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La THA, McMillan IA, Dahal P, Burger AH, Belcaid M, Phelps DM, Goldstein SM, Brown VR, Norris MH. Tracking sero-molecular trends of swine brucellosis in Hawai'i and the central Pacific. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1440933. [PMID: 39296852 PMCID: PMC11408231 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1440933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of mammals caused by bacterial species of the Brucella genus. The reservoir for disease is typically mammals, with species of Brucella found infecting amphibians, bats, and marine mammals. Brucella spp. can pass directly to humans through contact with infected animals or their products. Brucella spp. can cause chronic debilitating infections in mammals, including humans, and is associated with spontaneous abortions in infected animals, causing reduced fecundity. In Hawai'i, terrestrial species that could harbor Brucella spp. include swine, cattle, horses, and axis deer among others. The numerous feral swine in Hawai'i are known to carry Brucella suis, with evidence supporting infections in cattle. Brucella suis also poses infection risk to humans, dogs, and potentially horses across the state. Methods In this study, 3,274 feral swine serum samples collected from 5 of the 8 main islands over a 15-year span were analyzed for exposure to B. suis. Of the 558 watersheds in the state, 77 were sampled as part of this effort. Spatial analysis was used to identify watersheds of concern. MLVA and whole genome SNP analysis was used for molecular epidemiological analysis. Results Statewide seropositivity rates were triple that of feral swine found in the conterminous United States. Smoothed positivity rates were highest on Maui, followed by O'ahu, and the island of Hawai'i. Island-by-island analysis found high brucellosis positivity levels associated with specific watersheds and agricultural areas. Local spatial autocorrelation identified hot spots on O'ahu and Hawai'i. MLVA analysis of available B. suis from Hawai'i found molecular epidemiological connections with B. suis found in French Polynesia and the mainland US while differing from those in Tonga, Western Polynesia. Strains from Hawai'i are phylogenetically closest to strains from the United States. MLVA and SNP analysis found B. suis strains from Hawai'i fell into the genetic group that contains biovar 1 B. suis. Discussion This work identified islands and watersheds of high brucellosis seropositivity in feral swine of Hawai'i, highlighting the magnitude of the zoonotic risk. Introduction of strains in recent history is unlikely due to modern animal trade and disease control practices. Genomic analysis of strains in Hawai'i and the Pacific area can provide hidden historical and local clues to brucellosis epidemiology in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hai Au La
- Pathogen Analysis and Translational Health Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Ian A McMillan
- Pathogen Analysis and Translational Health Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Prashant Dahal
- Pathogen Analysis and Translational Health Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Andrew H Burger
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mahdi Belcaid
- Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Darrin M Phelps
- Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Samuel M Goldstein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Vienna R Brown
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael H Norris
- Pathogen Analysis and Translational Health Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Andrade RS, Oliveira MMD, Bueno Filho JSDS, Ferreira F, Godfroid J, Lage AP, Dorneles EMS. Accuracy of serological tests for bovine brucellosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2024; 222:106079. [PMID: 38056065 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The direct methods for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis have several limitations, therefore serological tests are the basis for the diagnosis of the disease. However, a meta-analysis estimating the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) on the main tests used in bovine brucellosis control programs worldwide has not been performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the DSe, DSp and thereby accuracy of serological tests individually used in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. The databases CABI, Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science were used to select articles. The search resulted in 5308 studies, of which 71 were selected for systematic review using quality assessment tools and 65 studies were included in the meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis, 178 assays and 11 different serological tests were considered. To estimate DSe and DSp of the tests, studies were divided according to animal selection for the studies: (1) studies that carried out a random or consecutive selection of participants (noncasecontrol studies) and (2) all studies, including casecontrol studies. Considering only the non-case-control studies to estimate the DSe, the tests that exhibited the best and worst performance were the iELISA test (indirect enzyme immunoassay - bacterial suspension as antigen - BS) (96.5%, 95% CI: 94.1-97.9%) and 2ME (2- mercaptoethanol test) (85.0%, 95% CI: 79.6-89.1%), respectively; while for DSp, the FPA (fluorescence polarization assay) (99, 7%, 95% CI: 99.5-99.8%) and PCFIA tests (protein concentration fluorescence immunoassay) (78.5%, 95% CI: 70.0-85.1%) showed better and worse performance, respectively. Overall, our results showed an overestimation in the DSe and DSp of the eleven serological tests assessed when casecontrol studies were included in the meta-analysis, which is a concern considering its impacts on the time and costs associated with populational diagnosis of the diseases, since several of these tests are routinely used in the control and eradication programs of bovine brucellosis worldwide. Furthermore, the tests that exhibited the best DSe and DSp, iELISA (BS) and FPA, respectively, are relatively easy to perform and interpret and the test which showed the best overall accuracy was FPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Silva Andrade
