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Nogueira DE, Cabral JM, Rodrigues CA. Single-Use Bioreactors for Human Pluripotent and Adult Stem Cells: Towards Regenerative Medicine Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:68. [PMID: 34067549 PMCID: PMC8156863 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on human stem cells, such as pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, has shown much promise in their use for regenerative medicine approaches. However, their use in patients requires large-scale expansion systems while maintaining the quality of the cells. Due to their characteristics, bioreactors have been regarded as ideal platforms to harbour stem cell biomanufacturing at a large scale. Specifically, single-use bioreactors have been recommended by regulatory agencies due to reducing the risk of product contamination, and many different systems have already been developed. This review describes single-use bioreactor platforms which have been used for human stem cell expansion and differentiation, along with their comparison with reusable systems in the development of a stem cell bioprocess for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo E.S. Nogueira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.E.S.N.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.E.S.N.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.E.S.N.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Jyothilekshmi I, Jayaprakash NS. Trends in Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Various Bioreactor Syst. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:349-357. [PMID: 32238761 PMCID: PMC9705917 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are widely used as diagnostic reagents and for therapeutic purposes, and their demand is increasing extensively. To produce these proteins in sufficient quantities for commercial use, it is necessary to raise the output by scaling up the production processes. This review describes recent trends in high-density cell culture systems established for monoclonal antibody production that are excellent methods to scale up from the lab-scale cell culture. Among the reactors, hollow fiber bioreactors contribute to a major part of high-density cell culture as they can provide a tremendous amount of surface area in a small volume for cell growth. As an alternative to hollow fiber reactors, a novel disposable bioreactor has been developed, which consists of a polymer-based supermacroporous material, cryogel, as a matrix for cell growth. Packed bed systems and disposable wave bioreactors have also been introduced for high cell density culture. These developments in high-density cell culture systems have led to the monoclonal antibody production in an economically favourable manner and made monoclonal antibodies one of the dominant therapeutic and diagnostic proteins in biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Jyothilekshmi
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N. S. Jayaprakash
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India,Corresponding author Phone: +91-4162202377 E-mail: ;
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Wong P, Li L, Chea J, Delgado MK, Poku E, Szpikowska B, Bowles N, Minnix M, Colcher D, Wong JYC, Shively JE, Yazaki PJ. Synthesis, Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, and Therapy of Diabody Targeted Drug Lipid Nanoparticles in a Prostate Cancer Murine Model. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 32:247-257. [PMID: 28910151 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood clearance of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin (Dox) can be extended by incorporation into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and further improved by tumor targeting with antibody fragments. We used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in a murine prostate cancer model to evaluate tumor targeting of LNPs incorporating Dox and antiprostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) diabodies. Dox-LNPs were generated by mixing or covalent attachment to water soluble distearoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine-polyethylene glycol (DSPE-PEG)2000. Cu-64 PET imaging was performed with DOTA-conjugated Dox, PEG-LNP, or an anti-PSMA site-specific cysteine-diabody. Since the mixture Dox+PEG-LNP was unstable in serum, further studies utilized Dox covalently bound to LNP ± covalently bound DOTA-cys-diabody (cys-DB)-LNP. Blood clearance of covalent Dox-PEG-LNP was slower than Dox alone or Dox+PEG-LNP. PET imaging of 64Cu-DOTA-Dox-PEG-LNP reached a maximum of 10% ID/g in tumors compared with 3% ID/g of 64Cu-DOTA-Dox, due to the prolonged blood clearance. Mixing 64Cu-DOTA-cys-DB-PEG-LNP with covalent Dox-PEG-LNP gave LNPs containing both drug and tumor targeting cys-DB. The mixed LNPs exhibited increased tumor uptake (15% ID/g) versus untargeted 64Cu-DOTA-Dox-PEG-LNPs (10% ID/g) demonstrating feasibility of the approach. Based on these results, a therapy study with mixed LNPs containing cys-DB-LNP and either Dox-LNP or the antitubulin drug auristatin-LNP showed significant reduction of tumor growth with the auristatin-diabody-LNP mixture, but not the Dox-diabody-LNP mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty Wong
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, California
| | - Lin Li
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Junie Chea
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Melissa K Delgado
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Erasmus Poku
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Barbara Szpikowska
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Nicole Bowles
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Megan Minnix
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - David Colcher
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jeffrey Y C Wong
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, California
| | - John E Shively
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Paul J Yazaki
- 2 Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute , City of Hope, Duarte, California
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Cao S, Jiang Y, Levy CN, Hughes SM, Zhang H, Hladik F, Woodrow KA. Optimization and comparison of CD4-targeting lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles using different binding ligands. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1177-1188. [PMID: 29271128 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and peptides are conjugated to the surface of nanocarriers (NCs) for targeting purposes in numerous applications. However, targeting efficacy may vary with their specificity, affinity, or avidity when linked to NCs. The physicochemical properties of NCs may also affect targeting. We compared the targeting efficacy of the CD4 binding peptide BP4 and an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (CD4 mAb) and its fragments, when conjugated to lipid-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (LCNPs). Negatively charged LCNPs with cholesteryl butyrate in the lipid layer (cbLCNPs) dramatically reduced nonspecific binding, leading to higher targeting specificity, compared to neutral or positively charged LCNPs with DOTAP (dtLCNP). cbLCNPs surface conjugated with a CD4 antibody (CD4-cbLCNPs) or its fragments (fCD4-cbLCNPs), but not BP4, showed high binding in vitro to the human T cell line 174xCEM, and preferential binding to CD3+ CD14-CD8- cells from pigtail macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CD4-cbLCNPs showed 10-fold higher binding specificity for CD4+ than CD8+ T cells, while fCD4-cbLCNPs demonstrated the highest binding level overall, but only three-fold higher binding specificity. This study demonstrates the importance of ζ-potential on NC targeting and indicates that CD4 mAb and its fragments are the best candidates for delivery of therapeutic agents to CD4+ T cells. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1177-1188, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Claire N Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean M Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Research Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Wong P, Li L, Chea J, Delgado MK, Crow D, Poku E, Szpikowska B, Bowles N, Channappa D, Colcher D, Wong JYC, Shively JE, Yazaki PJ. PET imaging of 64Cu-DOTA-scFv-anti-PSMA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs): Enhanced tumor targeting over anti-PSMA scFv or untargeted LNPs. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 47:62-68. [PMID: 28126683 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single chain (scFv) antibodies are ideal targeting ligands due to their modular structure, high antigen specificity and affinity. These monovalent ligands display rapid tumor targeting but have limitations due to their fast urinary clearance. METHODS An anti-prostate membrane antigen (PSMA) scFv with a site-specific cysteine was expressed and evaluated in a prostate cancer xenograft model by Cu-64 PET imaging. To enhance tumor accumulation, the scFv-cys was conjugated to the co-polymer DSPE-PEG-maleimide that spontaneously assembled into a homogeneous multivalent lipid nanoparticle (LNP). RESULTS The targeted LNP exhibited a 2-fold increase in tumor uptake compared to the scFv alone using two different thiol ester chemistries. The anti-PSMA scFv-LNP exhibited a 1.6 fold increase in tumor targeting over the untargeted LNP. CONCLUSIONS The targeted anti-PSMA scFv-LNP showed enhanced tumor accumulation over the scFv alone or the untargeted DOTA-micelle providing evidence for the development of this system for drug delivery. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Anti-tumor scFv antibody fragments have not achieved their therapeutic potential due to their fast blood clearance. Conjugation to an LNP enables multivalency to the tumor antigen as well as increased molecular size for chemotherapy drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Junie Chea
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Melissa K Delgado
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Desiree Crow
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Erasmus Poku
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Barbara Szpikowska
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Nicole Bowles
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Divya Channappa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - David Colcher
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Jeffrey Y C Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Paul J Yazaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA.
