1
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Wang L, Zhou L, Ma N, Wan Y, Zhang Y, Xu B, Qian W. Real-time monitoring of papain digestion of antibodies immobilized with various strategies by optical interferometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123872. [PMID: 36871683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigen binding fragments (Fabs) employed in research are typically generated by the papain digestion of monoclonal antibodies. However, the interaction between papain and antibodies at the interface remains unclear. Herein, we developed ordered porous layer interferometry for the label-free monitoring of the interaction between the antibody and papain at liquid-solid interfaces. Human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) was used as the model antibody, and different strategies were employed to immobilize it on the surface of silica colloidal crystal (SCC) films which are optical interferometric substrates. It was observed that different immobilization strategies induced different changes in the optical thickness (OT) of SCCs. The order of rate of the changes of OT from largest to smallest was IgG immobilized by protein A orientation, glutaraldehyde coupling, and physical adsorption. This phenomenon can be explained by the varied orientations of the antibodies created at the interface by the different modification procedures. The Fab-up orientation maximized the exposure of the hinge region sulfhydryl group and easily underwent conformational transitions because hIgG was immobilized by protein A. This process stimulates papain to produce the highest degree of activity, resulting in the greatest decrease in OT. This study provides insights into the catalysis of papain on antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lele Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yizhen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; OPLI (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, New District, Suzhou 215163, China.
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2
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Spanov B, Baartmans B, Olaleye O, Nicolardi S, Govorukhina N, Wuhrer M, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1505-1513. [PMID: 36693954 PMCID: PMC9974696 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is known to be heterogeneous in terms of charge. Stressing trastuzumab under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C) increases charge heterogeneity further. Separation of charge variants of stressed trastuzumab at the intact protein level is challenging due to increasing complexity making it difficult to obtain pure charge variants for further characterization. Here we report an approach for revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography. Trastuzumab subunits were generated after limited proteolytic cleavage with papain, IdeS, and GingisKHAN®. The basic pI of Fab and F(ab)2 fragments allowed to use the same pH gradient for intact protein and subunit level analysis. Baseline separation of Fab subunits was obtained after GingisKHAN® and papain digestion and the corresponding modifications were determined by LC-MS/MS peptide mapping and middle-down MALDI-ISD FT-ICR MS. The described approach allows a comprehensive charge variant analysis of therapeutic antibodies that have two or more modification sites in the Fab region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Baartmans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Bioanalytical Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Rinaldi F, Tengattini S, Brusotti G, Tripodo G, Peters B, Temporini C, Massolini G, Calleri E. Monolithic Papain-Immobilized Enzyme Reactors for Automated Structural Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:765683. [PMID: 34859053 PMCID: PMC8630785 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.765683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires laborious and time-consuming sample preparation steps before the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Middle-up approaches entailing the use of specific proteases (papain, IdeS, etc.) emerged as practical and informative methods for mAb characterization. This work reports the development of immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) based on papain able to support mAb analytical characterization. Two monolithic IMERs were prepared by the covalent immobilization of papain on different supports, both functionalized via epoxy groups: a Chromolith® WP 300 Epoxy silica column from Merck KGaA and a polymerized high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) material synthesized by our research group. The two bioreactors were included in an in-flow system and characterized in terms of immobilization yield, kinetics, activity, and stability using Nα-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) as a standard substrate. Moreover, the two bioreactors were tested toward a standard mAb, namely, rituximab (RTX). An on-line platform for mAb sample preparation and analysis with minimal operator manipulation was developed with both IMERs, allowing to reduce enzyme consumption and to improve repeatability compared to in-batch reactions. The site-specificity of papain was maintained after its immobilization on silica and polyHIPE monolithic supports, and the two IMERs were successfully applied to RTX digestion for its structural characterization by LC-MS. The main pros and cons of the two supports for the present application were described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Tengattini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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4
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John A, Järvå MA, Shah S, Mao R, Chappaz S, Birkinshaw RW, Czabotar PE, Lo AW, Scott NE, Goddard-Borger ED. Yeast- and antibody-based tools for studying tryptophan C-mannosylation. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:428-437. [PMID: 33542533 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan C-mannosylation is an unusual co-translational protein modification performed by metazoans and apicomplexan protists. The prevalence and biological functions of this modification are poorly understood, with progress in the field hampered by a dearth of convenient tools for installing and detecting the modification. Here, we engineer a yeast system to produce a diverse array of proteins with and without tryptophan C-mannosylation and interrogate the modification's influence on protein stability and function. This system also enabled mutagenesis studies to identify residues of the glycosyltransferase and its protein substrates that are crucial for catalysis. The collection of modified proteins accrued during this work facilitated the generation and thorough characterization of monoclonal antibodies against tryptophan C-mannosylation. These antibodies empowered proteomic analyses of the brain C-glycome by enriching for peptides possessing tryptophan C-mannosylation. This study revealed many new modification sites on proteins throughout the secretory pathway with both conventional and non-canonical consensus sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan John