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Martins de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Abuawad A, Ashhab Y, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. DNA Sensor for the Detection of Brucella spp. Based on Magnetic Nanoparticle Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17272. [PMID: 38139102 PMCID: PMC10744106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of conventional Brucella detection methods, including safety concerns, long incubation times, and limited specificity, the development of a rapid, selective, and accurate technique for the early detection of Brucella in livestock animals is crucial to prevent the spread of the associated disease. In the present study, we introduce a magnetic nanoparticle marker-based biosensor using frequency mixing magnetic detection for point-of-care testing and quantification of Brucella DNA. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles were used as magnetically measured markers to selectively detect the target DNA hybridized with its complementary capture probes immobilized on a porous polyethylene filter. Experimental conditions like density and length of the probes, hybridization time and temperature, and magnetic binding specificity, sensitivity, and detection limit were investigated and optimized. Our sensor demonstrated a relatively fast detection time of approximately 10 min, with a detection limit of 55 copies (0.09 fM) when tested using DNA amplified from Brucella genetic material. In addition, the detection specificity was examined using gDNA from Brucella and other zoonotic bacteria that may coexist in the same niche, confirming the method's selectivity for Brucella DNA. Our proposed biosensor has the potential to be used for the early detection of Brucella bacteria in the field and can contribute to disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalhalim Abuawad
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yaqoub Ashhab
- Palestine–Korea Biotechnology Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron P720, Palestine
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
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Evaluation of serological diagnostic tests for bovine brucellosis in dairy cattle herds in an endemic area: a multicenter study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:104. [PMID: 36856875 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is known as one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide affecting both livestock and humans. It causes abortions, reduces milk production, and infertility in infected animals. The disease is routinely diagnosed through three serological techniques, such as rose bengal plate test (RBPT), standard agglutination test (SAT), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA). The aim of this study was to identify and compare the brucellosis seroprevalence among dairy cattle farms through these different serological tests. From 2112 sampled dairy cattle in different parts of Iran, RBPT, SAT, and I-ELISA led to 296 (14.02%), 215 (10.18%), and 297 (14.06%) positive results, respectively. Brucella abortus biovar 3 (62 cases) was identified as the most common cause of brucellosis in tested animals. Our results showed that the specificity and sensitivity of I-ELISA were higher than those obtained by RBPT and SAT. In this study, the overall agreement of RBPT and SAT with I-ELISA reached 95.21% and 94.12% in dairy cattle farms, respectively. Furthermore, Cohen's kappa statistical analysis revealed that the best degree of agreement was seen between RBPT and I-ELISA (0.80), followed by RBPT and SAT (0.78) and finally SAT and I-ELISA (0.72), thereby indicating a strong agreement between RBPT and I-ELISA methods and good agreement between SAT and I-ELISA methods. The McNemar analysis also showed that a significant difference exists between positive and negative results determined by SAT and I-ELISA methods (p < 0.0001). However, the positive and negative results determined by I-ELISA and RBPT did not show a significant difference (p = 0.9207). Therefore, I-ELISA was a more specific and sensitive serological test when compared to RBPT and SAT and could remarkably decrease non-specific reaction by improving the serological screening specificity for an accurate brucellosis diagnosis in endemic areas.
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Jamil T, Akar K, Erdenlig S, Murugaiyan J, Sandalakis V, Boukouvala E, Psaroulaki A, Melzer F, Neubauer H, Wareth G. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Brucellosis in European Terrestrial and Marine Wildlife Species and Its Regional Implications. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1970. [PMID: 36296246 PMCID: PMC9608583 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an important bacterial zoonosis of domestic and wildlife species. This disease has a significant public health concern and is characterized by reproductive failure resulting in economic losses in the livestock industry. Among thirteen known species, B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, and B. canis are human pathogens. Brucellosis has been extensively investigated in humans and domestic animals. However, the situation in wildlife is still not completely reported and studied. Therefore, a systematic literature search and screening were done to clarify the situation of brucellosis in wildlife in Europe. Sixty-five articles from a total of 13,424 reports published between 1991 and 2021 were selected, applying defined inclusion criteria. Wild boars and brown hares were the most often studied terrestrial wildlife species, whereas seals and porpoises were the most often investigated marine wildlife. Poland, Croatia, and Belgium showed the highest seroprevalences of wild boars caused by B. suis biovar 2. In marine wildlife, brucellosis was mainly caused by B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis. Most samples were from carcasses. Thus, sera could not be collected. It is worrisome that B.abortus and B. melitensis were reported from both terrestrial and marine wild animals, posing a zoonotic threat to people exposed to wild animals. Currently, there is no approved vaccine available for wild animals. The main challenges are the development of specific diagnostics and their validation for use in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Jamil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kadir Akar
- NRL for Brucellosis, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, 34890 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevil Erdenlig
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, 63300 Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Vassilios Sandalakis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evridiki Boukouvala
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Novak A, Melli LJ, Rey Serantes DA, Caillava AJ, Comerci DJ, Ugalde JE, Ciocchini AE. Development of a novel glycoprotein-based immunochromatographic test for the rapid serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4277-4288. [PMID: 35357068 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bovine brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that causes important economic losses and public health concerns. Because control of the disease depends on vaccination, serodiagnosis and isolation of the infected animals; affordable, rapid and accurate point of care (POC) tests are needed. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed and evaluated a novel glycoprotein-based immunochromatographic test for the detection of IgG antibodies against the O-polysaccharide of Brucella in bovine serum samples. Brucella GlycoStrip combines the power of immunochromatographic and bacterial glycoengineering technologies for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. The analysis of positive and negative reference samples indicated that the test has a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 96.9% (95% CI: 92.7-100.0%) and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Due to the recombinant glycoprotein-based antigen OAg-AcrA, which consists of the O-side chain of Brucella smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) covalently linked to the carrier protein AcrA, the test is highly accurate, allows the differentiation of infected animals from those vaccinated with a rough strain or with a single dose of a smooth strain and fulfill the minimum diagnostic requirements established by the national and international regulations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This strip test could provide a rapid (10 min) and accurate diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in the field contributing to the control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analia Novak