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Xu S, Dong B, Zhou D, Yin Z, Cui S, Xu W, Chen B, Song H. Paper-based upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor for sensitive detection of multiple cancer biomarkers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23406. [PMID: 27001460 PMCID: PMC4802215 DOI: 10.1038/srep23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A paper-based upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay device is proposed for sensitive detection of CEA. The device is fabricated on a normal filter paper with simple nano-printing method. Upconversion nanoparticles tagged with specific antibodies are printed to the test zones on the test paper, followed by the introduction of assay antigen. Upconversion fluorescence measurements are directly conducted on the test zones after the antigen-to-antibody reactions. Furthermore, a multi-channel test paper for simultaneous detection of multiple cancer biomarkers was established by the same method and obtained positive results. The device showed high anti-interfere, stability, reproducible and low detection limit (0.89 ng/mL), moreover it is very easy to fabricate and operate, which is a promising prospect for a clinical point-of-care test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Xu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Yin
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Cui
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojiu Chen
- Department of Physics, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Song
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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Rothe A, Jachimowicz RD, Borchmann S, Madlener M, Keßler J, Reiners KS, Sauer M, Hansen HP, Ullrich RT, Chatterjee S, Borchmann P, Yazaki P, Koslowsky TC, Engert A, Heukamp LC, Hallek M, von Strandmann EP. The bispecific immunoligand ULBP2-aCEA redirects natural killer cells to tumor cells and reveals potent anti-tumor activity against colon carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2829-40. [PMID: 24242212 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed on NK cells and T cells, is critically involved in tumor immunosurveillance. In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic utility of the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 for the treatment of colon carcinoma. To this end we designed a fusion protein consisting of human ULBP2 and an antibody-derived single chain targeting the tumor carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The bispecific recombinant fusion protein re-directed NK cells towards malignant cells by binding to both, tumor cells and NK cells, and triggered NK cell-mediated target cell killing in vitro. Moreover, tumor growth was significantly delayed in a syngeneic colon carcinoma mouse model in response to immunoligand treatment. The anti-tumor activity could be attributed to the stimulation of immune cells with an elevated expression of the activation marker CD69 on NK, T and NKT cells and the infiltration of CD45+ immune cells into the solid tumor. In summary, it was demonstrated that immunoligands provide specific tumor targeting by NK cells and exert anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. This technology represents a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for solid tumors with the potential to be further developed for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Rothe
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Innate Immunity Group, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Jang BS. MicroSPECT and MicroPET Imaging of Small Animals for Drug Development. Toxicol Res 2013; 29:1-6. [PMID: 24278622 PMCID: PMC3834443 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of drug discovery and development requires substantial resources and time. The drug industry has tried to reduce costs by conducting appropriate animal studies together with molecular biological and genetic analyses. Basic science research has been limited to in vitro studies of cellular processes and ex vivo tissue examination using suitable animal models of disease. However, in the past two decades new technologies have been developed that permit the imaging of live animals using radiotracer emission, Xrays, magnetic resonance signals, fluorescence, and bioluminescence. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of small animal molecular imaging, with a focus on nuclear imaging (single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography). These technologies permit visualization of toxicodynamics as well as toxicity to specific organs by directly monitoring drug accumulation and assessing physiological and/or molecular alterations. Nuclear imaging technology has great potential for improving the efficiency of the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Su Jang
- RI-Biomics Research & Development Team, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk, Korea
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Efficient production of anti-fluorescein and anti-lysozyme as single-chain anti-body fragments (scFv) by Brevibacillus expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 91:184-91. [PMID: 23973803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of scFv in Brevibacillus choshinensis was tested using combinations of three different promoters and four different secretion signals. Two model scFv constructs, i.e., His-scFvFLU and His-scFvHEL, were successfully expressed with some of the combinations. Ni Sepharose column and size exclusion chromatography resulted in fairly pure preparations of these two proteins. The purified His-scFvFLU inhibited fluorescence from fluorescein, while the purified His-scFvHEL inhibited lysozyme activity. Relatively high yield of His-scFvFLU (∼40%) and His-scFvHEL (∼30%) was achieved with the expression and purification system described here.
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Refolding Technology for scFv Using a New Detergent, N-Lauroyl-L-glutamate and Arginine. Antibodies (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/antib1020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ahmad ZA, Yeap SK, Ali AM, Ho WY, Alitheen NBM, Hamid M. scFv antibody: principles and clinical application. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:980250. [PMID: 22474489 PMCID: PMC3312285 DOI: 10.1155/2012/980250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, generation of single-chain fragment variable (scFv) has become an established technique used to produce a completely functional antigen-binding fragment in bacterial systems. The advances in antibody engineering have now facilitated a more efficient and generally applicable method to produce Fv fragments. Basically, scFv antibodies produced from phage display can be genetically fused to the marker proteins, such as fluorescent proteins or alkaline phosphatase. These bifunctional proteins having both antigen-binding capacity and marker activity can be obtained from transformed bacteria and used for one-step immunodetection of biological agents. Alternatively, antibody fragments could also be applied in the construction of immunotoxins, therapeutic gene delivery, and anticancer intrabodies for therapeutic purposes. This paper provides an overview of the current studies on the principle, generation, and application of scFv. The potential of scFv in breast cancer research is also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhaida Asra Ahmad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Kota, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Muhajir Hamid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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Powers GA, Hudson PJ, Wheatcroft MP. Design and production of multimeric antibody fragments, focused on diabodies with enhanced clinical efficacy. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 907:699-712. [PMID: 22907381 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-974-7_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multimeric antibody fragments, particularly dimers (diabodies), trimers (triabodies), and tetramers (tetrabodies) of single-chain Fv molecules (scFv), provide high avidity through multivalent binding to the target antigen. The combination of their smaller size and avid binding can provide desirable biological characteristics for tumor targeting applications in vivo; for example, diabodies can have greater tumor penetration and faster blood clearance rates compared to intact full-size antibodies (IgGs). The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characteristics can further be optimized by the addition of specific thiolation sites for conjugation of PEG molecules to regulate molecular weight and reduce kidney uptake. Thiolation sites can also be used for precise loading of therapeutic payloads. This protocol describes our method for construction and bacterial production of soluble multimeric antibody scFv fragments, focusing on diabodies (scFv dimers).
