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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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2
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Holland CJ, Dolton G, Scurr M, Ladell K, Schauenburg AJ, Miners K, Madura F, Sewell AK, Price DA, Cole DK, Godkin AJ. Enhanced Detection of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Using Altered Peptide Flanking Residue Peptide-MHC Class II Multimers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5827-36. [PMID: 26553072 PMCID: PMC4671089 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorochrome-conjugated peptide–MHC (pMHC) class I multimers are staple components of the immunologist’s toolbox, enabling reliable quantification and analysis of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells irrespective of functional outputs. In contrast, widespread use of the equivalent pMHC class II (pMHC-II) reagents has been hindered by intrinsically weaker TCR affinities for pMHC-II, a lack of cooperative binding between the TCR and CD4 coreceptor, and a low frequency of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell populations in the peripheral blood. In this study, we show that peptide flanking regions, extending beyond the central nonamer core of MHC-II–bound peptides, can enhance TCR–pMHC-II binding and T cell activation without loss of specificity. Consistent with these findings, pMHC-II multimers incorporating peptide flanking residue modifications proved superior for the ex vivo detection, characterization, and manipulation of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, highlighting an unappreciated feature of TCR–pMHC-II interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Holland
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin Scurr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrea J Schauenburg
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kelly Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Florian Madura
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and Department of Integrated Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, Wales, United Kingdom
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Massilamany C, Krishnan B, Reddy J. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers: New Tools for the Detection of antigen-Specific, CD4 T Cells in Basic and Clinical Research. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:399-408. [PMID: 26207337 PMCID: PMC4610346 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The advent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer technology has been a major contribution to T cell immunology, because tetramer reagents permit detection of antigen-specific T cells at the single-cell level in heterogeneous populations by flow cytometry. However, unlike MHC class I tetramers, the utility of MHC class II tetramers has been less frequently reported. MHC class II tetramers can be used successfully to enumerate the frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in cells activated in vitro, but their use for ex vivo analyses continues to be a problem, due in part to their activation dependency for binding with T cells. To circumvent this problem, we recently reported the creation of a new generation of reagents called MHC class II dextramers, which were found to be superior to their counterparts. In this review, we discuss the utility of class II dextramers vis-a-vis tetramers, with respect to their specificity and sensitivity, including potential applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - B Krishnan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - J Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Myers LK, Cullins DL, Park JE, Yi AK, Brand DD, Rosloniec EF, Stuart JM, Kang AH. Peptide ligand structure and I-Aq binding avidity influence T cell signaling pathway utilization. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:188-97. [PMID: 25982319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Factors that drive T cells to signal through differing pathways remain unclear. We have shown that an altered peptide ligand (A9) activates T cells to utilize an alternate signaling pathway which is dependent upon FcRγ and Syk. However, it remains unknown whether the affinity of peptide binding to MHC drives this selection. To answer this question we developed a panel of peptides designed so that amino acids interacting with the p6 and p9 predicted MHC binding pockets were altered. Analogs were tested for binding to I-A(q) using a competitive binding assay and selected analogs were administered to arthritic mice. Using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, arthritis severity was correlated with T cell cytokine production and molecular T cell signaling responses. We establish that reduced affinity of interaction with the MHC correlates with T cell signaling through the alternative pathway, leading ultimately to secretion of suppressive cytokines and attenuation of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - David L Cullins
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jeoung-Eun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - David D Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, United States
| | - Edward F Rosloniec
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, United States
| | - John M Stuart
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, United States
| | - Andrew H Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, United States