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano J Melli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A Rey Serantes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana J Caillava
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Grupo Pecuario, Centro Atómico Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan E Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés E Ciocchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bayesian Estimation of the Prevalence and Test Characteristics (Sensitivity and Specificity) of Two Serological Tests (RB and SAT-EDTA) for the Diagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis in Small and Medium Cattle Holders in Ecuador. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091815. [PMID: 34576711 PMCID: PMC8465933 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ecuador, a national program for bovine brucellosis control has been in implementation since 2008. Given the costs, small- and medium-sized livestock holders are not completely committed to it. The objective of this study was to determine true prevalence (TP) of bovine brucellosis in small- and medium-sized herd populations, as well as the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Rose Bengal (RB) test and the sero-agglutination test (SAT)-EDTA using a Bayesian approach. Between 2011 and 2016, 2733 cattle herds were visited, and 22,592 animal blood samples were taken in nineteen provinces on mainland Ecuador. Bayes-p and deviance information criterion (DIC) statistics were used to select models. Additionally, risk-factor analysis was used for herds according to their brucellosis test status. True prevalence (TP) in herds was estimated by pool testing. National seroprevalence of farms was 7.9% (95% CI: 6.79–9.03), and TP was 12.2% (95% CI: 7.8–17.9). Apparent prevalence (AP) in animals was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.82–2.67), and TP was 1.6% (95% CrI: 1.0–2.4). Similarly, the sensitivity of the RB was estimated at 64.6% (95% CrI: 42.6–85.3) and specificity at 98.9% (95% CrI: 98.6–99.0); for the SAT-EDTA test, sensitivity was 62.3% (95% CrI: 40.0–84.8) and 98.9% (95% CrI: 98.6–99.1) for specificity. Results of the two tests were highly correlated in infected and uninfected animals. Likewise, high spatial variation was observed, with the Coastal Region being the zone with the highest TP at 2.5%. (95% CrI: 1.3–3.8%) in individual animals and 28.2% (95% CI: 15.7–39.8) in herds. Risk factors include herd size, type of production (milk, beef, and mixed), abortions recorded, and vaccination. The results of this study serve to guide authorities to make decisions based on parallel testing at the beginning of a bovine brucellosis program for small livestock holders to increase sensitivity level of the screening tests in Ecuador.
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Zhou Y, Meng Y, Ren Y, Liu Z, Li Z. A Retrospective Survey of the Abortion Outbreak Event Caused by Brucellosis at a Blue Fox Breeding Farm in Heilongjiang Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666254. [PMID: 34212019 PMCID: PMC8239190 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a common zoonosis in China, resulting in abortion in animals. Outbreaks of abortion in blue foxes caused by Brucella infection have rarely been reported. In the present study, 3-5 mL blood samples collected from the femoral veins of 10 abortuses of blue foxes were assessed by RBPT (Rose Bengal plate test) and SAT (serum tube agglutination test) to preliminarily investigate the source of infection for the clustering of abortion events at a blue fox farm in Heilongjiang Province. Screening experiments showed that all 10 blood samples were positive in the RBPT, while only eight blood samples out of the 10 were positive in the SAT. Subsequently, 10 tissue samples (spleen, lungs, stomach contents, and afterbirth) from the same 10 foxes were assessed using AMOS (acronym for B. abortus, melitensis, ovis, and suis)-PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and sequencing analysis was performed on amplification products to verify the results of the serology survey. Results showed a spectral band of ~731 bp in these samples. BLAST showed sequences of AMOS-PCR products in this study to be 100% similar (E = 0.0) to sequences in B. melitensis strain from GenBank. These data preliminarily indicated that the blue fox's outbreak of abortion events was caused by brucellosis via the B. melitensis strain. Then 726 serum samples were tested by RBPT and SAT to determine the prevalence of brucellosis on the farm. A comprehensive epidemiological and reproductive status survey of the infected blue fox population was performed. The seropositive rate was found to be 67.90% (493/726) by RBPT and 41.32% (300/726) by SAT. The technicians had stopped feeding the foxes with chicken carcasses and instead fed them raw ground sheep organs (lungs, tracheae, placentae, and dead sheep fetuses) infected by B. meliteneis strains, and that this change in diet caused the outbreak of abortion events. The high abortion rate (55%) and low cub survival rate (65%) were the most distinctive features of the outbreak; these factors led to severe economic losses. Feeding cooked sheep/goat offal and strict breeding management is necessary for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ye Meng
- Department of Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yachao Ren