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Vermasvuori R, Hurme M. Economic comparison of diagnostic antibody production in perfusion stirred tank and in hollow fiber bioreactor processes. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1588-98. [PMID: 21954092 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The total operating costs of small-scale monoclonal antibody production were calculated for two different upstream options and general downstream procedure based on protein A chromatography. The upstream options were a spin-filter equipped stirred-tank bioreactor (STR) and a hollow fiber bioreactor (HFB). Both the bioreactors were operated in perfusion mode. The total operating costs of the processes were 6,900 €/g for STR option and 6,400 €/g for the HFB option. In the both systems, the costs were dominated by expenses derived from the downstream section (almost 80%) that was almost identical in the both systems. In the upstream section, the investment depreciation was the largest cost item. The lower total costs of the HFB option were a result of lower investment costs and more concentrated product that led into savings also in downstream section. This study brings out the HFB as on viable alternative for stirred-tank bioreactor, especially in small-scale diagnostic monoclonal antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Vermasvuori
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Aalto, Finland.
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Collection of in vivo-like liver cell secretome with alternative sample enrichment method using a hollow fiber bioreactor culture system combined with tangential flow filtration for secretomics analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 684:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hu CMJ, Kaushal S, Tran Cao HS, Aryal S, Sartor M, Esener S, Bouvet M, Zhang L. Half-antibody functionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to carcinoembryonic antigen presenting pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:914-20. [PMID: 20394436 DOI: 10.1021/mp900316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current chemotherapy regimens against pancreatic cancer are met with little success as poor tumor vascularization significantly limits the delivery of oncological drugs. High-dose targeted drug delivery, through which a drug delivery vehicle releases a large payload upon tumor localization, is thus a promising alternative strategy against this lethal disease. Herein, we synthesize anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) half-antibody conjugated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles and characterize their ligand conjugation yields, physicochemical properties, and targeting ability against pancreatic cancer cells. Under the same drug loading, the half-antibody targeted nanoparticles show enhanced cancer killing effect compared to the corresponding nontargeted nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Department of Nanoengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Li L, Turatti F, Crow D, Bading JR, Anderson AL, Poku E, Yazaki PJ, Williams LE, Tamvakis D, Sanders P, Leong D, Raubitschek A, Hudson PJ, Colcher D, Shively JE. Monodispersed DOTA-PEG-conjugated anti-TAG-72 diabody has low kidney uptake and high tumor-to-blood ratios resulting in improved 64Cu PET. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1139-46. [PMID: 20554731 PMCID: PMC3247072 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.074153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diabodies are noncovalent dimers of single-chain antibody fragments that retain the avidity of intact IgG but have more favorable blood clearance than intact IgG. Radiometals offer a wide range of half-lives and emissions for matching imaging and therapy requirements and provide facile labeling of chelate-antibody conjugates. However, because of their high retention and metabolism in the kidney, the use of radiometal-labeled diabodies can be problematic for both imaging and therapy. METHODS Having previously shown that (111)In-DOTA-polyethylene glycol (PEG)3400-anti-carcinoembryonic antigen diabody has less than half the kidney uptake and retention of non-PEGylated diabody and that the two have similarly high tumor uptake and retention, we synthesized a similar derivative for an anti-tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 diabody. We also reduced the molecular size of the polydispersed PEG3400 to monodispersed PEG27 and PEG12 (nominal masses of 1,321 and 617, respectively). We performed biodistributions of their DOTA conjugates radiolabeled with (125)I, (111)In, or (64)Cu in tumor-bearing athymic mice. RESULTS The addition of PEG3400 to the diabody reduced kidney uptake to a level (approximately 10 percentage injected dose/g) comparable to that obtained with radiometal-labeled intact IgG. The PEG27 and PEG12 diabody conjugates also demonstrated low kidney uptake without reduction of tumor uptake or tumor-to-blood ratios. When radiolabeled with (64)Cu, the DOTA-PEG12 and -PEG27 diabody conjugates gave high-contrast PET images of colon cancer xenografts in athymic mice. CONCLUSION PEGylated diabodies may be a valuable platform for delivery of radionuclides and other agents to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Gagnon P, Cheung CW, Yazaki PJ. Cooperative multimodal retention of IgG, fragments, and aggregates on hydroxyapatite. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3857-65. [PMID: 19877136 PMCID: PMC3171991 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retention mapping of chimeric monoclonal IgG(1), Fc, Fab, F(ab')(2), and aggregated antibody was conducted on hydroxyapatite (HA) by systematically varying phosphate and chloride concentrations during gradient elution in order to characterize the interactions of each solute with calcium and phosphate residues on the solid phase. Lysozyme was used as a control to model cation exchange-dominant interactions. Bovine serum albumin was used as a control for calcium affinity-dominant interactions. Calcium affinity and phosphoryl cation exchange were positively cooperative for IgG-related species. Fc retention was dominated by calcium affinity, while retention of Fab was dominated by cation exchange. F(ab')(2) exhibited a curve shape similar to Fab, but stronger retention. The retention curve for intact IgG incorporated the distinctive elements of its fragments but stronger retention than that predicted by their addition to one another. Aggregate retention paralleled the curve for non-aggregated antibody, with stronger retention by both binding mechanisms. Experimental data revealed evidence of charge repulsion between IgG carboxyls and HA phosphate at low conductivity values. Electrostatic repulsion of amino residues and attraction of carboxyls by HA calcium appeared to be blocked by strong complexation of calcium with mobile phase phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Gagnon
- Validated Biosystems, San Clemente, CA 92672, USA.