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Topham DJ, Chapman TJ, Richter M. Lymphoid and extralymphoid CD4 T cells that orchestrate the antiviral immune response. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:267-76. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Huang Y, Huang Y, Fang Y, Wang J, Li Y, Wang N, Zhang J, Gao M, Huang L, Yang F, Wang C, Lin S, Yao Y, Ren L, Chen Y, Du X, Xie D, Wu R, Zhang K, Jiang L, Yu X, Lai X. Relatively low level of antigen-specific monocytes detected in blood from untreated tuberculosis patients using CD4+ T-cell receptor tetramers. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003036. [PMID: 23209409 PMCID: PMC3510242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo kinetics of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in patients with advanced and convalescent tuberculosis (TB) is not well characterized. In order to target Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) peptides- and HLA-DR-holding monocytes and macrophages, 2 MTB peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell receptor (TCR) tetramers eu and hu were successfully constructed. Peripheral blood (PBL) samples from inpatients with advanced pulmonary TB (PTB) were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the percentages of tetramer-bound CD14+ monocytes ranged from 0.26–1.44% and 0.21–0.95%, respectively; significantly higher than those measured in PBL samples obtained from non-TB patients, healthy donors, and umbilical cords. These tetramers were also able to specifically detect macrophages in situ via immunofluorescent staining. The results of the continuous time-point tracking of the tetramer-positive rates in PBL samples from active PTB outpatients undergoing treatment show that the median percentages were at first low before treatment, increased to their highest levels during the first month, and then began to decrease during the second month until finally reaching and maintaining a relatively low level after 3–6 months. These results suggest that there is a relatively low level of MTB-specific monocytes in advanced and untreated patients. Further experiments show that MTB induces apoptosis in CD14+ cells, and the percentage of apoptotic monocytes dramatically decreases after treatment. Therefore, the relatively low level of MTB-specific monocytes is probably related to the apoptosis or necrosis of APCs due to live bacteria and their growth. The bactericidal effects of anti-TB drugs, as well as other unknown factors, would induce a peak value during the first month of treatment, and a relatively low level would be subsequently reached and maintained until all of the involved factors reached equilibrium. These tetramers have diagnostic potential and can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of antigen presentation and its relationship with TB infection and latent TB infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the most dangerous pathogens in the world. It is estimated that one-third of the world population contracts the bacteria during their lives. Approximately 5–10% of infected individuals will eventually develop an active form of the disease. Cellular immunity plays an important role in immunity against tuberculosis (TB); however, the host's defense mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we developed a novel tool: MTB antigen-specific tetrameric CD4+ T-cell receptor (TCR) complexes that can detect MTB peptide-specific antigen presenting cells (APCs) in blood and local tissues. We found that a relatively low level of antigen-specific monocytes (i.e., APCs) was detected in peripheral blood (PBL) samples from untreated TB patients, and then increased to their peak levels during the first month after treatment, which probably had something to do with the decrease in APC apoptosis. Our research provides a new method for tracking dynamic changes in APCs that are associated with TB infection and latent TB infection, and an additional tool for the studies of TB immunity and its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Fang
- Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lirong Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanjing Du
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongshun Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kouxing Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (Lifang Jiang); (Xinbing Yu); (Xiaomin Lai)
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (Lifang Jiang); (Xinbing Yu); (Xiaomin Lai)
| | - Xiaomin Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Marine Microorganisms, Department of Education of Guangdong Province; Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (Lifang Jiang); (Xinbing Yu); (Xiaomin Lai)
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Thomas PG, Brown SA, Morris MY, Yue W, So J, Reynolds C, Webby RJ, Doherty PC. Physiological numbers of CD4+ T cells generate weak recall responses following influenza virus challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1721-7. [PMID: 20061406 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Naive and recall CD4(+) T cell responses were probed with recombinant influenza A viruses incorporating the OVA OT-II peptide. The extent of OT-II-specific CD4(+) T cell expansion was greater following primary exposure, with secondary challenge achieving no significant increase in numbers, despite higher precursor frequencies. Adoptive transfer experiments with OT-II TCR-transgenic T cells established that the predominant memory set is CD62L(hi), whereas the CD62L(lo) precursors make little contribution to the recall response. Unlike the situation described by other investigators, in which the transfer of very large numbers of in vitro-activated CD4 effectors can modify