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Järvå
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sayali Shah
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Runyu Mao
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephane Chappaz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard W Birkinshaw
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alvin W Lo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ethan D Goddard-Borger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the directionality of proteolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2524-2534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Tandale JB, Badgujar SB, Tandale BU, Angre U, Daftary SB, Lala S, Gaur VP. An improved protocol for large scale production of high purity 'Fc' fragment of human immunoglobulin G (IgG-Fc). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1159:122400. [PMID: 33126073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simplified approach for purification and characterization of human 'IgG-Fc' fragment used widely as immunochemical tool and for therapeutic purposes. The 'Fc' fragment was purified from human IgG in a 3-stage column chromatography. The purified 'Fc' fragment appeared as a dimer glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of 52,981 Dalton (Ultraflex MALDI TOF/TOF). The Size-exclusion HPLC profile of the purified 'Fc' fragment of human IgG matched that of a commercially procured reference 'Fc' fragment material. The purity of the 'Fc' fragments was >99% by SDS-PAGE and size-exclusion HPLC. The results of Western blotting, immunoelectrophoresis, and mass spectrometry analysis indicate a high purity of the 'Fc' fragment. Peptide mass fingerprint analysis of the purified 'Fc' protein yielded peptides that partially match the known database sequences of FCG3B_HUMAN (Uniprot ID: O75015). This method of purification of the 'Fc' fragment is suitable for achieving high purity level of 'Fc' fragment protein. With this purification approach, the cost of the purified 'Fc' fragment of human IgG is significantly reduced as compared with the current market price of IgG-Fc fragment protein in international market. The purified 'IgG-Fc' fragment protein was found to be negative for major viral markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin B Tandale
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shamkant B Badgujar
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Babasaheb U Tandale
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Unmesh Angre
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddharth B Daftary
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeev Lala
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod P Gaur
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories (NWRL), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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7
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Park A, Choi JH, Lee S, Been S, Song JE, Khang G. Application of double network of gellan gum and pullulan for bone marrow stem cells differentiation towards chondrogenesis by controlling viscous substrates. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1592-1603. [PMID: 32767724 DOI: 10.1002/term.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have a large amount of water that provides a cartilage-like environment and is used in tissue engineering with biocompatibility and adequate degradation rates. In order to differentiate stem cells, it is necessary to adjust the characteristics of the matrix such as stiffness, stress-relaxing time, and microenvironment. Double network (DN) hydrogels provide differences in cellular biological behavior and have interpenetrating networks that combine the advantages of the components. In this study, by varying the viscous substrate of pullulan (PL), the DN hydrogels of gellan gum (GG) and PL were prepared to determine the cartilage differentiation of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC). The characteristics of GG/PL hydrogel were investigated by examining the swelling ratio, weight loss, sol fraction, compressive modulus, and gelation temperature. The viability, proliferation, and toxicity of BMSCs encapsulated in hydrogels were evaluated. Cartilage phenotype and cartilage differentiation were confirmed by morphology, GAG content, and cartilage-specific gene expression. Overall results demonstrate that GG/PL hydrogels can form cartilage differentiation of BMSCs and can be applied for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ain Park
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hee Choi
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Been
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Song
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
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8
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Lee S, Choi JH, Park A, Rim M, Youn J, Lee W, Song JE, Khang G. Advanced gellan gum-based glycol chitosan hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering biomaterial. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:452-460. [PMID: 32335106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gellan gum (GG), a nature-derived polysaccharide, is one of the materials widely used in cartilage tissue engineering (TE). Glycol chitosan (GC), a derivative of chitosan, is a water-soluble natural polymer that has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as cell adhesion. Herein, GG was physically blended with GC to enhance the mechanical properties and microenvironment of the GG to apply in cartilage TE. The study was conducted with a hydrogel model which is similar to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage tissue. The physicochemical studies were carried out with morphological study, swelling ratio, weight loss, and sol fraction. The mechanical characterization was conducted with compression test and rheological study to confirm availability in cartilage TE material. Furthermore, in vitro studies such as morphology investigation, viability assay, GAG content, qRT-PCR, and histological study were performed to verify biocompatibility and chondrogenesis of the material. The mechanical and biological properties improved with a proper amount of GC. Overall results verify the potential of the material and can be further used for the cartilage TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Hee Choi
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ain Park
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mina Rim