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Electrochemical amperometric immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen based on bi-layer nano-Au and nickel hexacyanoferrates nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sirk SJ, Olafsen T, Barat B, Bauer KB, Wu AM. Site-specific, thiol-mediated conjugation of fluorescent probes to cysteine-modified diabodies targeting CD20 or HER2. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2527-34. [PMID: 19053310 DOI: 10.1021/bc800113v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small, engineered antibody fragments such as diabodies (50 kDa noncovalent dimers of single-chain Fv fragments) are useful alternatives to their larger antibody counterparts. However, due to their size, they are more susceptible to disruption of their antigen binding sites when modified using random conjugation techniques. Previous work has demonstrated the utility of a C-terminal cysteine modification for site-specific radiolabeling of an anti-CEA diabody, resulting in the creation of a cys-diabody (CysDb). In the present work, the adaptability of the CysDb system was explored by creating two additional CysDbs: one specific for CD20 and one for HER2. Purified CysDbs of both specificities demonstrated behavior consistent with stable, covalent dimers harboring a readily reducible disulfide bond. Each CysDb was site-specifically conjugated to three different fluorophores for optical detection: the large fluorescent proteins phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC), and the small fluorescent molecule Alexa Fluor488. Fluorophore-conjugated CysDbs bound specifically to their targets in both antigen systems and with each different fluorescent tag as determined by flow cytometry. In vitro specific antigen binding was observed in the presence of a mixture of specific and nonspecifically conjugated CysDbs. Conjugates retained both specificity and fluorescence, demonstrating the successful expansion of the CysDb repertoire to new targets and to new site-specific conjugation possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Sirk
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Wu HY, Chang YH, Chang YC, Liao PC. Proteomics Analysis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Secretome Using a Hollow Fiber Culture System and Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2008; 8:380-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr8006733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, and Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hwa Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, and Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, and Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, and Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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25
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Hong H, Sun J, Cai W. Radionuclide-Based Cancer Imaging Targeting the Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Biomark Insights 2008; 3:435-451. [PMID: 19578524 PMCID: PMC2688357 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), highly expressed in many cancer types, is an important target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Radionuclide-based imaging techniques (gamma camera, single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT] and positron emission tomography [PET]) have been extensively explored for CEA-targeted cancer imaging both preclinically and clinically. Briefly, these studies can be divided into three major categories: antibody-based, antibody fragment-based and pretargeted imaging. Radiolabeled anti-CEA antibodies, reported the earliest among the three categories, typically gave suboptimal tumor contrast due to the prolonged circulation life time of intact antibodies. Subsequently, a number of engineered anti-CEA antibody fragments (e.g. Fab’, scFv, minibody, diabody and scFv-Fc) have been labeled with a variety of radioisotopes for CEA imaging, many of which have entered clinical investigation. CEA-Scan (a 99mTc-labeled anti-CEA Fab’ fragment) has already been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cancer imaging. Meanwhile, pretargeting strategies have also been developed for CEA imaging which can give much better tumor contrast than the other two methods, if the system is designed properly. In this review article, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art of radionuclide-based cancer imaging targeting CEA. Generally, isotopes with short half-lives (e.g. 18F and 99mTc) are more suitable for labeling small engineered antibody fragments while the isotopes with longer half-lives (e.g. 123I and 111In) are needed for antibody labeling to match its relatively long circulation half-life. With further improvement in tumor targeting efficacy and radiolabeling strategies, novel CEA-targeted agents may play an important role in cancer patient management, paving the way to “personalized medicine”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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26
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Robinson MK, Shaller C, Garmestani K, Plascjak PS, Hodge KM, Yuan QA, Marks JD, Waldmann TA, Brechbiel MW, Adams GP. Effective treatment of established human breast tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice with a single dose of the alpha-emitting radioisotope astatine-211 conjugated to anti-HER2/neu diabodies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:875-82. [PMID: 18245551 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful radioimmunotherapy strategies depend on selecting radioisotopes with physical properties complementary to the biological properties of the targeting vehicle. Small, engineered antitumor antibody fragments are capable of rapid, highly specific tumor targeting in immunodeficient mouse models. We hypothesized that the C6.5 diabody, a noncovalent anti-HER2 single-chain Fv dimer, would be an ideal radioisotope carrier for the radioimmunotherapy of established tumors using the short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotope (211)At. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunodeficient nude mice bearing established HER2/neu-positive MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors treated with N-succinimidyl N-(4-[(211)At]astatophenethyl)succinamate ((211)At-SAPS)-C6.5 diabody. Additional cohorts of mice were treated with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen or (211)At-SAPS on a diabody specific for the Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor, which is minimally expressed on this tumor cell line. RESULTS A single i.v. injection of (211)At-SAPS C6.5 diabody led to a 30-day delay in tumor growth when a 20 muCi dose was administered and a 57-day delay in tumor growth (60% tumor-free after 1 year) when a 45 muCi dose was used. Treatment of mice bearing the same tumors with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody at the same doses led to a delay in tumor growth, but no complete responses, likely due to substantially lower expression of this antigen on the MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors. In contrast, a dose of 20 muCi of (211)At-SAPS on the anti-Müllerian-inhibiting substance type II receptor diabody did not affect tumor growth rate, demonstrating specificity of the therapeutic effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that diabody molecules can be effective agents for targeted radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors using powerful, short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Robinson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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27
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Jain E, Kumar A. Upstream processes in antibody production: Evaluation of critical parameters. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:46-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Venisnik KM, Olafsen T, Gambhir SS, Wu AM. Fusion of Gaussia luciferase to an engineered anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody for in vivo optical imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9:267-77. [PMID: 17577599 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The bioluminescent protein Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) was fused to an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody fragment, the diabody, for in vivo optical tumor imaging. A 15-amino acid N-terminal truncation (GLDelta15) resulted in a brighter protein. Fusions of the anti-CEA diabody to full-length GLuc and GLDelta15 retained high affinity for the antigen, emitted light, and exhibited excellent enzymatic stability. In vivo optical imaging of tumor-bearing mice demonstrated specific targeting of diabody-GLDelta15 to CEA-positive xenografts, with a tumor/background ratio of 3.8 +/- 0.4 at four hours after tail-vein injection, compared to antigen-negative tumors at 1.3 +/- 0.1 (p = 0.001). MicroPET imaging using (124)I-diabody-GLDelta15 demonstrated specific uptake in the CEA-positive tumor (2.6% ID [injected dose]/g) compared to the CEA-negative tumor (0.4% ID/g) at 21 hours. Although further optimization of this fusion protein may be needed to improve in vivo performance, the diabody-GLDelta15 is a promising optical imaging probe for tumor detection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy M Venisnik
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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29
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Barat B, Wu AM. Metabolic biotinylation of recombinant antibody by biotin ligase retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2007; 24:283-91. [PMID: 17379573 PMCID: PMC2682619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to its strength and specificity, the interaction between avidin and biotin has been used in a variety of scientific and medical applications ranging from immunohistochemistry to drug targeting. The present study describes two methods for biotinylation of proteins secreted from eukaryotic cells using the Escherichia coli biotin protein ligase. In one system the biotin ligase was co-secreted from the cells along with substrate protein enabling extracellular biotinylation of the tagged protein. In the other system, biotin ligase was engineered to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and metabolically biotinylates the secretory protein as it passes through the ER. An engineered antibody fragment, a diabody with specificity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was fused to the biotin acceptor domain (123 amino acid) of Propionibacterium shermanii. Coexpression of the fusion protein with ER retained biotin ligase showed higher biotinylation efficiency than biotinylation by co-secreted ligase. Biotinylation of the anti-CEA diabody tagged with a short (15 amino acid, Biotin Avitag) biotin acceptor peptide was also successful. Utilization of ER retained biotin ligase for biotinylation of protein is an attractive alternative for efficiently producing uniformly biotinylated recombinant proteins for a variety of avidin-biotin technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Barat