- Pharmacy Department, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Lukambagire AS, Mendes ÂJ, Bodenham RF, McGiven JA, Mkenda NA, Mathew C, Rubach MP, Sakasaka P, Shayo DD, Maro VP, Shirima GM, Thomas KM, Kasanga CJ, Kazwala RR, Halliday JEB, Mmbaga BT. Performance characteristics and costs of serological tests for brucellosis in a pastoralist community of northern Tanzania. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5480. [PMID: 33750848 PMCID: PMC7943594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of brucellosis across sub-Saharan Africa is hampered by the lack of standardized testing and the use of tests with poor performance. This study evaluated the performance and costs of serological assays for human brucellosis in a pastoralist community in northern Tanzania. Serum collected from 218 febrile hospital patients was used to evaluate the performance of seven index tests, selected based on international recommendation or current use. We evaluated the Rose Bengal test (RBT) using two protocols, four commercial agglutination tests and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden's index, diagnostic accuracy, and per-sample cost of each index test were estimated. The diagnostic accuracy estimates ranged from 95.9 to 97.7% for the RBT, 55.0 to 72.0% for the commercial plate tests, and 89.4% for the cELISA. The per-sample cost range was $0.69-$0.79 for the RBT, $1.03-$1.14 for the commercial plate tests, and $2.51 for the cELISA. The widely used commercial plate tests performed poorly and cost more than the RBT. These findings provide evidence for the public health value of discontinuing the use of commercial agglutination tests for human brucellosis in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulHamid S Lukambagire
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Ângelo J Mendes
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca F Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John A McGiven
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Coletha Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philoteus Sakasaka
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel M Shirima
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Kasanga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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10
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Ledwaba MB, Ndumnego OC, Matle I, Gelaw AK, Van Heerden H. Investigating selective media for optimal isolation of Brucella spp. in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2020; 87:e1-e9. [PMID: 32129638 PMCID: PMC7136694 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis in South Africa is caused mainly by Brucella abortus biovar (bv.) 1 and less frequently by B. abortus bv. 2. Bacterial isolation is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis of Brucella species; however, it is not very sensitive. The aim of this study was to determine the selective medium with optimum antibiotic composition that will allow the growth of Brucella species (spp.) while inhibiting moulds, yeast and most, if not all, Gram-negative contaminants in South Africa. In the controlled experiment, modified Agrifood Research and Technology Center of Aragon (CITA) medium (mCITA) seemed to be the optimum selective medium for isolation of Brucella spp. as compared with Farrell's medium (FM) and modified Thayer Martin (mTM), while FM inhibited the growth of most fungal and bacterial contaminants. Mean comparison between the three media used to culture B. abortus resulted in lower mean difference ranging from 0 to 2.33. In case of Brucella ovis, high mean difference was obtained when comparing FM with mCITA (10.33) and mTM (12). However, the mean differences of 0.67 and 1.67 were obtained when comparing mCITA and mTM media used to, respectively, culture pasteurised and raw milk spiked with B. ovis. Further optimisation at the Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute resulted in a comparable performance between FM and mCITA; however, mCITA allowed optimal growth of the fastidious B. ovis, which is generally inhibited on FM. Generally, mCITA seemed to be the optimum selective medium for isolation of Brucella spp., while FM inhibits the growth of most fungal and bacterial contaminants. Thus, veterinary laboratories can use mCITA and/or FM but should take into consideration the detection of factious Brucella isolated in the country or region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maphuti B Ledwaba
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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11
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Foddai A, Floyd T, McGiven J, Grace K, Evans S. Evaluation of the English bovine brucellosis surveillance system considering probability of disease introduction and non-random sampling. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104927. [PMID: 32135412 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The English surveillance system for bovine brucellosis was evaluated. The confidence in detecting at least one infected herd in the local population (surveillance system sensitivity or SSe), and the confidence in freedom from disease (PFree) adjusted (PFreeAdj) for the probability of disease introduction from abroad by imported animals (PIntro), were estimated for quarterly surveillance periods of 2016; because dairy herds were tested quarterly on bulk tank milk (BTM) with an antibody indirect ELISA. A stochastic model was developed and six surveillance components (representing also the local population strata), were evaluated. All English herds and their relative risk (RRs) of infection within each stratum were considered. The importance of each component was assessed using actual national data, which reflected non-random sampling. The contribution of the abortions testing was assessed with particular focus, because a decline in statutory submissions was observed in recent years. Beef herds without submissions (B-NoTest herds) at the laboratories were still considered as a population stratum, where infected cattle could be imported. Additionally, we evaluated the importance of different hypothetical design between-herds prevalence (Ph) values, at which the country could be classified as "infected". The potential negative effect on SSe due to the dilution of antibodies when individual samples are pooled within BTM and tested by the milk iELISA, was also investigated. The quarterly median SSe and PFreeAdj were both ≥ 95 % if at least four (0.008 %) herds were infected in the country due to independent import events. The system appeared able to substantiate Official Brucellosis Free (OBF) status frequently (on quarterly basis) using Ph=0.2 % (EU legislation). The component based only on BTM testing (M herds) showed the highest sensitivity; while the surveillance components based on abortions or post import calving (PIC) testing, had very low sensitivity at the (considered) Ph values lower than 0.2 %. In contrast, at Ph = 0.2 %, components based on abortion testing had median sensitivity between 91.3 % and 99.9 %, and the dilution effect on BTM testing did not change remarkably the SSe and PFreeAdj. When Ph was set to 1-2 infected herds (0.002-0.004 %), these were usually allocated by the model within the B-NoTest stratum (the largest stratum) and SSe reduced. Thus, if policy considers necessary increasing the SSe for low Phs (system's optimization as an early warning system); the cost efficiency of active risk based surveillance in beef herds (considering imports) could be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Foddai
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addleston, United Kingdom.