the disease process, providing CD62L(hi) or CD62L(lo) OT-II-specific T cells at physiological levels neither enhanced virus clearance nor altered clinical progression. Some confounding effects of the transgenic model were observed, with decreasing primary expansion efficiency correlating with greater numbers of transferred cells. This was associated with increased levels of mRNA for the proapoptotic molecule Bim in cells recovered following high-dose transfer. However, even with very low numbers of transferred cells, memory T cells did not expand significantly following secondary challenge. A similar result was recorded in mice primed and boosted to respond to an endogenous IA(b)-restricted epitope derived from the influenza virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein. Depletion of CD8(+) T cells during secondary challenge generated an increased accumulation of OT-II-specific T cells but only at the site of infection. Taken together, significant expansion was not a feature of these secondary influenza-specific CD4 T cell responses and the recall of memory did not enhance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Li L, He Q, Garland A, Yi Z, Aybar LT, Kepler TB, Frelinger JA, Wang B, Tisch R. beta cell-specific CD4+ T cell clonotypes in peripheral blood and the pancreatic islets are distinct. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7585-91. [PMID: 19917704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease mediated by beta cell-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Tracking beta cell-specific T cells is one approach to monitor the diabetogenic response in at risk or diabetic individuals. Such analyses, however, are limited to PBL because T cells infiltrating the pancreatic islets are normally inaccessible. A key issue is whether peripheral beta cell-specific T cells accurately reflect those cells infiltrating the target tissue. We investigated the properties of CD4(+) T cells specific for a mimetic epitope recognized by the BDC2.5 clonotypic TCR in NOD mice. Soluble IA(g7)-Ig (sIA(g7)-Ig) multimer complexes covalently linked to a mimetic BDC peptide (sIA(g7)-mBDC) were used to identify or isolate CD4(+) T cells from PBL and the islets of NOD mice. A temporal increase in sIA(g7)-mBDC binding (g7-mBDC(+)) T cells corresponding with the progression of beta cell autoimmunity was detected in both PBL and islets in NOD female mice. In contrast to T cells in PBL, however, the majority of islet g7-mBDC(+) T cells exhibited a type 1 phenotype, and mediated diabetes upon transfer into NOD.scid recipients. TCR-beta and CDR-beta gene usage of single islet-infiltrating g7-mBDC(+) CD4(+) T cells from individual NOD mice showed a restricted repertoire dominated by one or two clones typically expressing TCR beta-chain variable TRBV-15. In contrast, a distinct and diverse TCR repertoire was detected for PBL-derived g7-mBDC(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that PBL and islet CD4(+) T cells specific for a given beta cell epitope can differ regarding pathogenicity and TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Li L, Yi Z, Wang B, Tisch R. Suppression of ongoing T cell-mediated autoimmunity by peptide-MHC class II dimer vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:4809-16. [PMID: 19752238 PMCID: PMC5444462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) are characterized by T cell-driven pathology. Administration of autoantigenic peptides provides a strategy to selectively target the pathogenic T cell response. Indeed, treatment with beta cell peptides effectively prevents T1D in NOD mice. However, the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy generally wanes as beta cell autoimmunity progresses and islet inflammation increases. With the goal of enhancing the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy, soluble (s)IA(g7)-Ig dimers covalently linked to beta cell autoantigen-derived peptides were tested for the capacity to suppress late preclinical T1D. NOD female mice with established beta cell autoimmunity were vaccinated i.v. with a short course of sIA(g7)-Ig dimers tethered to peptides derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 (sIA(g7)-pGAD65). Treatment with sIA(g7)-pGAD65 dimers and the equivalent of only approximately 7 microg of native peptide effectively blocked the progression of insulitis and the development of diabetes. Furthermore, suppression of T1D was dependent on beta cell-specific IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells, although the frequency of GAD65-specific FoxP3-expressing CD4+ T cells was also increased in sIA(g7)-pGAD65 dimer vaccinated NOD mice. These results demonstrate that MHC class II-Ig dimer vaccination is a robust approach to suppress ongoing T cell-mediated autoimmunity, and may provide a superior strategy of adjuvant-free peptide-based immunotherapy to induce immunoregulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Dimerization
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/administration & dosage