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Anna M. Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Olafsen T, Gu Z, Sherman MA, Leyton JV, Witkosky ME, Shively JE, Raubitschek AA, Morrison SL, Wu AM, Reiter RE. Targeting, imaging, and therapy using a humanized antiprostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) antibody. J Immunother 2007; 30:396-405. [PMID: 17457214 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318031b53b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The murine 1G8 (micro1G8) monoclonal antibody directed against prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) prevents prostate tumor establishment, growth, and metastasis in murine models. To further delineate in vivo targeting properties, micro1G8 was radiolabeled with In-111 and evaluated in nude mice bearing PC3-PSCA xenografts. Tumor activity ranged from 11.8% to 17.1% injected dose per gram (ID/g) at 24 to 96 hours postinjection. To extend the clinical applicability of micro1G8, a chimeric 1G8 antibody was produced that exhibited specific binding to PSCA and significant antitumor effect over micro1G8 in established LAPC-9 prostate cancer xenografts (P=0.0014). However, low expression yields and instability prompted us to humanize 1G8 by grafting the complementary determining regions onto the stable, human Fv framework of anti-p185 4D5v8 (trastuzumab). Two humanized 1G8 (hu1G8) versions (A and B) that differed in the number of murine residues present in the C-terminal half of CDR-H2, were produced. Biacore binding studies demonstrated affinities of 1.47 nM for micro1G8 and 3.74 nM for hu2B3-B, representing a 2.5-fold reduction. Tumor targeting of version B radioiodinated with I was evaluated by serial microPET imaging. Specific tumor targeting of I-hu1G8-B to PC3-PSCA [12.7 (+/-1.6)% ID/g at 94 h] and LAPC-9 [6.6 (+/-0.9)% ID/g at 168 h) xenografts was observed. Inhibition of tumor growth by hu1G8-B was demonstrated in mice bearing low-expressing SW-780-PSCA bladder carcinoma xenografts. In this model, the micro1G8 was ineffective, whereas the hu1G8-B exhibited approximately 50% inhibitory effect. These data support further development of hu1G8 anti-PSCA antibody for targeted imaging and therapy for tumors of urogenital origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ye H, Xia Z, Ferguson DJP, Triffitt JT, Cui Z. Studies on the use of hollow fibre membrane bioreactors for tissue generation by using rat bone marrow fibroblastic cells and a composite scaffold. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:641-8. [PMID: 17546426 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-2314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Production of sufficient tissue in vitro for use in tissue engineering is limited mainly by the absence of adequate oxygenation and appropriate transport of nutrients to, and waste product from, the tissue. To overcome the limitations of diffusive transport, the possibility of growing three dimensional (3D) tissue structures by using hollow fibre membrane bioreactors (HFMB) has been considered in this study. The hollow fibre membranes, embedded in the 3D scaffold, are porous and semi-permeable and can thus serve similar functions to arteries and veins in vivo. Collagen gel and Cytodex 1 microcarriers were used as a composite 3D scaffold and permeating cellulose acetate hollow fibre membranes were attached to both ends of a polycarbonate cylindrical shell to form a bioreactor. Rat bone marrow fibroblastic (RBMF) cells were seeded initially onto Cytodex 1 microcarriers and these were subsequently mixed with collagen gel before inoculation into the bioreactor. Bioreactors were perfused by culture medium through the hollow fibre membranes for a one week period. Bioreactors containing cells cultured under similar conditions except for the lack of perfusion of medium served as controls. The proliferation, viability, metabolism and morphological appearances of the cells in the perfused and non-perfused constructs were compared. The results indicated that there was significantly greater maintenance of functional activity and normal cellular morphology in the perfused group than in the non-perfused group. Further studies are required to evaluate the additional advantages of using this novel HFMB for growing 3D dense tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ye
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
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Olafsen T, Kenanova VE, Wu AM. Tunable pharmacokinetics: modifying the in vivo half-life of antibodies by directed mutagenesis of the Fc fragment. Nat Protoc 2006; 1:2048-60. [PMID: 17487194 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are large proteins of 150 kDa with prolonged residence time in blood. Their half-life is controlled by their ability to interact with the protective neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn, Brambell receptor) present on endothelial cells. Here, we describe a protocol using site-specific mutagenesis of individual residues responsible for this interaction, resulting in engineered antibodies with distinct half-lives. The method is a powerful tool that enables manipulation of half-lives and is applicable to all antibodies and Fc fusion proteins for the development of agents with controlled pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, the protocol is applicable to any situation where the structure and/or function of engineered proteins are to be studied. The protocol begins with the mutagenesis reaction at the DNA level and proceeds to describe mammalian expression and purification of recombinant proteins, radiolabeling and evaluation in vivo. The time frame for completing the procedure is about 6 months, provided that no complications are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Li T, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Chen D, Hu B, Blake DA, Liu F. Production of recombinant ScFv antibodies against methamidophos from a phage-display library of a hyperimmunized mouse. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:9085-91. [PMID: 17117794 DOI: 10.1021/jf0621267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant phage display library was generated using splenocyte mRNA isolated from a Balb/c mouse hyperimmunized with a hapten conjugate that mimicked the structure of methamidophos, one of the most acutely toxic organophosphate pesticides. Three recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies with the highest specificity for methamidophos, termed 28D4, 29D0, and 36B2, were produced via a stringent selection protocol. In a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the IC50 values for 28D4, 29D0, and 36B2 were 46.25, 35.39, and 17.99 ng/mL, respectively. The cross-reactivity of the three scFv antibodies with other organophosphate pesticides was below 0.1% except for acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences indicated that the respective heavy chains and light chains of the three scFvs were involved in the distinctive VDJ segment rearrangements associated with somatic hypermutations during the process of several immunizations with higher dosages of immunogen. Taken together, these data constitute the first detailed description of an immunoassay that utilizes scFvs against the methamidophos, an analyte with a simple structure and low molecular mass (141 Da).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Li
- Key Lab of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Li L, Yazaki PJ, Anderson AL, Crow D, Colcher D, Wu AM, Williams LE, Wong JYC, Raubitschek A, Shively JE. Improved biodistribution and radioimmunoimaging with poly(ethylene glycol)-DOTA-conjugated anti-CEA diabody. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:68-76. [PMID: 16417253 DOI: 10.1021/bc0502614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabodies are single chain antibody fragments (scFvs) that spontaneously form bivalent dimers of molecular size 50-55000. Radiolabeled diabodies are almost ideal tumor targeting agents due to their high avidity (bivalent) binding to tumor antigens and small size (50-55000) that leads to improved tumor-to-blood ratio compared to intact antibodies (150000). However, due to their high retention and metabolism in the kidney, radioiodine is the current radiolabel of choice for diabodies since radioiodine is rapidly excreted from the kidney once metabolized. We have previously shown that 111In-DOTA-diabody gives higher tumor uptake in nude mouse xenografts than 125I-diabody, but has extremely high kidney retention since its 111In-labeled metabolites are retained by and only slowly excreted from the kidney. When a diabody is conjugated to a bifunctional PEG-3400 derivative followed by reaction with cysteinyl-DOTA, the resulting product has an apparent molecular size of 75000 and a Stokes radius of 35 angstroms on size exclusion chromatography, compared to a Stokes radius of 25 angstroms for intact diabody. When radiolabeled, the conjugate gives high yields of 111In-labeled product, retains high immunoreactivity, and gives improved biodistributions (30-40%ID/g, 12-48 h) compared to 111In-DOTA-diabody (12-13%ID/g, 6-12 h). We show that the improved biodistribution is due to an increase in Stokes radius caused by the linear PEG-3400 since conjugation of diabody with multiple (PEG)12 linkers followed by reaction with cysteinyl-DOTA does not reduce kidney accumulation. We also show that 111In-cysteinyl-DOTA-PEG3400-diabody gives excellent tumor images in the nude mouse xenograft model and that 125I-PEG3400-diabody gives equivalent images to 125I-minibody (molecular size, 80000), but improved tumor-to-liver ratios, suggesting that this imaging agent can be used to image liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Xu HY, Xu L, Gao JH, Yang JJ, Li KZ, Dou KF. Prokaryotic expression of anti-carcinoembryonic single-chain variable fragment and its value in detection of gastric carcinoma cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1780-1784. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i18.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the prokaryotic expression of the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody T84.66 and its specific affinity to gastric cancer cell lines and tissues.
