Mitchell
- 1 Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.,2 Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Molly E Church
- 3 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Nemser
- 4 Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Betsy Jean Yakes
- 5 Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Eric R Evans
- 4 Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Renate Reimschuessel
- 4 Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter N Thompson
- 7 Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karen A Terio
- 8 Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, USA
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5
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O'Kell AL, Grant DC, Khan SR. Pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urinary stone disease: species comparison of humans, dogs, and cats. Urolithiasis 2017; 45:329-336. [PMID: 28361470 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-017-0978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is a highly recurrent disease that is increasing in prevalence. Decades of research have not identified effective methods to consistently prevent the formation of nephroliths or induce medical dissolution. Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephroliths form in association with renal papillary subepithelial calcium phosphate deposits called Randall's plaques (RPs). Rodent models are commonly used to experimentally induce calcium oxalate crystal and stone formation, but a rodent model that conclusively forms RPs has not been identified. Both dogs and cats form calcium oxalate uroliths that can be recurrent, but the etiopathologic mechanisms of stone formation, especially renal pathologic findings, are a relatively unexploited area of study. A large animal model that shares a similar environment to humans, along with a shorter lifespan and thus shorter time to recurrence, might provide an excellent means to study preventative and therapeutic measures, along with enhancing the concepts of the one health initiative. This review article summarizes and compares important known features of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease in humans, dogs, and cats, and emphasizes important knowledge gaps and areas for future study in the quest to discover a naturally occurring animal model of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Urology, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David C Grant
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, 215 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Urology, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Vidgren G, Vainio-Siukola K, Honkasalo S, Dillard K, Anttila M, Vauhkonen H. Primary hyperoxaluria in Coton de Tulear. Anim Genet 2011; 43:356-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Strugnell BW, Gaudie CM, Wessels M, Schock A, Davies I. Severe oxalate nephropathy in Zwartbles sheep. Vet Rec 2011; 169:81. [PMID: 21765146 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Heiene R, Rumsby G, Ziener M, Dahl SA, Tims C, Teige J, Ottesen N. Chronic kidney disease with three cases of oxalate-like nephrosis in Ragdoll cats. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:474-80. [PMID: 19095478 PMCID: PMC10832842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two unrelated Ragdoll cat mothers in Norway were found dead from renal disease. The histopathology was consistent with oxalate nephrosis with chronic or acute-on-chronic underlying kidney disease. Both cats had offspring and relatives with signs of urinary tract disease, including a kitten dead with urethral gravel. Eleven living Ragdoll cats, including nine relatives of the dead cats and the male father of a litter with similarly affected animals, were tested for primary hyperoxaluria (PH) type 1 and 2 by urine oxalate and liver enzyme analysis. Renal ultrasound revealed abnormalities in five living cats. One of these was azotaemic at the time of examination and developed terminal kidney disease 9 months later. A diagnosis of PH was excluded in 11 cats tested. The inheritance and aetiological background of the renal disease present in the breed remains unresolved at this point in time.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Cat Diseases/genetics
- Cat Diseases/pathology
- Cat Diseases/urine
- Cats
- Female
- Hyperoxaluria, Primary/complications
- Hyperoxaluria, Primary/diagnostic imaging
- Hyperoxaluria, Primary/pathology
- Hyperoxaluria, Primary/urine
- Hyperoxaluria, Primary/veterinary
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/diagnostic imaging
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/urine
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/veterinary
- Male
- Nephrosis/complications
- Nephrosis/diagnostic imaging
- Nephrosis/pathology
- Nephrosis/urine
- Nephrosis/veterinary
- Norway
- Oxalates/urine
- Ultrasonography
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidun Heiene
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Kolbjørnsen Ø, Heggelund M, Jansen JH. End-Stage Kidney Disease Probably due to Reflux Nephropathy with Segmental Hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark Kidney) in Young Boxer Dogs in Norway. A Retrospective Study. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:467-74. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-4-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a retrospective morphologic study of 7 young Boxer dogs, showing end-stage kidney lesions compatible with chronic pyelonephritis with severe segmental cortical atrophy and fibrosis, associated with chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation of varying degree. Azotemia was observed in 6 of the 7 cases. The gross kidney lesions were as follows: bilateral small kidneys with numerous segmental cortical scars causing depression of the renal cortical surface. Histologic examination revealed salient atrophy of nephrons, including paucity of glomeruli, glomerulocystic lesions, colloid-filled tubular microcysts, and a conspicuously increased occurrence of arteries with narrowed lumina caused by intimal thickening. These segmental abnormalities were accompanied by pronounced interstitial fibrosis. All but 1 dog showed salient tubulointerstitial lympho-plasmacytic infiltration, which in 3 cases also included diffuse infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PMN)-cells and occurrence of tubular PMN-casts. Morphologic signs of abnormal metanephric differentiation (renal dysplasia) were observed in all cases in the form of atypical tubules or asynchronous nephronic development (immature glomeruli) or both. However, other morphologic primary dysplastic features were absent. Based on the morphologic features, it is concluded that the end-stage kidney disease in these young Boxer dogs was the result of chronic atrophic nonobstructive pyelonephritis, most probably caused by vesico-ureteral reflux, compatible with reflux nephropathy causing segmental hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark kidney) in man. It is proposed that atypical tubular epithelium in the form of adenomatoid proliferation of collecting duct epithelial cells should be considered an acquired compensatory lesion, rather than the result of disorganized metanephric development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø. Kolbjørnsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health, Section for Pathology, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - J. H. Jansen