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zuoan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well established that the primary mediators of beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes are T-cells. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for recognition of beta-cell-specific epitopes by pathogenic T-cells remains ill defined; we seek to further explore this issue. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To determine the properties of beta-cell-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs), we characterized the fine specificity, functional and relative binding avidity/affinity, and diabetogenicity of a panel of GAD65-specific CD4(+) T-cell clones established from unimmunized 4- and 14-week-old NOD female mice. RESULTS The majority of GAD65-specific CD4(+) T-cells isolated from 4- and 14-week-old NOD female mice were specific for peptides spanning amino acids 217-236 (p217) and 290-309 (p290). Surprisingly, 31% of the T-cell clones prepared from 14-week-old but not younger NOD mice were stimulated with both p217 and p290. These promiscuous T-cell clones recognized the two epitopes when naturally processed and presented, and this dual specificity was mediated by a single TCR. Furthermore, promiscuous T-cell clones demonstrated increased functional avidity and relative TCR binding affinity, which correlated with enhanced islet infiltration on adoptive transfer compared with that of monospecific T-cell clones. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that promiscuous recognition contributes to the development of GAD65-specific CD4(+) T-cell clones in NOD mice. Furthermore, these findings suggest that T-cell promiscuity reflects a novel form of T-cell avidity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Vollers SS, Stern LJ. Class II major histocompatibility complex tetramer staining: progress, problems, and prospects. Immunology 2008; 123:305-13. [PMID: 18251991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers in the detection and analysis of antigen-specific T cells has become more widespread since its introduction 11 years ago. Early challenges in the application of tetramer staining to CD4+ T cells centred around difficulties in the expression of various class II MHC allelic variants and the detection of low-frequency T cells in mixed populations. As many of the technical obstacles to class II MHC tetramer staining have been overcome, the focus has returned to uncertainties concerning how oligomer valency and T-cell receptor/MHC affinity affect tetramer binding. Such issues have become more important with an increase in the number of studies relying on direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. In this review we discuss which problems in class II MHC tetramer staining have been solved to date, and which matters remain to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Vollers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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12
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Abstract
The advent of soluble MHC multimer technology has allowed for the flow-cytometric direct identification of specific-MHC restricted antigen-specific T cells in mixed cell populations and also enabled the direct phenotyping and cloning of these cells at the same time. To date, MHC multimers have been used in characterizing the adaptive T cell repertoire under infectious, cancerous, and autoimmune states and has increased our understanding of the dynamics of T-cell immunity. Recombinant MHC multimers have been produced where MHC-binding peptide antigens are either covalently or noncovalently bound to the MHC, with the latter having the advantage of the ability to use a single recombinant MHC to investigate multiple MHC-binding peptides and their interacting T cells. In this method we describe how to generate recombinant non-covalently bound peptide MHC-multimers in insect cells. MHC multimers are generated as tetravalent complexes using a streptavidin scaffold.
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13
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Transformation of Drosophila cell lines: an alternative approach to exogenous protein expression. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 388:317-40. [PMID: 17951778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-457-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Techniques and experimental applications are described for exogenous protein expression in Drosophila cell lines. Ways in which the Drosophila cell lines and the baculovirus expression vector system differ in their applications are emphasized.
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14
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Hikono H, Kohlmeier JE, Ely KH, Scott I, Roberts AD, Blackman MA, Woodland DL. T‐cell memory and recall responses to respiratory virus infections. Immunol Rev 2006; 211:119-32. [PMID: 16824122 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is characterized by its large surface area and the close association of an extensive vasculature with the external environment. As such, the respiratory tract is a major portal of entry for many pathogens. The immune system is able to effectively control most pulmonary pathogens and establish immunological memory that is capable of mediating an accelerated and enhanced recall response to secondary pathogen challenge. A key component of the recall response in the lung involves the rapid response of antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Recent studies have shown that memory CD8+ T cells are extremely heterogeneous in terms of phenotype, function, anatomical distribution, and longevity. However, we have little understanding of how the different subsets of memory cells actually contribute to the recall response, especially with respect to peripheral or mucosal sites, such as the lung. Since immunological memory is the cornerstone of vaccination, it is essential that we understand how different memory CD8+ T-cell subsets are initially generated, maintained over time, and contribute to recall responses. This review focuses on memory T cells that mediate recall responses to influenza and parainfluenza virus infections in the lung.