METHODS: The cDNA of anti-CEA scFv antibody was inserted into pCANTAB5E to obtain phage vector T84.66-scFv-pCANTAB5E, and then the vector was transferred into E. coli HB2151. Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was used to induce the expression of anti-CEA scFv antibody. SDS-PAGE and Western blot were used identify the anti-CEA scFv antibody. Human gastric cancer cells were cultured, and CEA was determined with the obtained scFv by immunohistochemistry in the cells and paraffin-embedded gastric carcinoma tissues.
RESULTS: SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the anti-CEA scFv antibody T84.66 was successfully expressed. T84.66 could bind to gastric carcinoma cell lines KATOⅢ, MKN45 and HGC-27, but not to SGC7901, GC803 and BGC823, suggesting that KATOⅢ, MKN45 and HGC-27 cells expressed CEA. For the 42 cases gastric carcinoma tissues, the positive rate of CEA in the early and progressive stage was 55% (6/11) and 61% (19/31), respectively, but no CEA expression was found in the 10 normal cases. CEA expression was significantly different between gastric cancer and normal tissues (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The prokaryotic expression of anti-CEA scFv antibody T84.66 is successfully achieved, and can be used to identify CEA. CEA is highly expressed in gastric cancer, but not in normal mucosa.
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Olafsen T, Kenanova VE, Sundaresan G, Anderson AL, Crow D, Yazaki PJ, Li L, Press MF, Gambhir SS, Williams LE, Wong JYC, Raubitschek AA, Shively JE, Wu AM. Optimizing radiolabeled engineered anti-p185HER2 antibody fragments for in vivo imaging. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5907-16. [PMID: 15994969 PMCID: PMC4161125 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described the in vivo properties of an iodinated anti-p185HER2 engineered antibody fragment [minibody (scFv-C(H)3)2; 80 kDa], made from the internalizing 10H8 monoclonal antibody. Although the 10H8 minibody showed excellent binding to the target in vitro, only modest tumor uptake [5.6 +/- 1.7% injected dose per gram (ID/g) of tissue] was achieved in nude mice bearing MCF7/HER2 breast cancer tumors. Here, in an attempt to improve targeting, the 10H8 minibody was conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N', N'', N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), radiometal labeled, and evaluated in vivo. The tumor uptake of 111In-DOTA 10H8 minibody was 5.7 +/- 0.1% ID/g, similar to the radioiodinated 10H8 minibody. However, in addition to the expected liver clearance, the kidneys had unexpectedly high activity (34.0 +/- 4.0% ID/g). A minibody derived from a second anti-p185(HER2) antibody (trastuzumab; hu4D5v8) was also made. Tumor uptakes, evaluated by quantitative microPET using 64Cu-DOTA hu4D5v8 minibody, were 4.2 +/- 0.5% ID/g. Furthermore, in non-tumor-bearing mice, 111In-DOTA hu4D5v8 minibody exhibited similar elevated uptake in the kidneys (28.4 +/- 6.5% ID/g). Immunohistochemical staining of kidneys from non-tumor-bearing mice showed strong specific staining of the proximal tubules, and Western blot analysis of kidney lysate confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigen. To further improve tumor uptake and normal tissue distribution, a larger hu4D5v8 fragment [(scFv-C(H)2-C(H)3)2; 105 kDa] was made, engineered to exhibit rapid clearance kinetics. This fragment, when evaluated by microPET, exhibited improved tumor targeting (12.2 +/- 2.4% ID/g) and reduced kidney uptake (13.1 +/- 1.5% ID/g). Thus, by manipulating the size and format of anti-p185(HER2) antibody fragments, the kidney activity was reduced and high or low expression of p185HER2 in xenografts could be distinguished by microPET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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Kenanova V, Olafsen T, Crow DM, Sundaresan G, Subbarayan M, Carter NH, Ikle DN, Yazaki PJ, Chatziioannou AF, Gambhir SS, Williams LE, Shively JE, Colcher D, Raubitschek AA, Wu AM. Tailoring the Pharmacokinetics and Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Properties of Anti–Carcinoembryonic Antigen Single-Chain Fv-Fc Antibody Fragments. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.622.65.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antibody fragments are recognized as promising vehicles for delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents to tumor sites in vivo. The serum persistence of IgG1 and fragments with intact Fc region is controlled by the protective neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) receptor. To modulate the half-life of engineered antibodies, we have mutated the Fc-FcRn binding site of chimeric anti–carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibodies produced in a single-chain Fv-Fc format. The anti-CEA T84.66 single-chain Fv-Fc format wild-type and five mutants (I253A, H310A, H435Q, H435R, and H310A/H435Q, Kabat numbering system) expressed well in mammalian cell culture. After purification and characterization, effective in vitro antigen binding was shown by competition ELISA. Biodistribution studies in BALB/c mice using 125I- and 131I-labeled fragments revealed blood clearance rates from slowest to fastest as follows: wild-type > H435R > H435Q > I253A > H310A > H310A/H435Q. The terminal half-lives of the mutants ranged from 83.4 to 7.96 hours, whereas that of the wild-type was ∼12 days. Additionally, 124I-labeled wild-type, H435Q, I253A, H310A, and H310A/H435Q variants were evaluated in LS174T xenografted athymic mice by small animal positron emission tomography imaging, revealing localization to the CEA-positive xenografts. The slow clearing wild-type and H435Q constructs required longer to localize to the tumor and clear from the circulation. The I253A and H310A fragments showed intermediate behavior, whereas the H310A/H435Q variant quickly localized to the tumor site, rapidly cleared from the animal circulation and produced clear images. Thus, attenuating the Fc-FcRn interaction provides a way of controlling the antibody fragment serum half-life without compromising expression and tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Kenanova
- 1Molecular Biology and Divisions of
- 6Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Tove Olafsen
- 6Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | | | - Gobalakrishnan Sundaresan
- 6Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Murugesan Subbarayan
- 7Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nora H. Carter
- 5Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - David N. Ikle
- 5Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | - Arion F. Chatziioannou
- 6Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- 7Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna M. Wu
- 1Molecular Biology and Divisions of