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jina Youn
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wonchan Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Eun Song
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Department of Polymer Nano Science & Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Anees P, Gauthier MA. Homogenous Scavenging Resolves Low-Purification Yield/Selectivity Caused by Secondary Binding of Protein-A to Antigen-Binding Antibody Fragments. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:825-829. [PMID: 31841628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-binding fragments of antibodies are biotechnologically useful agents for decorating drug delivery systems, for blocking cell-surface receptors in cell culture, for recognizing analytes in biosensors, and potentially as therapeutics. They are typically produced by enzymatic digestion of full antibodies and isolated from the undesirable fragment crystallizable (Fc) by affinity chromatography using Protein-A columns. However, while Protein-A has a strong "classical" interaction with Fc fragments, it can also more weakly bind to an "alternative" site on the heavy chain variable region of antigen-binding fragments. As such, purifying small amounts of antibody fragments by Protein-A chromatography can result in low yield. Moreover, loading larger amounts of antibody fragments onto a Protein-A column can result in poor separation, because of competition of Fc and antigen-binding fragments for immobilized Protein-A. This study demonstrates that Protein-A-based homogeneous scavenging resolves this issue by precisely controlling the stoichiometry of Protein-A to Fc fragments, something that is not possible for conventional flow-type systems, such as affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palapuravan Anees
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center , 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Marc A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center , 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , J3X 1S2 , Canada
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10
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Basu K, Green EM, Cheng Y, Craik CS. Why recombinant antibodies - benefits and applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:153-158. [PMID: 30849700 PMCID: PMC6728236 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are ubiquitous reagents for biological and biochemical research and are rapidly expanding into new therapeutic areas. They are one of the most important probes for determining how proteins function under normal and pathophysiological conditions. Abs are required for the quantification of targets, detection of temporal and spatial patterns of protein expression in cells and tissues, and identification of interacting partners and their biological activities. Their remarkable specificity and unique binding properties can facilitate three-dimensional structure determination using X-ray crystallography and electron cryomicroscopy. While hybridoma technology that involves animal immunization is often productive, many antigen targets do not generate useful Abs. This is particularly true if unique states of the target or critical non-immunogenic target sequences need to be recognized by the Abs. By using the methods of recombinant antibody generation, identification, and engineering, these 'hybridoma-refractory' antigens can be readily targeted. Specific, reproducible, and renewable recombinant Abs are proving to be invaluable reagents in applications ranging from biological discovery to structure determination of challenging macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koli Basu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Evan M Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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11
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Abstract
Comprehensive identification and profiling of antigens in immune complexes (IC-antigens) is useful to provide insights into pathophysiology and could form the basis for novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for many immune-related diseases. Immune complexome analysis is the method for comprehensively identifying and profiling IC-antigens in biological fluids (such as serum and cerebrospinal fluid). Here, we describe an IC-antigen detection method; specifically, ICs in biological fluids are captured by using protein G- or protein A-coated beads, are subjected to papain-digestion, elution, and tryptic digestion, and are analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Aibara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kaname Ohyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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12
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Aibara N, Ohyama K. Selective and Sensitive Mass Spectrometric Identification of Immune Complex Antigens in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2044:247-253. [PMID: 31432417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9706-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive identification of immune complex antigens (IC-antigens) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is useful to provide insights into pathophysiology and could form the basis for novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for central nervous system autoimmune diseases and other neurological disorders. Immune complexome analysis is the method for comprehensively identifying IC-antigens in biological fluids (such as serum and CSF). Here, we describe IC-antigens detection method; specifically, ICs in CSF are captured and are subjected to papain-digestion elution and tryptic digestion, and are analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Aibara
- Unit of Medical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kaname Ohyama
- Unit of Medical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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13