| | - Tobias Floyd
- Department of Pathology (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - John McGiven
- Department of Bacteriology (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Grace
- Epidemiology and Risk (APHA), Nobel House, Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Evans
- Department of Bacteriology (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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12
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Barbuddhe SB, Vergis J, Rawool DB. Immunodetection of bacteria causing brucellosis. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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A systematic review of current immunological tests for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis. Prev Vet Med 2018; 151:57-72. [PMID: 29496108 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide extended zoonosis with a heavy economic and public health impact. Cattle, sheep and goats are infected by smooth Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, and represent a common source of the human disease. Brucellosis diagnosis in these animals is largely based on detection of a specific immunoresponse. We review here the immunological tests used for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis. First, we discuss how the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp), balance should be adjusted for brucellosis diagnosis, and the difficulties that brucellosis tests specifically present for the estimation of DSe/DSp in frequentistic (gold standard) and Bayesian analyses. Then, we present a systematic review (PubMed, GoogleScholar and CABdirect) of works (154 out of 991; years 1960-August 2017) identified (by title and Abstract content) as DSe and DSp studies of smooth lipopolysaccharide, O-polysaccharide-core, native hapten and protein diagnostic tests. We summarize data of gold standard studies (n = 23) complying with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria with regards to test methodology and definition of the animals studied (infected and S19 or RB51 vaccinated cattle, and Brucella-free cattle affected or not by false positive serological reactions). We also discuss some studies (smooth lipopolysaccharide tests, protein antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity [skin] tests) that do not meet the criteria and yet fill some of the gaps in information. We review Bayesian studies (n = 5) and report that in most cases priors and assumptions on conditional dependence/independence are not coherent with the variable serological picture of the disease in different epidemiological scenarios and the bases (antigen, isotype and immunoglobulin properties involved) of brucellosis tests, practical experience and the results of gold standard studies. We conclude that very useful lipopolysaccharide (buffered plate antigen and indirect ELISA) and native hapten polysaccharide and soluble protein tests exist, provided they are applied taking into account the means available and the epidemiological contexts of this disease: i) mass vaccination; ii) elimination based on vaccination combined with test-and-slaughter; and iii) surveillance and existence of false positive serological reactions. We also conclude that the insistence in recent literature on the lack of usefulness of all smooth lipopolysaccharide or native hapten polysaccharide tests in areas where S19 vaccination is implemented is a misinterpretation that overlooks scientific and practical evidence.
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14
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Brucellosis in migratory sheep flock from Maharashtra, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:91-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Verdonck F, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04889. [PMID: 32625554 PMCID: PMC7009888 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection with Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease complies with the criteria as in Sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b), (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for the infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several mammal species, as indicated in the present opinion.
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16
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Chisi SL, Marageni Y, Naidoo P, Zulu G, Akol GW, Van Heerden H. An evaluation of serological tests in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in naturally infected cattle in KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2017; 88:e1-e7. [PMID: 28281771 PMCID: PMC6138170 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) of the Rose Bengal test (RBT), the complement fixation test (CFT), the serum agglutination test (SAT), the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and the indirect ELISA (iELISA) were determined in naturally infected cattle in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa with known infectious status from culture (gold standard). Natural brucellosis infection status of animals was determined by culturing and identification of Brucella abortus biovar 1 from abomasal fluid, milk, hygroma fluid, lymph nodes or uterine discharges samples. The diagnostic specificity (DSp) of the tests mentioned above was determined using samples from known negative herds. There was no statistically significant difference between the tests in their ability to diagnose brucellosis. The RBT and iELISA had the highest DSe of 95.8%, whereas RBT and CFT had the highest DSp of 100%. In South African laboratories, the RBT and CFT serological tests are used, because of the cost efficacy of CFT when compared to the less labour intensive but more expensive iELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songelwayo L Chisi
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory.