- 6Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
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Olafsen T, Cheung CW, Yazaki PJ, Li L, Sundaresan G, Gambhir SS, Sherman MA, Williams LE, Shively JE, Raubitschek AA, Wu AM. Covalent disulfide-linked anti-CEA diabody allows site-specific conjugation and radiolabeling for tumor targeting applications. Protein Eng Des Sel 2004; 17:21-7. [PMID: 14985534 PMCID: PMC4154813 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzh009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An engineered anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) diabody (scFv dimer, 55 kDa) was previously constructed from the murine anti-CEA T84.66 antibody. Tumor targeting, imaging and biodistribution studies in nude mice bearing LS174T xenografts with radiolabeled anti-CEA diabody demonstrated rapid tumor uptake and fast blood clearance, which are favorable properties for an imaging agent. Current radiolabeling approaches result in random modification of the protein surface, which may impair immunoreactivity especially for smaller antibody fragments. Site-specific conjugation approaches can direct modifications to reactive groups located away from the binding site. Here, cysteine residues were introduced into the anti-CEA diabody at three different locations, to provide specific thiol groups for chemical modification. One version (with a C-terminal Gly-Gly-Cys) existed exclusively as a disulfide-bonded dimer. This cysteine-modified diabody (Cys-diabody) retained high binding to CEA and demonstrated tumor targeting and biodistribution properties identical to the non-covalent diabody. Furthermore, following reduction of the disulfide bond, the Cys-diabody could be chemically modified using a thiol-specific bifunctional chelating agent, for radiometal labeling. Thus, the Cys-diabody provides a covalently linked alternative to conventional diabodies, which can be reduced and modified site-specifically. This format will provide a versatile platform for targeting a variety of agents to CEA-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chia-wei Cheung
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Paul J. Yazaki
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Gobalakrishnan Sundaresan
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark A. Sherman
- Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Lawrence E. Williams
- Division of Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John E. Shively
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Andrew A. Raubitschek
- Department of Radioimmunotherapy, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anna M. Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010
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Fang J, Jin HB, Song JD. Construction, expression and tumor targeting of a single-chain Fv against human colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:726-30. [PMID: 12679920 PMCID: PMC4611438 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i4.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: A single-chain antibody fragment, ND-1scFv, against human colorectal carcinoma was constructed and expressed in E.coli, and its biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties were studied in mice bearing tumor.
METHODS: VH and VL genes were amplified from hybridoma cell IC-2, secreting monoclonal antibody ND-1, by RT-PCR, and connected by linker (Gly4Ser)3 to form scFv gene, which was cloned into expression vector pET 28a(+) and finally expressed in E.coli. The expressed product ND-1scFv was purified by metal affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA, its purity and biological activity were determined using SDS-PAGE and ELISA. ND-1scFv was labeled with 99mTc, and then injected into mice bearing colorectal carcinoma xenograft for phamacokinetic study in vivo.
RESULTS: SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the relative molecular weight of recombinant protein was 30 kDa with purity of 94%. ELIAS assay revealed that ND-1scFv retained the immunoactivity of parent mAb, being capable of binding specifically to human colorectal carcinoma cell line expressing associated antigen. Radiolabeled ND-1scFv exhibited rapid tumor targeting, with specific distribution in mice bearing colorectal carcinoma xenograft observed as early as 1 h following injection. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies also demonstrated that ND-1scFv had very rapid plasma clearance (T1/2α of 5.7 min, T1/2β of 2.6 h).
CONCLUSION: ND-1scFv shows significant immunoactivity, and better pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characteristics compared with intact mAbs, demonstrating the possibility as a carrier for tumor-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fang
- Key Lab of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Abstract
Recombinant antibodies currently represent over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in clinical trials, highlighted by the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of Zevalin(TM) (ibritumomab-tiuxetan; IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Dieago, CA, USA) for cancer radioimmunotherapy and Humira(TM) (adalimumab; Abbott Laboratories, IL, USA) for rheumatoid arthritis. Together, these FDA approvals have excited the biotechnology industry, particularly since sales of recombinant antibodies are increasing rapidly to a predicted US dollar 4 billion per annum worldwide in 2003. To date, 10 engineered therapeutic antibodies have gained FDA approval and many others are in Phase III trials. Many recent FDA-approved antibodies are simple molecular designs that have taken 10 years to be developed into effective therapeutic reagents. Emerging new technologies have created a vast range of recombinant, antibody-based reagents, which specifically target clinical biomarkers of disease. Radiolabelling of antibodies has increased their potential for cancer imaging and targeting. Recombinant antibodies have also been reduced in size and rebuilt into multivalent molecules for higher affinity. In addition, antibodies have been fused with many molecules, including toxins, enzymes, drugs and viruses, for prodrug therapy, cancer treatment and gene delivery. Recombinant antibody technology has enabled clever manipulations in the construction of complex in vitro libraries for the selection of high-affinity reagents against refractory targets. Furthermore, innovative affinity maturation methods have been developed which enable rapid selection of extremely high-affinity reagents. This review focuses on developments in the last 12 months and describes the latest developments in the design, production and clinical use of recombinant antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Souriau
- CRC for Diagnostics and CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville,Victoria, Australia 3052.