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Nascimento A, Pinto IF, Chu V, Aires-Barros MR, Conde JP, Azevedo AM. Studies on the purification of antibody fragments. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Beck S, Schultze J, Räder HJ, Holm R, Schinnerer M, Barz M, Koynov K, Zentel R. Site-Specific DBCO Modification of DEC205 Antibody for Polymer Conjugation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E141. [PMID: 30966177 PMCID: PMC6414842 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of multifunctional polymer-based vectors, forming pDNA vaccines, offers great potential in cancer immune therapy. The transfection of dendritic immune cells (DCs) with tumour antigen-encoding pDNA leads to an activation of the immune system to combat tumour cells. In this work, we investigated the chemical attachment of DEC205 antibodies (aDEC205) as DC-targeting structures to polyplexes of P(Lys)-b-P(HPMA). The conjugation of a synthetic block copolymer and a biomacromolecule with various functionalities (aDEC205) requires bioorthogonal techniques to avoid side reactions. Click chemistry and in particular the strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) can provide the required bioorthogonality. With regard to a SPAAC of both components, we firstly synthesized two different azide-containing block copolymers, P(Lys)-b-P(HPMA)-N₃(stat) and P(Lys)-b-P(HPMA)-N₃(end), for pDNA complexation. In addition, the site-specific incorporation of ring-strained dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) moieties to the DEC205 antibody was achieved by an enzymatic strategy using bacterial transglutaminase (BTG). The chemical accessibility of DBCO molecules within aDEC205 as well as the accessibility of azide-functionalities on the polyplex' surface were investigated by various SPAAC experiments and characterized by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Beck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schultze
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Regina Holm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Meike Schinnerer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Jakob Welder Weg 11, D-55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
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15
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Otani Y, Yonezawa A, Tsuda M, Imai S, Ikemi Y, Nakagawa S, Omura T, Nakagawa T, Yano I, Matsubara K. Time-Dependent Structural Alteration of Rituximab Analyzed by LC/TOF-MS after a Systemic Administration to Rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169588. [PMID: 28052138 PMCID: PMC5215255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have heterogeneities in their structures. Multiple studies have reported that the variety of post-translational modifications could affect the pharmacokinetic profiles or pharmacological potencies of therapeutic mAbs. Taking into the account that the structural modification of mAbs would affect the efficacy, it is worth investigating the structural alteration of therapeutic mAbs in the blood and the relationship between their structures and pharmacological effects. Herein, we have developed the method to isolate rituximab from plasma in which endogenous IgGs interfere the detection of rituximab, and successfully developed the analytical method with a liquid chromatograph time-of-flight mass spectrometer to detect the structure of rituximab in plasma with errors less than 30 parts per millions. Eight types of carbohydrate chains in rituximab were detected by this method. Interestingly, time-dependent changes in carbohydrate chains such as AAF (G2F) and GnGn (G0) were observed in rats, although the amino acids were stable. Additionally, these structural changes were observed via incubation in plasma as in the rat experiment, suggesting that a certain type of enzyme in plasma caused the alterations of the carbohydrate chains. The present analytical methods could clarify the actual pharmacokinetics of therapeutic mAbs, and help to evaluate the interindividual variations in pharmacokinetics and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Otani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atushi Yonezawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masahiro Tsuda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ikemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Omura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Lee C, In S, Han Y, Oh S. Reactivity change of IgE to buckwheat protein treated with high-pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2073-2079. [PMID: 26108559 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buckwheat is a popular food material in eastern Asian countries that can cause allergenic response. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hydrolysis with papain and high-pressure (HP) treatment of buckwheat protein (BWP) on reactivity of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and its secondary structure. RESULTS Reactivity of IgE was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with serum samples from 16 patients allergic to buckwheat. Reactivity of IgE to hydrolysate of BWP with papain showed a maximum decrease of 79.8%. After HP treatment at 600 MPa for 1 min, reactivity of IgE to BWP decreased by up to 55.1%. When extracted, BWP was hydrolyzed with papain overnight following HP treatment at 600 MPa which the reactivity of IgE decreased significantly by up to 87.1%. Significant changes in secondary structure of BWP were observed by circular dichroism (CD) analysis after hydrolysis with papain following HP treatment. CONCLUSION Reduction of reactivity of IgE showed a correlation with changes in secondary structure of BWP, which may cause changes in conformational epitopes. This suggests the possibility of decreasing the reactivity of IgE to BWP using combined physical and enzymatic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyeon In
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngshin Han
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangsuk Oh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Larina MV, Aliev TK, Solopova ON, Pozdnyakova LP, Korobova SV, Yakimov SA, Sveshnikov PG, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. [Neutralizing Monoclonal and Chimeric Antibodies to Human IFN-γ]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 41:316-26. [PMID: 26502608 DOI: 10.1134/s106816201503005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoiminune disorders are chronic diseases characterized by abnormal immune response directed against self-antigens that leads to tissue damage and violation of its normal functioning. Such diseases often result in disability or even death of patients. Nowadays a number of monoclonal antibodies to pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors are successfully used for the targeted treatment of autoimmune diseases. One of the perspective targets in autoimmune disease therapy is interferon gamma, a key cytokine in Th1 cells differentiation, activation of macrophages, and inflammation. In the present work, 5 monoclonal antibodies to human IFN-γ were obtained. For the development of potential therapeutic agent, we have performed neutralizing activity and affinity analysis of the antibodies. Based on the data obtained, the monoclonal antibody F1 was selected. This antibody has a dissociation constant 1.7 x 10(-9) M and IC90 = 8.9 ± 2.0 nM measured upon antibody inhibition of the IFN-γ-induced HLA-DR expression on the surface of U937 cells. We have constructed a bicistronic vector for the production of recombinant chimeric Fab fragment F1 chim in E. coli cells. The recombinant chimeric Fab fragment Fl chim neutralizes IFN-γ activity in vitro and has a dissociation constant 1.8 x 10(-9) M.