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17
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Ali S, Akhter S, Neubauer H, Melzer F, Khan I, Abatih EN, El-Adawy H, Irfan M, Muhammad A, Akbar MW, Umar S, Ali Q, Iqbal MN, Mahmood A, Ahmed H. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis in the Potohar Plateau, Pakistan. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:73. [PMID: 28129787 PMCID: PMC5273848 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine brucellosis were studied at animal and herd level using a combination of culture, serological and molecular methods. The study was conducted in 253 randomly selected cattle herds of the Potohar plateau, Pakistan from which a total of 2709 serum (1462 cattle and 1247 buffaloes) and 2330 milk (1168 cattle and 1162 buffaloes) samples were collected. Data on risk factors associated with seroprevalence of brucellosis were collected through interviews using questionnaires. Univariable and multivariable random effects logistic regression models were used for identifying important risk factors at animal and herd levels. Results One hundred and seventy (6.3%) samples and 47 (18.6%) herds were seropositive for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate test. Variations in seroprevalence were observed across the different sampling sites. At animal level, sex, species and stock replacement were found to be potential risk factors for brucellosis. At herd level, herd size (≥9 animals) and insemination method used were important risk factors. The presence of Brucella DNA was confirmed with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (qRT-PCR) in 52.4% out of 170 serological positive samples. In total, 156 (6.7%) milk samples were positive by milk ring test. B. abortus biovar 1 was cultured from 5 positive milk samples. Conclusion This study shows that the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis is high in some regions in Pakistan. Prevalence was associated with herd size, abortion history, insemination methods used, age, sex and stock replacement methods. The infected animal may act as source of infection for other animals and for humans. The development of control strategies for bovine brucellosis through implementation of continuous surveillance and education programs in Pakistan is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2394-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. .,Department of Wildlife and Ecology (Zoological Division), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shamim Akhter
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 10 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 10 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Emmanuel Nji Abatih
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 10 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Faculty Medicineof Veterinary, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Muhammad
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid Umar
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Abid Mahmood
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road,Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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18
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Erdenliğ Gürbilek S, Tel OY, Keskin O. Comparative evaluation of three serological tests for the detection of Brucella antibodies from infected cattle herds. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1222942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Erdenliğ Gürbilek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Osman Yaşar Tel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Oktay Keskin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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Asgedom H, Damena D, Duguma R. Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors in and around Alage district, Ethiopia. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:851. [PMID: 27386300 PMCID: PMC4919196 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with economic and public health impact, particularly for human and animal populations within developing countries that relay on livestock production. A cross sectional study was conducted between October 2013 and March 2014 in and around Alage district to determine the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors. A total of 804 sera samples; 421 from cattle managed under extensive production system and 383 from cattle managed under intensive production system were collected. Multistage cluster sampling method was employed to sample unvaccinated cattle above 6 months of age. Rose Bengal Plate Test and c-ELISA were used in serial for detection of antibodies against Brucella species. The overall seroprevalence was 2.4 %, and herd level seroprevalence was 45.9 %. A prevalence of 3.3 and 1.3 % was recorded in the extensive and intensive farms respectively. Among the three sites, seropositivity of 3.4 % in Naka, 3.3 % in Negelewudisha and 1.3 % in Alage were recorded. Risk factors such as age, sex, number of service per conception, calving interval and reproductive status were associated with serostatus of brucellosis. Taken as a whole, cattle in both intensive and extensive production systems are endemically infected by brucellosis at low level in the study areas. This warrants the need of integrated intervention strategies to minimize the spread of the disease in animals and reduce the risk of transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Asgedom
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P. O. Box 04, Sebeta, Oromia Ethiopia
| | - Delesa Damena
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P. O. Box 04, Sebeta, Oromia Ethiopia
| | - Reta Duguma
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia Ethiopia
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20
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Pathak AD, Dubal ZB, Karunakaran M, Doijad SP, Raorane AV, Dhuri RB, Bale MA, Chakurkar EB, Kalorey DR, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB. Apparent seroprevalence, isolation and identification of risk factors for brucellosis among dairy cattle in Goa, India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 47:1-6. [PMID: 27477501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic infection affecting livestock and human beings. The disease has been reported worldwide except in few countries where it has been eradicated. The prevalence of brucellosis among cattle from 11 farms having a history of abortions was studied. A total of 481 samples comprising of blood, milk, vaginal swabs, vaginal discharges, placental tissues and fetal tissues were collected from 296 animals. Clinical samples were processed for the isolation of Brucella. Serum samples (n=296) were tested by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA. A total of 90 (30.40%) and 123 (41.55%) samples were positive by RBPT and indirect ELISA, respectively. Also 27.02% samples were positive by both the tests. Brucella isolates (n= 8) were recovered from clinical samples using Brucella selective media. All the isolates demonstrated PCR amplification for the bcsp31 and IS711 genes. Amplification of Brucella abortus specific primer was demonstrated by all the isolates in AMOS PCR indicating isolates to be of either B. abortus biotype 1, 2 or 4. Risk factors for transmission of brucellosis among cattle population were studied by field surveys. It was observed that lack of awareness about brucellosis (OR=8.739, P=0.138) and inadequate floor space (OR=0.278, P=0.128) were crucial risk factors for transmission of bovine brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay D Pathak
- Animal Sciences Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India
| | - Z B Dubal
- Animal Sciences Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India
| | - M Karunakaran
- Animal Sciences Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India
| | - Swapnil P Doijad
- Animal Sciences Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India
| | - Abhay V Raorane
- Animal Sciences Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India
| | - R B Dhuri
- Goa State Co-Operative Milk Producers' Union Limited, Curti, Ponda 403 401, India
| | - M A Bale
- Goa State Co-Operative Milk Producers' Union Limited, Curti, Ponda 403 401, India
| | - Eaknath B Chakurkar
- Animal Sciences Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India
| | - Dewanand R Kalorey
- Network Project on Brucellosis, Department of Microbiology and Animal Biotechnology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Network Project on Brucellosis, Department of Microbiology and Animal Biotechnology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440006, India
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Integrating serological and genetic data to quantify cross-species transmission: brucellosis as a case study. Parasitology 2016; 143:821-834. [PMID: 26935267 PMCID: PMC4873909 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data are often fragmented, partial, and/or ambiguous and unable to yield the desired level of understanding of infectious disease dynamics to adequately inform control measures. Here, we show how the information contained in widely available serology data can be enhanced by integration with less common type-specific data, to improve the understanding of the transmission dynamics of complex multi-species pathogens and host communities. Using brucellosis in northern Tanzania as a case study, we developed a latent process model based on serology data obtained from the field, to reconstruct Brucella transmission dynamics. We were able to identify sheep and goats as a more likely source of human and animal infection than cattle; however, the highly cross-reactive nature of Brucella spp. meant that it was not possible to determine which Brucella species (B. abortus or B. melitensis) is responsible for human infection. We extended our model to integrate simulated serology and typing data, and show that although serology alone can identify the host source of human infection under certain restrictive conditions, the integration of even small amounts (5%) of typing data can improve understanding of complex epidemiological dynamics. We show that data integration will often be essential when more than one pathogen is present and when the distinction between exposed and infectious individuals is not clear from serology data. With increasing epidemiological complexity, serology data become less informative. However, we show how this weakness can be mitigated by integrating such data with typing data, thereby enhancing the inference from these data and improving understanding of the underlying dynamics.