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15
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Abstract
During T-cell priming, cytokines and costimulatory molecules provide important signals that determine the magnitude and quality of the response. Although the functions of defined cytokines and costimulators in the primary T-cell response are well characterized, much less is known about how these factors contribute to memory T-cell development and survival. Since memory cells are thought to be long-lived progeny of the primary response, it is conceivable that the same signals shaping initial T-cell expansion and differentiation also contribute to memory generation. Here, we review evidence and show novel data on the role of the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7 and the costimulator CD28 in CD4+ memory T-cell development. We emphasize that transient IL-2 and CD28 signals during priming imprint a long-lasting survival advantage in primed T cells, thus contributing to the persistence of a memory population. The requirement for IL-2 and CD28 signals is not linked to promoting T-cell division and expansion but most likely due to their capacity to (i) promote effector cell differentiation; (ii) induce survival proteins, and, as we discuss in more detail; (iii) program expression of receptors for 'memory survival factors' such as IL-7. Studies exploring the therapeutic potential of these insights are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Dooms
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
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16
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Abstract
The respiratory tract poses a substantial challenge to the immune system due to its large surface area, an extensive vasculature that is in very close proximity to the external environment, and repeated exposure to potentially pathogenic organisms in the air. Yet many lung pathogens are controlled by appropriate immune responses. The underlying mechanisms of the adaptive cellular immune response in protecting the respiratory tract are poorly understood. Recently, it has emerged that memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are present in the lung airways, and evidence is mounting that these cells play a key role in pulmonary immunity to pathogen challenge by immediately engaging the pathogen at the site of infection when pathogen loads are low. For example, in the case of respiratory virus infections, there is evidence that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory cells in the lung airways mediate substantial control of a secondary respiratory virus infection in the lungs. Here we address recent developments in our understanding of lung airway memory T cells and their role in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Woodland
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
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17
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Ely KH, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Woodland DL. Memory T cell populations in the lung airways are maintained by continual recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:537-43. [PMID: 16365448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effector memory T cell populations in the periphery play a key role in cellular immune responses to secondary infections. However, it is unclear how these populations are maintained under steady-state conditions in nonlymphoid peripheral sites, such as the lung airways. In this study, we show that LFA-1 expression is selectively down-regulated following entry of memory T cells into the lung airways. Using Sendai virus as a mouse model of respiratory virus infection, we use LFA-1 expression levels to demonstrate that effector memory T cell populations in the lung airways are maintained by continual recruitment of new cells from the circulation. The rate of memory cell recruitment is surprisingly rapid, resulting in replacement of 90% of the population every 10 days, and is maintained for well over 1 year following viral clearance. These data indicate that peripheral T cell memory is dynamic and depends on a systemic source of T cells.
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18
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Sakurai Y, Tang B, Rosloniec EF, Stuart JM, Kang AH, Myers LK. Molecular characterization of an arthritogenic collagen peptide interacting with I-Ar. Immunology 2006; 117:136-42. [PMID: 16423049 PMCID: PMC1782203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an autoimmune arthritis that can be elicited by the immunization of genetically susceptible strains of mice with type II collagen (CII). We have analysed the molecular interactions that occur between an arthritogenic T-cell determinant CII (442-457) and the murine class II susceptibility allele I-A(r). To determine which amino acid residues within the CII (442-457) sequence are responsible for binding to I-A(r), a soluble I-A(r):IgG2aFc fusion protein-peptide binding assay was developed. Various concentrations of analogue peptides were tested for their ability to compete with biotinylated CII (607-622) for binding to I-A(r), thereby establishing a relative comparison of the binding affinities among these analogues. Analogue peptides with substitutions at positions 447 (Ala --> Val), 448 (Gly --> Ala) and 451 (Gly --> Ala) bound poorly to the I-A(r) molecule. These data suggest that positions 447, 448 and 451 on CII are the major anchor points to I-A(r) molecules. In cytokine assays, only substitutions within positions 445-454 decreased the interferon-gamma production by T cells. These data narrow the core of the arthritogenic T-cell determinant to CII (445-454). Identification of the molecular interactions involved in T-cell recognition of CII should lead to antigen-specific means of inhibiting autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Sakurai