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18
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An Y, Zhang Y, Mueller HM, Shameem M, Chen X. A new tool for monoclonal antibody analysis: application of IdeS proteolysis in IgG domain-specific characterization. MAbs 2015; 6:879-93. [PMID: 24927271 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) products are extraordinarily heterogeneous due to the presence of a variety of enzymatic and chemical modifications, such as deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycosylation, glycation, and terminal cyclization. The modifications in different domains of the antibody molecule can result in different biological consequences. Therefore, characterization and routine monitoring of domain-specific modifications are essential to ensure the quality of the therapeutic antibody products. For this purpose, a rapid and informative methodology was developed to examine the heterogeneity of individual domains in mAb products. A recently discovered endopeptidase, IdeS, cleaves heavy chains below the hinge region, producing F(ab') 2 and Fc fragments. Following reduction of disulfide bonds, three antibody domains (LC, Fd, and Fc/2) can be released for further characterization. Subsequent analyses by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, capillary isoelectric focusing, and glycan mapping enable domain-specific profiling of oxidation, charge heterogeneity, and glycoform distribution. When coupled with reversed phase chromatography, the unique chromatographic profile of each molecule offers a simple strategy for an identity test, which is an important formal test for biopharmaceutical quality control purposes. This methodology is demonstrated for a number of IgGs of different subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG4), as well as an Fc fusion protein. The presented technique provides a convenient platform approach for scientific and formal therapeutic mAb product characterization. It can also be applied in regulated drug substance batch release and stability testing of antibody and Fc fusion protein products, in particular for identity and routine monitoring of domain-specific modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan An
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Hans-Martin Mueller
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
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19
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Formolo T, Ly M, Levy M, Kilpatrick L, Lute S, Phinney K, Marzilli L, Brorson K, Boyne M, Davis D, Schiel J. Determination of the NISTmAb Primary Structure. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trina Formolo
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michaella Levy
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lisa Kilpatrick
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Scott Lute
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Karen Phinney
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lisa Marzilli
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michael Boyne
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Darryl Davis
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - John Schiel
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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20
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Niemer M, Mehofer U, Torres Acosta JA, Verdianz M, Henkel T, Loos A, Strasser R, Maresch D, Rademacher T, Steinkellner H, Mach L. The human anti-HIV antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and PG9 differ in their susceptibility to proteolytic degradation: down-regulation of endogenous serine and cysteine proteinase activities could improve antibody production in plant-based expression platforms. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:493-500. [PMID: 24478053 PMCID: PMC4162989 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-related species Nicotiana benthamiana has recently emerged as a promising host for the manufacturing of protein therapeutics. However, the production of recombinant proteins in N. benthamiana is frequently hampered by undesired proteolysis. Here, we show that the expression of the human anti-HIV antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and PG9 in N. benthamiana leaves leads to the accumulation of discrete heavy chain-derived degradation products of 30-40 kDa. Incubation of purified 2F5 with N. benthamiana intercellular fluid resulted in rapid conversion into the 40-kDa fragment, whereas 2G12 proved largely resistant to degradation. Such a differential susceptibility to proteolytic attack was also observed when these two antibodies were exposed to various types of proteinases in vitro. While serine and cysteine proteinases are both capable of generating the 40-kDa 2F5 fragment, the 30-kDa polypeptide is most readily obtained by treatment with the latter class of enzymes. The principal cleavage sites reside within the antigen-binding domain, the VH -CH 1 linker segment and the hinge region of the antibodies. Collectively, these results indicate that down-regulation of endogenous serine and cysteine proteinase activities could be used to improve the performance of plant-based expression platforms destined for the production of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Niemer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Mehofer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Juan Antonio Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Maria Verdianz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Henkel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Loos
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rademacher
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
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21
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Castilho A, Neumann L, Gattinger P, Strasser R, Vorauer-Uhl K, Sterovsky T, Altmann F, Steinkellner H. Generation of biologically active multi-sialylated recombinant human EPOFc in plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54836. [PMID: 23372778 PMCID: PMC3555983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycosylated proteins are more stable, show increased serum half-life and less sensitivity to proteolysis compared to non-sialylated forms. This applies particularly to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). Recent progress in N-glycoengineering of non-mammalian expression hosts resulted in in vivo protein sialylation at great homogeneity. However the synthesis of multi-sialylated N-glycans is so far restricted to mammalian cells. Here we used a plant based expression system to accomplish multi-antennary protein sialylation. A human erythropoietin fusion protein (EPOFc) was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana ΔXTFT, a glycosylation mutant that lacks plant specific N-glycan residues. cDNA of the hormone was co-delivered into plants with the necessary genes for (i) branching (ii) β1,4-galactosylation as well as for the (iii) synthesis, transport and transfer of sialic acid. This resulted in the production of recombinant EPOFc carrying bi- tri- and tetra-sialylated complex N-glycans. The formation of this highly complex oligosaccharide structure required the coordinated expression of 11 human proteins acting in different subcellular compartments at different stages of the glycosylation pathway. In vitro receptor binding assays demonstrate the generation of biologically active molecules. We demonstrate the in planta synthesis of one of the most complex mammalian glycoforms pointing to an outstanding high degree of tolerance to changes in the glycosylation pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Altshuler EP, Vylegzhanina AV, Katrukha IA, Bereznikova AV, Serebryanaya DV. Application of recombinant antibody fragments for troponin I measurements. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1362-7. [PMID: 23244731 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912120036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac isoform of troponin I is a reliable biomarker of damaged cardiomyocytes that accompanies such severe cardiovascular diseases as myocardial infarction. Monoclonal antibody 19C7 recognizes troponin I in the bloodstream with high affinity and specificity. Recombinant antibodies can be used to improve detection systems based on monoclonal antibodies produced with hybridoma technology. In the present study, we compare the properties of monoclonal antibody 19C7 and its recombinant fragments. It is shown that the recombinant antibody fragments demonstrate similar affinity values as monoclonal antibodies and can be applied for troponin I detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Altshuler
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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23
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Kim J, Jones L, Taylor L, Kannan G, Jackson F, Lau H, Latypov RF, Bailey B. Characterization of a unique IgG1 mAb CEX profile by limited Lys-C proteolysis/CEX separation coupled with mass spectrometry and structural analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1973-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Immunosensor incorporating anti-His (C-term) IgG F(ab') fragments attached to gold nanorods for detection of His-tagged proteins in culture medium. SENSORS 2010; 10:5409-24. [PMID: 22219669 PMCID: PMC3247714 DOI: 10.3390/s100605409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunosensors based on gold electrodes (electrochemical) or gold discs (optical) modified with 1,6-hexanedithiol, gold nanorods and Anti-His (C-term) monoclonal antibody F(ab’) fragment are described. The antigen detected by the sensing platform is a recombinant histidine-tagged silk proteinase inhibitor (rSPI2-His6). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques were used as methods for detection of the antigen. This approach allows to detect the antigen protein in concentration of 10 pg per mL (0.13 pM) of culture medium. The immunosensor shows good reproducibility due to covalent immobilization of F(ab’) fragments to gold nanorods layer.