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Section for Biochemistry and Physiology, Oslo, Norway
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Salido EC, Li XM, Lu Y, Wang X, Santana A, Roy-Chowdhury N, Torres A, Shapiro LJ, Roy-Chowdhury J. Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase-deficient mice, a model for primary hyperoxaluria that responds to adenoviral gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18249-54. [PMID: 17110443 PMCID: PMC1838738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607218103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the alanine-glyoxylate amino transferase gene (AGXT) are responsible for primary hyperoxaluria type I, a rare disease characterized by excessive hepatic oxalate production that leads to renal failure. We generated a null mutant mouse by targeted mutagenesis of the homologous gene, Agxt, in embryonic stem cells. Mutant mice developed normally, and they exhibited hyperoxaluria and crystalluria. Approximately half of the male mice in mixed genetic background developed calcium oxalate urinary stones. Severe nephrocalcinosis and renal failure developed after enhancement of oxalate production by ethylene glycol administration. Hepatic expression of human AGT1, the protein encoded by AGXT, by adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer in Agxt(-/-) mice normalized urinary oxalate excretion and prevented oxalate crystalluria. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence studies revealed that, as in the human liver, the expressed wild-type human AGT1 was predominantly localized in mouse hepatocellular peroxisomes, whereas the most common mutant form of AGT1 (G170R) was localized predominantly in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo C. Salido
- *Unidad Investigación, Hospital Universitario Canarias, University La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Xiao M. Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Alfredo Santana
- *Unidad Investigación, Hospital Universitario Canarias, University La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Namita Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - Armando Torres
- *Unidad Investigación, Hospital Universitario Canarias, University La Laguna, Tenerife 38320, Spain
| | - Larry J. Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
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De Lorenzi D, Bernardini M, Pumarola M. Primary hyperoxaluria (L-glyceric aciduria) in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 7:357-61. [PMID: 15914058 PMCID: PMC10822420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 7-month-old, male European cat was examined because of weakness and inappetence. The cat was dehydrated, polypnoeic and severely weak. Severe, generalised muscle atrophy was present. Spinal reflexes were all decreased to absent. Blood analysis and urinalysis showed several abnormalities, including intermittent hyperoxaluria. The L-gliceric acid concentration was remarkably increased. Electrodiagnostic tests of the peripheral nervous system were abnormal. At necropsy, generalised muscle atrophy was observed. Microscopically, both kidneys showed intraluminal birefringent oxalate crystals. Motor neuron degeneration and accumulation of neurofilaments were observed in the axons of the spinal motor neurons.
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12
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Yanai T, Wakabayashi S, Masegi T, Ishikawa K, Yamazoe K, Iwasaki T, Ueda K. Subclinical renal oxalosis in wild-caught Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). J Comp Pathol 1995; 112:127-31. [PMID: 7769143 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(05)80055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Various degrees of crystal deposition were found in the kidneys of 12 out of 59 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) caught in the wild in Gifu, Japan. The needle- or rod-shaped crystals, which were radially arranged and occurred in the lumen and epithelium of the renal (mainly the proximal) tubules, were birefringent under polarized light. They stained with alizarin red S at a pH of 7.0 but not 4.2, and were identified as calcium oxalate. The morphological features of the renal lesions were similar to those previously reported in oxalate poisoning, and it was believed that the macaques ingested the oxalate in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yanai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan
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13
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Danpure CJ, Jennings PR, Jansen JH. Enzymological characterization of a putative canine analogue of primary hyperoxaluria type 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1096:134-8. [PMID: 1672096 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(91)90051-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper concerns an enzymological investigation into a putative canine analogue of the human autosomal recessive disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (alanine:glyoxylate/serine:pyruvate aminotransferase deficiency). The liver and kidney activities of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine:pyruvate aminotransferase in two Tibetan Spaniel pups with familial oxalate nephropathy were markedly reduced when compared with a variety of controls. There were no obvious deficiencies in a number of other enzymes including D-glycerate dehydrogenase/glyoxylate reductase which have been shown previously to be deficient in primary hyperoxaluria type 2. Immunoblotting of liver and kidney homogenates from oxalotic dogs also demonstrated a severe deficiency of immunoreactive alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. The developmental expression of alanine:glyoxylate/serine:pyruvate aminotransferase was studied in the livers and kidneys of control dogs. In the liver, enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein were virtually undetectable at 1 day old, but then increased to reach a plateau between 4 and 12 weeks. During this period the activity was similar to that found in normal human liver. The enzyme activities and the levels of immunoreactive protein in the kidneys were more erratic, but they appeared to increase up to 8 weeks and then decrease, so that by 36 weeks the levels were similar to those found at 1 day. The data presented in this paper suggest that these oxalotic dogs have a genetic condition that is analogous, at least enzymologically, to the human disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Danpure
- Biochemical Genetics Research Group, Clinical Research Centre, Middlesex, U.K
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