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Carmichael JA, Power BE, Garrett TPJ, Yazaki PJ, Shively JE, Raubischek AA, Wu AM, Hudson PJ. The crystal structure of an anti-CEA scFv diabody assembled from T84.66 scFvs in V(L)-to-V(H) orientation: implications for diabody flexibility. J Mol Biol 2003; 326:341-51. [PMID: 12559905 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabodies (scFv dimers) are small, bivalent antibody mimetics of approximately 55kDa in size that possess rapid in vivo targeting pharmacokinetics compared to the intact parent antibody, and may prove highly suitable for imaging and therapeutic applications. Here, we describe T84.66Di, the first diabody crystal structure in which the scFvs comprise V domains linked in the V(L)-to-V(H) orientation. The structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis to 2.6 A resolution. The T84.66Di scFv was constructed from the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) antibody T84.66 variable domains connected by an eight residue peptide linker to provide flexibility between Fv modules and promote dimer formation with bivalent affinity to the cell-surface target, CEA. Therefore, it was surprising to observe a close association of some Fv module complementarity-determining regions in the T84.66 diabody crystal, especially compared to other diabody structures all of which are linked in the opposite V(H)-to-V(L) orientation. The differences between the arrangement of Fv modules in the T84.66Di V(L)-to-V(H) linked diabody structure compared to the crystal structure of L5MK16 and other proposed V(H)-to-V(L) linked diabodies has been investigated and their potential for flexibility discussed. The comparison between V(H)-to-V(L) and V(L)-to-V(H) linked diabodies revealed in this study represents a limited repertoire of possible diabody Fv orientations, but one that reveals the potential flexibility of these molecules. This analysis therefore provides some signposts that may impact on future molecular designs for these therapeutic molecules with respect to diabody flexibility and avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Carmichael
- CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Vic., Australia
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Kirman I, Kalantarov GF, Lobel LI, Hibshoosh H, Estabrook A, Canfield R, Trakht I. Isolation of native human monoclonal autoantibodies to breast cancer. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2002; 21:405-14. [PMID: 12573104 DOI: 10.1089/153685902321043936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Using a unique fusion partner cell line, MFP-2, and B-lymphocytes from breast cancer patients, we developed a set of fully human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that bind with high specificity and sensitivity to breast cancer cells. Immunofluorescent staining of normal tissues, primary tumors, and metastatic lymph nodes demonstrates that these antibodies are specific for breast cancer of autologous and allogeneic origin. We have also determined that many of the antibodies selected based on specific binding to breast cancer cells and tissue also bind prostate cancer cells and tissue with high specificity and sensitivity. The targets of these antibodies have been localized to the cytoplasm and membrane. Biological assays for internalization and cytotoxicity demonstrated the ability of three antibodies to rapidly internalize. Our study demonstrates that isolation of native human MAbs from the natural antibody repertoire, targeted to cancer cells, is feasible and may provide a source of tools for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kirman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
We have assembled references of 700 articles published in 2001 that describe work performed using commercially available optical biosensors. To illustrate the technology's diversity, the citation list is divided into reviews, methods and specific applications, as well as instrument type. We noted marked improvements in the utilization of biosensors and the presentation of kinetic data over previous years. These advances reflect a maturing of the technology, which has become a standard method for characterizing biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Li L, Olafsen T, Anderson AL, Wu A, Raubitschek AA, Shively JE. Reduction of kidney uptake in radiometal labeled peptide linkers conjugated to recombinant antibody fragments. Site-specific conjugation of DOTA-peptides to a Cys-diabody. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:985-95. [PMID: 12236780 DOI: 10.1021/bc025565u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arano and co-workers (Arano et al. (1999) Cancer Res. 59, 128-134) have synthesized peptides with an N-terminal radioiodinated hippuric acid and a C-terminal lysine linked to antibody fragments via the epsilon-amino group of lysine that show reduced kidney uptake compared to antibody fragments directly radioiodinated. This approach takes advantage of the lysine specific carboxypeptidase activity of the kidney brush border enzymes that cleave off the radiolabeled peptide linker from the antibody fragment prior to uptake by proximal tubule cells. On the basis of their approach, we have synthesized a tetrapeptide with an N-terminal DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) and a C-terminal (N(epsilon)-maleoyl)lysine that was site-specifically conjugated to an anti-CEA diabody (Yazaki et al. (2001) Bioconjugate Chem. 12, 220-228) that was engineered to contain a C-terminal cysteine (Cys-diabody). Biodistributions of the In-111-radiolabeled conjugate in nude mice show significantly reduced kidney uptake (a maximum of 82%ID/g at 6 h) compared to In-111 radiolabeled DOTA-diabody (184%ID/g at 6 h) in which DOTA was conjugated to endogenous lysine residues using DOTA-active ester chemistry. To further reduce kidney uptake, a homologous compound with a C-terminal (N(epsilon)-amino-1,6-hexane-bis-vinyl sulfone)lysine was synthesized and site-specifically conjugated to the Cys-diabody. Biodistributions of this In-111-labeled conjugate reduced kidney uptake to 54%ID/g at 6 h. To explore the effect of the relative positions of the chelate vs the cys-diabody on kidney uptake, we also synthesized a tetrapeptide with an N-terminal bromoacetate for conjugation to Cys-diabody and a C-terminal (N(epsilon)-amidino-propyl-3-thio-vinylsulfonyl-DO3A)lysine. This peptide essentially reverses the positions of the chelate and Cys-diabody attachment points on the peptide, while retaining the linker length on the epsilon-amino group of the lysine. In this case, biodistributions of the In-111-radiolabeled conjugate in nude mice showed high kidney uptake (189%ID/g at 6 h), comparable to that obtained with the In-111-radiolabeled active ester conjugated DOTA-diabody (184%ID/g at 6 h). We conclude that the peptide linker strategy of Arano and co-workers to reduce kidney uptake can be successfully applied to chelate/radiometal complexes and requires that the chelate/radiometal be located at the N-terminus of the peptide and the antibody fragment attachment site on the epsilon-amino group of the lysine. Furthermore, we demonstrated a role for the attachment chemistry to the epsilon-amino group of the lysine on the magnitude of kidney uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Pazos P, Fortaner S, Prieto P. Long-term in vitro toxicity models: comparisons between a flow-cell bioreactor, a static-cell bioreactor and static cell cultures. Altern Lab Anim 2002; 30:515-23. [PMID: 12405880 DOI: 10.1177/026119290203000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro long-term toxicity testing is becoming an important issue in the field of toxicology, and there is a need to develop new model systems that mimic human chronic exposure and its effects. The aim of this work was to test two long-term in vitro toxicity systems which are available, a flow-cell bioreactor (Tecnomouse, Integra, Wallisellen, Switzerland) and a static cell bioreactor system (CELLine CL 6-well, Integra), and to compare them with the use of conventional cell culture flasks. A human cell line, Int 407, was exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl(2); 10-(7-)10-(8)M) for 4 weeks. Cell numbers and cell viabilities were determined by the trypan blue (TB) exclusion assay and from exclusion of propidium iodide (PI) as determined by flow cytometry; and cell viability and metabolic activity were determined by the MTT assay. In addition, total protein determination and cadmium uptake measurements were performed. The results obtained with TB and PI exclusion did not show clear differences in cell viability with increasing CdCl(2) concentration. However, in the static cell-culture systems, an increase in MTT reduction was found at low concentrations of CdCl(2). Expression of heat-shock protein (Hsp27 and Hsp70) increased differently, depending on the CdCl(2) concentration applied and the system used. In summary, of the two bioreactors, the CELLine CL 6-well bioreactor was shown to be the more efficient system for performing long-term cytotoxicity studies. It is easy to handle, it permits the assessment of several endpoints, and sufficient replicates can be made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pazos
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
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46
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Abstract
99mTc radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in widespread applications of nuclear medicine. When 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals first came into use, major efforts were directed toward the development of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals for bone imaging and for the excretory functions of the liver and kidneys. In the past 20 years, a significant advance has been made in technetium chemistry, which provided 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals for assessment of regional cerebral and myocardial blood flow. Recent efforts have been directed toward the design of 99mTc-labeled compounds for estimating receptor or transporter functions. A number of bifunctional chelating agents that provide 99mTc labeled proteins and peptides of high in vivo stability with high radiochemical yields have also been developed. More recently, organometallic technetium and rhenium compounds have been introduced as another class of 99mTc radiopharmaceutical design. In this manuscript, recent progress in 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals is reviewed with the major emphasis laid on key innovations in this field to provide the 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals available today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Arano
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
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