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25
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Vázquez H, Olvera F, Paniagua-Solís J, Alagón A, Sevcik C. Pharmacokinetics in rabbits and anti-sphingomyelinase D neutralizing power of Fab, F(ab')2, IgG and IgG(T) fragments from hyper immune equine plasma. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:447-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Franco EJ, Sonneson GJ, DeLegge TJ, Hofstetter H, Horn JR, Hofstetter O. Production and characterization of a genetically engineered anti-caffeine camelid antibody and its use in immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Moiani D, Salvalaglio M, Cavallotti C, Bujacz A, Redzynia I, Bujacz G, Dinon F, Pengo P, Fassina G. Structural Characterization of a Protein A Mimetic Peptide Dendrimer Bound to Human IgG. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:16268-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909405b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Moiani
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - M. Salvalaglio
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - C. Cavallotti
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - A. Bujacz
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - I. Redzynia
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - G. Bujacz
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - F. Dinon
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - P. Pengo
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
| | - G. Fassina
- Department of Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, Lodz, Poland, and Xeptagen S.p.A., VEGA Science Park-Building Auriga Via delle Industrie 9, I-30175 Marghera (VE), Italy
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28
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Beck Z, Balogh A, Kis A, Izsépi E, Cervenak L, László G, Bíró A, Liliom K, Mocsár G, Vámosi G, Füst G, Matko J. New cholesterol-specific antibodies remodel HIV-1 target cells' surface and inhibit their in vitro virus production. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:286-96. [PMID: 19654424 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of membrane rafts in HIV-1 infection is still in the focus of interest. Here, we report that new monoclonal anticholesterol IgG antibodies (ACHAs), recognizing clustered membrane cholesterol (e.g., in lipid rafts), rearrange the lateral molecular organization of HIV-1 receptors and coreceptors in the plasma membrane of HIV-1 permissive human T-cells and macrophages. This remodeling is accompanied with a substantial inhibition of their infection and HIV-1 production in vitro. ACHAs promote the association of CXCR4 with both CD4 and lipid rafts, consistent with the decreased lateral mobility of CXCR4, while Fab fragments of ACHAs do not show these effects. ACHAs do not directly mask the extracellular domains of either CD4 or CXCR4 nor do they affect CXCR4 internalization. No significant inhibition of HIV production is seen when the virus is preincubated with the antibodies prior to infection. Thus, we propose that the observed inhibition is mainly due to the membrane remodeling induced by cholesterol-specific antibodies on the target cells. This, in turn, may prevent the proper spatio-temporal juxtaposition of HIV-1 glycoproteins with CD4 and chemokine receptors, thus negatively interfering with virus attachment/entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Beck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary
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29
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Espinoza JL, Takamatsu H, Lu X, Qi Z, Nakao S. Anti-moesin antibodies derived from patients with aplastic anemia stimulate monocytic cells to secrete TNF-alpha through an ERK1/2-dependent pathway. Int Immunol 2009; 21:913-23. [PMID: 19556303 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies specific to moesin, which are frequently detectable in the serum of patients with aplastic anemia (AA), can induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion from monocytes and a human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. We investigated the mechanisms responsible for TNF-alpha secretion from monocytic cells induced by the auto-antibodies that are purified from the sera of AA patients. TNF-alpha induction by anti-moesin antibodies depended on the amount of cell surface moesin expressed by THP-1 cells. F(ab')(2) fragments prepared from the anti-moesin antibodies were able to stimulate THP-1 cells to secrete TNF-alpha and this stimulatory effect was enhanced by cross-linking of moesins with anti-human IgG F(ab')(2) fragment antibodies. Anti-moesin antibodies as well as their F(ab')(2) fragments induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in monocytic cells and this effect was suppressed by the addition of an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, anti-moesin antibody treatment induced the phosphorylation of moesin proteins in the monocytes and THP-1 cells within 30 min. These results indicate that anti-moesin antibodies induce TNF-alpha secretion from monocytes through the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway provoked by direct binding to moesin on the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Espinoza
- Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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30