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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19
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Moro M, Cecconi V, Martinoli C, Dallegno E, Giabbai B, Degano M, Glaichenhaus N, Protti MP, Dellabona P, Casorati G. Generation of functional HLA-DR*1101 tetramers receptive for loading with pathogen- or tumour-derived synthetic peptides. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:24. [PMID: 16329759 PMCID: PMC1325046 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MHC class I-peptide tetramers are currently utilised to characterize CD8+ T cell responses at single cell level. The generation and use of MHC class II tetramers to study antigen-specific CD4+ T cells appears less straightforward. Most MHC class II tetramers are produced with a homogeneously built-in peptide, reducing greatly their flexibility of use. We attempted the generation of "empty" functional HLA-DR*1101 tetramers, receptive for loading with synthetic peptides by incubation. No such reagent is in fact available for this HLA-DR allele, one of the most frequent in the Caucasian population. RESULTS We compared soluble MHC class II-immunoglobulin fusion proteins (HLA-DR*1101-Ig) with soluble MHC class II protein fused with an optimised Bir site for enzymatic biotynilation (HLA-DR*1101-Bir), both produced in insect cells. The molecules were multimerised by binding fluorochrome-protein A or fluorochrome-streptavidin, respectively. We find that HLA-DR*1101-Bir molecules are superior to the HLA-DR*1101-Ig ones both in biochemical and functional terms. HLA-DR*1101-Bir molecules can be pulsed with at least three different promiscuous peptide epitopes, derived from Tetanus Toxoid, influenza HA and the tumour associated antigen MAGE-3 respectively, to stain specific CD4+ T cells. Both staining temperature and activation state of CD4+ T cells are critical for the binding of peptide-pulsed HLA-DR*1101-Bir to the cognate TCR. CONCLUSION It is therefore possible to generate a soluble recombinant HLA-DR*1101 backbone that is receptive for loading with different peptides to stain specific CD4+ T cells. As shown for other HLA-DR alleles, we confirm that not all the strategies to produce soluble HLA-DR*1101 multimers are equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Moro
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Virginia Cecconi
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinoli
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Eliana Dallegno
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Giabbai
- Biocrystallography Unit, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Degano
- Biocrystallography Unit, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pia Protti
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Dept. of Oncology, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
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20
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Abstract
The ecology of pathogenic viruses can be considered both in the context of survival in the macro-environments of nature, the theme pursued generally by epidemiologists, and in the micro-environments of the infected host. The long-lived, complex, higher vertebrates have evolved specialized, adaptive immune systems designed to minimise the consequences of such parasitism. Through evolutionary time, the differential selective pressures exerted variously by the need for virus and host survival have shaped both the "one-host" viruses and vertebrate immunity. With the development of vaccines to protect us from many of our most familiar parasites, the most dangerous pathogens threatening us now tend to be those "emerging", or adventitious, infectious agents that sporadically enter human populations from avian or other wild-life reservoirs. Such incursions must, of course, have been happening through the millenia, and are likely to have led to the extraordinary diversity of recognition molecules, the breadth in effector functions, and the persistent memory that distinguishes the vertebrate, adaptive immune system from the innate response mechanisms that operate more widely through animal biology. Both are important to contemporary humans and, particularly in the period immediately following infection, we still rely heavily on an immediate response capacity, elements of which are shared with much simpler, and more primitive organisms. Perhaps we will now move forward to develop useful therapies that exploit, or mimic, such responses. At this stage, however, most of our hopes for minimizing the threat posed by viruses still focus on the manipulation of the more precisely targeted, adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
Immune responses to viral infections involve a complex orchestration between innate signals and adaptive responses of specific T and B cells. Anti-viral CD4 cells can direct CD8 responses by secreting a Type 1 panel of cytokines including IFN-gamma, IL-2 and TNF-alpha and can drive B cell production of IgG2a to neutralize infective viral particles. This review will focus specifically on the role of CD4 cells in the immune response to influenza, an acute, localized respiratory viral infection. We suggest that CD4 cells act as direct effectors in protection against influenza, may contribute to immunopathology and generate functionally distinct memory subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Brown
- Trudeau Institute, Inc., 154 Algonquin Ave., Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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22