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Alexandrenne C, Hanoux V, Dkhissi F, Boquet D, Couraud JY, Wijkhuisen A. Curative properties of antibodies against prion protein: a comparative in vitro study of monovalent fragments and divalent antibodies. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 209:50-6. [PMID: 19232746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases, which include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, are a group of devastating neurodegenerative disorders for which no therapy is yet available. However, passive immunotherapy appears to be a promising therapeutic approach, given that antibodies against the cellular prion protein (PrPc) have been shown in vitro to antagonize deposition of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc). Nevertheless, in vivo deleterious side effects of injected anti-PrP antibodies have been reported, mainly due to their Fc fragments and divalence. In this context, we examined here the ability of five Fabs (monovalent fragments devoid of the Fc part), prepared from antibodies already characterized in the laboratory, to inhibit prion replication in infected neuronal cells. We show that all Fabs (which all retain the same apparent affinity for PrPc as their whole antibody counterpart, as measured in EIA experiments) recognize quite well membrane bound-PrP in neuronal cells (as shown by flow cytometry analysis) and inhibit PrPSc formation in infected cells in a dose-dependent manner, most of them (four out of five) exhibiting a similar efficiency as whole antibodies. From a fundamental point of view, this report indicates that the in vitro curative effect of antibodies i) is epitope independent and only related to the efficiency of recognizing the native, membrane-inserted form of neuronal PrP and ii) probably occurs by directly or indirectly masking the PrPc epitopes involved in PrPSc interaction, rather than by cross-linking membrane bound PrPc. From a practical point of view, i.e. in the context of a possible immunotherapy of prion diseases, our data promote the use of monovalent antibodies (either Fabs or engineered recombinant fragments) for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Alexandrenne
- CEA, iBiTecS, SPI, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Anticorps pour la Santé (LIAS), Gif sur Yvette, France
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31
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32
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Zhang Z, Pan H, Chen X. Mass spectrometry for structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:147-76. [PMID: 18720354 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The need for complete characterization of the quality attributes of these molecules requires sophisticated techniques. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical tool for the structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies, due to its superior resolution over other analytical techniques. It has been widely used in virtually all phases of antibody development. Structural features determined by MS include amino acid sequence, disulfide linkages, carbohydrate structure and profile, and many different post-translational, in-process, and in-storage modifications. In this review, we will discuss various MS-based techniques for the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies. These techniques are categorized as mass determination of intact antibodies, and as middle-up, bottom-up, top-down, and middle-down structural characterizations. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of structural resolution, sequence coverage, sample consumption, and effort required for analyses. The role of MS in glycan structural characterization and profiling will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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33
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Structural characterization of immunoglobulin G using time-dependent disulfide bond reduction. Anal Biochem 2009; 384:368-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Kleemann GR, Beierle J, Nichols AC, Dillon TM, Pipes GD, Bondarenko PV. Characterization of IgG1 Immunoglobulins and Peptide−Fc Fusion Proteins by Limited Proteolysis in Conjunction with LC−MS. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2001-9. [PMID: 18293943 DOI: 10.1021/ac701629v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd R. Kleemann
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Jill Beierle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Andrew C. Nichols
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Gary D. Pipes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Pavel V. Bondarenko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Incorporated, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
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35
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Olivova P, Chen W, Chakraborty AB, Gebler JC. Determination of N-glycosylation sites and site heterogeneity in a monoclonal antibody by electrospray quadrupole ion-mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:29-40. [PMID: 18050193 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an improved analytical method for glycosylation structural characterizations of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) using a newly developed quadrupole ion-mobility time-of-flight (ESI-Q-IM-TOF) mass spectrometer. Using this method, high-resolution mass spectra were acquired to produce the overall glycosylation profile of the mAb. Additionally, the light and heavy chains from the reduced antibody were separated in the gas phase by the ion mobility functionality of the instrument, allowing accurate mass measurement of each subunit. Furthermore, the glycan sequences, as well as the glycosylation site, were determined by a two-step sequential fragmentation process using the unique dual-collision-cell design of the instrument, thus providing detailed characterizations of the glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Olivova
- Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, USA
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36
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Schriebl K, Trummer E, Lattenmayer C, Weik R, Kunert R, Müller D, Katinger H, Vorauer-Uhl K. Biochemical characterization of rhEpo-Fc fusion protein expressed in CHO cells. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 49:265-75. [PMID: 16861003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
One challenge in biotechnology industry is to produce recombinant proteins with prolonged serum half-life. One strategy for enhancing the serum half-life of proteins includes increasing the molecular weight of the protein of interest by fusion to the Fc part of an antibody. In this context, we have expressed a homodimer fusion protein in CHO cells which consists of two identical polypeptide chains, in which our target protein, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo), is N-terminally linked with the Fc part of a human IgG(1) molecule. In the present study, culture supernatant of a stable clone was collected and purified by affinity chromatography prior characterization. We emphasized product quality aspects regarding the fusion protein itself and in addition, post-translational characterization of the subunits in comparison to human antibodies and rhEpo. However, overproduction of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells is well established, analysis of product quality of complex products for different purposes, such as product specification, purification issues, batch to batch consistency and therapeutical consequences, is required. Besides product quantification by ELISA, N-acetylneuraminic acid quantification in microtiterplates, quantitative isoform pattern and entire glycan profiling was performed. By using these techniques for the characterization of the recombinant human Epo-Fc (rhEpo-Fc) molecule itself and furthermore, for the separate characterization of both subunits, we could clearly show that no significant differences in the core glycan structures compared to rhEpo and human antibody N-glycans were found. The direct comparison with other rhEpo-Fc fusion proteins failed, because no appropriate data were found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Schriebl
- Austrian Center of Biopharmaceutical Technology, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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37
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Gadgil HS, Bondarenko PV, Pipes GD, Dillon TM, Banks D, Abel J, Kleemann GR, Treuheit MJ. Identification of cysteinylation of a free cysteine in the Fab region of a recombinant monoclonal IgG1 antibody using Lys-C limited proteolysis coupled with LC/MS analysis. Anal Biochem 2006; 355:165-74. [PMID: 16828048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MAB007, an IgG1 monoclonal antibody, is unique because of the presence of a free cysteine residue in the Fab region at position 104 on the heavy chain in the CDR3 region. Mass spectrometric analysis of intact MAB007 showed multiple peaks varying in mass by 120-140 Da that cannot be fully attributed to glycosylation isoforms typically present in IgG molecules. Limited proteolysis of MAB007 with Lys-C led to a single cleavage at the C-terminus of a lysine residue in the hinge region of the heavy chain at position 222, generating free Fab and Fc fragments. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the Fab and Fc fragments revealed several modifications. The Fab fraction showed cysteinylation of a free cysteine in the CDR3 region resulting in a mass shift of 119 Da. Using limited proteolysis, we also identified modifications resulting in a mass increase of 127 Da in the Fc region, corresponding to C-terminal lysine variants in the heavy chain. Other modifications, such as oxidation (+16 Da) and succinimide formation (-17 Da), were also detected in the Fab fragment. The cysteinylation observed after limited proteolysis was confirmed by peptide mapping coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis.
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38
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Boushaba R, Kumpalume P, Slater NKH. Kinetics of whole serum and prepurified IgG digestion by pepsin for F(ab')2 manufacture. Biotechnol Prog 2003; 19:1176-82. [PMID: 12892479 DOI: 10.1021/bp034037+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An alternative route for the production of polyclonal F(ab')(2) fragments that might be adopted for the facile preparation of antivenoms is assessed in this work. The method involves the digestion of whole serum by free pepsin, which results in reduction of the number of processing steps commonly in use, because it avoids the initial purification of IgG's prior to their proteolytic cleavage by the enzyme. Digestion kinetics of whole serum and caprylic acid prepurified IgG using free pepsin were monitored with SDS-PAGE followed by densitometric analysis and antigen binding activity assay of the digested samples. It was observed that with equal units of pepsin activity, caprylic acid prepurified IgG was digested more rapidly than whole serum but that the overall retention of antigen binding activity was significantly greater in the latter case. The estimated first-order digestion rate parameters were 11.8 and 4.42 microM min(-)(1) for pure IgG and whole serum, respectively. The K(m) value obtained for whole serum digestion was 33 microM and that for pure IgG digestion was 43.5 microM. Calibration with undigested whole serum and pure IgG samples of known concentrations was performed using SDS-PAGE followed by image analysis. A linear relationship was observed between the protein concentration and the respective band intensity within the range of concentrations investigated (0.63-31.2 microM IgG concentration). This technique proved to be relatively rapid, reproducible, and more precise than size-exclusion chromatography as a result of its F(ab')(2)/IgG resolving power. Staining and destaining protocols were reproduced in terms of staining and destaining times, volumes added, and compositions. Furthermore, all digestion experiments were performed in duplicate sets to monitor the extent of variation of the digestion kinetic parameters measured by this method. The results obtained from this technique confirm and quantify previous observations that pepsin digestion of whole serum is slower and easier to control than digestion of pure IgG and results in higher recovery of antigenic binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Boushaba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
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39
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Wu HF. Current awareness. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1055-1066. [PMID: 10973007 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200008)35:8<1055::aid-jms981>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (6 Weeks journals - Search completed at 7th. June 2000)
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Affiliation(s)
- HF Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taipei Hsien 25137, Taiwan
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