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Workman CJ, Cauley LS, Kim IJ, Blackman MA, Woodland DL, Vignali DAA. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (CD223) regulates the size of the expanding T cell population following antigen activation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5450-5. [PMID: 15100286 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a CD4-related, activation-induced cell surface molecule that binds to MHC class II with high affinity. In this study, we used four experimental systems to reevaluate previous suggestions that LAG-3(-/-) mice had no T cell defect. First, LAG-3(-/-) T cells exhibited a delay in cell cycle arrest following in vivo stimulation with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B resulting in increased T cell expansion and splenomegaly. Second, increased T cell expansion was also observed in adoptive recipients of LAG-3(-/-) OT-II TCR transgenic T cells following in vivo Ag stimulation. Third, infection of LAG-3(-/-) mice with Sendai virus resulted in increased numbers of memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Fourth, CD4(+) T cells exhibited a delayed expansion in LAG-3(-/-) mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus. In summary, these data suggest that LAG-3 negatively regulates T cell expansion and controls the size of the memory T cell pool.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division
- Enterotoxins/pharmacology
- Gammaherpesvirinae/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Respirovirus Infections/genetics
- Respirovirus Infections/immunology
- Sendai virus/immunology
- Splenomegaly/genetics
- Splenomegaly/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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23
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Bischof F, Hofmann M, Schumacher TNM, Vyth-Dreese FA, Weissert R, Schild H, Kruisbeek AM, Melms A. Analysis of autoreactive CD4 T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after primary and secondary challenge using MHC class II tetramers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2878-84. [PMID: 14978089 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is primarily mediated by CD4 T cells specific for Ags in the CNS. Using MHC class II tetramers, we assessed expansion and phenotypic differentiation of polyclonal self-reactive CD4 T cells during EAE after primary and secondary challenge with the specific Ag. After EAE induction in SJL mice with proteolipid protein 139-151, CNS-specific T cells up-regulated activation markers and expanded in the draining lymph nodes and in the spleen. Less than 20% of total autoreactive T cells entered the CNS simultaneously with Th cells of other specificities. Almost all tetramer-positive cells in the CNS were activated and phenotypically distinct from the large peripheral pool. When EAE was induced in Ag-experienced mice, disease symptoms developed earlier and persisted longer; autoreactive T cells were more rapidly activated and invaded the CNS earlier. In striking contrast to specific CTLs that respond after secondary viral challenge, the absolute numbers of autoreactive CD4 T cells were not increased, indicating that the accelerated autoreactivity in Ag-experienced mice is not related to higher frequencies of autoreactive CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bischof
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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24
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Fourneau JM, Cohen H, van Endert PM. A chaperone-assisted high yield system for the production of HLA-DR4 tetramers in insect cells. J Immunol Methods 2004; 285:253-64. [PMID: 14980439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MHC tetramers have become essential tools for the analysis of antigen specific responses of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. However, the use of MHC class II tetramers is hampered by the relatively low yields of most current expression systems. We have devised an insect cell/baculovirus expression system in which yields of 50-70 mg of recombinant HLA-DR4 molecules, with or without covalently linked peptide, per liter of insect cell supernatant, are routinely obtained. These yields are rendered possible by an optimized design and use of DRalpha and DRbeta expression cassettes and by co-expression of a housekeeping chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin, which, due to its co-secretion, increases secretion of HLA-DR molecules two- to threefold. A tetramer produced in the system specifically was shown to stain an HLA-DR4 restricted T cell line obtained from a healthy donor by in vitro priming, but which recognizes a type I diabetes autoantigen. Co-expression of chaperones may represent a general strategy for enhancing yields of recombinant proteins expressed in insect cells and facilitate production of MHC class II tetramers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Fourneau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 580, Hôpital Necker, 161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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25
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Abstract
In vivo methods to detect antigen-specific T cell responses at the single-cell level have greatly increased our knowledge of how the immune system works. However, most of these approaches have been confined to analysis of lymphoid tissues. Recently, the development of imaging techniques capable of simultaneously monitoring all the tissues of the body has led to the realization that antigen-experienced T cells reside in non-lymphoid tissues and may play a vital role in protecting the host against pathogens. Therefore, single-cell imaging at the level of the whole organism is needed to fully understand the dynamics of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, MMC 334, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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