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Ducrotoy MJ, Ammary K, Ait Lbacha H, Zouagui Z, Mick V, Prevost L, Bryssinckx W, Welburn SC, Benkirane A. Narrative overview of animal and human brucellosis in Morocco: intensification of livestock production as a driver for emergence? Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:57. [PMID: 26690090 PMCID: PMC4687311 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world caused by several species of the genus Brucella. The disease, eradicated in many developed countries, is a re-emerging neglected zoonosis endemic in several zones especially in the Mediterranean region, impacting on human health and livestock production. A One Health approach could address brucellosis control in Morocco but scarcity of reliable epidemiological data, as well as underreporting, hinders the implementation of sustainable control strategies. Surveillance and control policies implemented by the Moroccan government in domestic animals (cattle and small ruminants) in the last few decades are assessed for disease impact. This study considers the origins of animal brucellosis in Morocco and the potential for emergence of brucellosis during a shift from extensive to intensive livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Ducrotoy
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Khaoula Ammary
- Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Zaid Zouagui
- Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Virginie Mick
- EU/OIE/FAO & National Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est, University/Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Susan C Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Davison NJ, Brownlow A, McGovern B, Dagleish MP, Perrett LL, Dale EJ, Koylass M, Foster G. First report of Brucella ceti-associated meningoencephalitis in a long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 116:237-241. [PMID: 26503778 DOI: 10.3354/dao02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fatal Brucella ceti infection with histological lesions specific to the central nervous system has been described in only 3 species of cetaceans: striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba, Atlantic white-sided dolphins Lagenorhynchus acutus and short-beaked common dolphins Delphinus delphis. This paper describes the first report of a B. ceti-associated meningoencephalitis in a long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas, showing the increasing range of species susceptibility. Brucella was recovered in larger numbers from cerebrospinal fluid than from brain tissue and is the sample of choice for isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Davison
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SAC Consulting, Veterinary Services, Drummondhill, Inverness, Scotland, IV2 4JZ, UK
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Assenga JA, Matemba LE, Muller SK, Malakalinga JJ, Kazwala RR. Epidemiology of Brucella infection in the human, livestock and wildlife interface in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:189. [PMID: 26253151 PMCID: PMC4529704 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a zoonosis of public health importance worldwide. In Tanzania, the disease is underreported due to insufficient awareness, inadequate diagnostic protocols, including lack of appropriate reagents for diagnosis. Livestock and wildlife are considered potential sources of infection to humans; however, the role played by these carriers in the epidemiology of the disease in the ecosystems in Tanzania is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies in humans, wildlife and livestock; and molecular prevalence of Brucella spp in cattle and goats in the Katavi- Rukwa ecosystem. Results Anti-Brucella antibodies were detected in humans at 0.6 % (95 % CI: 0.1, 2.1 %); cattle at 6.8 % (95 % CI: 5.4, 8.5 %), goats at 1.6 % (95 % CI: 0.4, 4.1 %) and buffaloes at 7.9 % (95 % CI: 1.7, 21.4 %). One of the two sampled lions tested positive. Cattle had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies as compared to goats (P < 0.05). A significantly higher seroprevalence was found in female than in male cattle and in adult than in young cattle (P < 0.05). There was an agreement of 95 and 89 % in cattle and goats, respectively, for the Rose Bengal plate Test (RBPT) and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) in detecting Brucella infection. Eight (3.5 %) out of 231 milk samples tested were positive for Brucella spp on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Brucella abortus biovar 1 was detected in cattle milk. However, no Brucella spp were detected in goat milk. Conclusion This study has shown the presence of anti- Brucella antibodies in humans, livestock, and wildlife in the Katavi- Rukwa ecosystem. Transmission of the infection between wildlife, livestock and humans is likely to continue due to increasing human activities in the human wildlife interface. This information is an important contribution to public health policy development in the human wildlife interface of the Katavi- Rukwa ecosystem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0504-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Assenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Lucas E Matemba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania. .,National Institute for Medical Research, P. O. Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Shabani K Muller
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Joseph J Malakalinga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Mugizi DR, Boqvist S, Nasinyama GW, Waiswa C, Ikwap K, Rock K, Lindahl E, Magnusson U, Erume J. Prevalence of and factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Uganda. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:557-64. [PMID: 25716482 PMCID: PMC4478735 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a key zoonosis of major public health, animal welfare and economic significance, and is endemic in livestock in Uganda. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out to estimate the sero-prevalence of brucellosis and identify factors associated with sero-positivity in cattle in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Northern and Eastern Uganda, respectively. A total of 1007 sera and data on biologically plausible risk factors from 166 herds and their spatial locations, were collected from cattle reared in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Uganda. The sera were analyzed using indirect ELISA and sero-positive reactors confirmed by competitive ELISA. Multivariable models were used to investigate for risk factors. The overall animal-level and herd-level sero-prevalence was 7.5% (76/1007, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 6.15-9.4%) and 27.1% (45/166, 95% CI: 20.9-34.3%), respectively. Herd-level sero-prevalence was significantly (P<0.001) higher in Soroti than Gulu. In Gulu town, sero-positivity increased with an increase in herd size (P=0.03) and age (P=0.002), and was higher in cattle brought in from western Uganda (P<0.0001). In Soroti town, introduction of new cattle into a herd was significantly (P=0.027) associated with herd sero-positivity. There was a geographically differential risk (clustering) of Brucella sero- positivity in herds in Soroti, while sero-positivity was homogeneously distributed in Gulu. The data highlight brucellosis occurrence and major risk factors for its transmission in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Rwabiita Mugizi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Lee JJ, Simborio HL, Reyes AWB, Kim DG, Hop HT, Min W, Her M, Jung SC, Yoo HS, Kim S. Proteomic analyses of the time course responses of mice infected with Brucella abortus 544 reveal immunogenic antigens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 357:164-74. [PMID: 24975114 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease caused by pathogens of the genus Brucella. The eradication of brucellosis in domestic animals, associated with the prevention of human infection, can be attained through accurate diagnosis. However, the conventional serological diagnosis of brucellosis has limitations, particularly in detecting the infection period. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine reliable immunogenic proteins to detect Brucella abortus infection according to time course responses to aid in the appropriate management of this disease. Proteomic identification through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), followed by immunoblotting, revealed 13, 24, and 55 immunodominant B. abortus 544 proteins that were reactive to sera from experimentally infected mice at early (10 days), middle (30 days), and late (60 days) infection periods, respectively. After excluding several spots reactive to sera from Yersinia enterocolitica O:9-infected and noninfected mice, 17 of the 67 immunodominant proteins were identified through MALDI-TOF MS. Consequently, the identified proteins showed time course-dependent immunogenicity against Brucella infection. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the production of immunogenic proteins during infection periods improves the diagnosis and discovery of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Ciocchini AE, Serantes DAR, Melli LJ, Guidolin LS, Iwashkiw JA, Elena S, Franco C, Nicola AM, Feldman MF, Comerci DJ, Ugalde JE. A bacterial engineered glycoprotein as a novel antigen for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:455-65. [PMID: 24984948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis that affects livestock and human beings. Laboratory diagnosis of bovine brucellosis mainly relies on serological diagnosis using serum and/or milk samples. Although there are several serological tests with different diagnostic performance and capacity to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, there is still no standardized reference antigen for the disease. Here we validate the first recombinant glycoprotein antigen, an N-formylperosamine O-polysaccharide-protein conjugate (OAg-AcrA), for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. This antigen can be produced in homogeneous batches without the need of culturing pathogenic brucellae; all characteristics that make it appropriate for standardization. An indirect immunoassay based on the detection of anti O-polysaccharide IgG antibodies in bovine samples was developed coupling OAg-AcrA to magnetic beads or ELISA plates. As a proof of concept and to validate the antigen, we analyzed serum, whole blood and milk samples obtained from non-infected, experimentally infected and vaccinated animals included in a vaccination/infection trial performed in our laboratory as well as more than 1000 serum and milk samples obtained from naturally infected and S19-vaccinated animals from Argentina. Our results demonstrate that OAg-AcrA-based assays are highly accurate for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis, even in vaccinated herds, using different types of samples and in different platforms. We propose this novel recombinant glycoprotein as an antigen suitable for the development of new standard immunological tests for screening and confirmatory diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in regions or countries with brucellosis-control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés E Ciocchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A Rey Serantes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano J Melli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia S Guidolin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeremy A Iwashkiw
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB TG6 2E9, Canada
| | - Sebastián Elena
- Laboratorio de Referencia de la OIE para Brucelosis, Dirección General de Laboratorio y Control Técnico (DiLab), Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Martínez 1640, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Franco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de la OIE para Brucelosis, Dirección General de Laboratorio y Control Técnico (DiLab), Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Martínez 1640, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Nicola
- Laboratorio de Referencia de la OIE para Brucelosis, Dirección General de Laboratorio y Control Técnico (DiLab), Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Martínez 1640, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario F Feldman
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB TG6 2E9, Canada
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Grupo Pecuario, Centro Atómico Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan E Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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O’Grady D, Byrne W, Kelleher P, O’Callaghan H, Kenny K, Heneghan T, Power S, Egan J, Ryan F. A comparative assessment of culture and serology in the diagnosis of brucellosis in dairy cattle. Vet J 2014; 199:370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Investigating the use of protein saver cards for storage and subsequent detection of bovine anti-Brucella abortus smooth lipopolysaccharide antibodies and gamma interferon. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1669-74. [PMID: 23986318 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00033-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucella abortus, a smooth strain of the genus Brucella, is the causative agent of bovine brucellosis. To support the ongoing development of diagnostic tests for bovine brucellosis, the use of Protein Saver cards (Whatman) for bovine blood serum and plasma sample collection has been evaluated. These cards offer significant logistical and safety alternatives to transporting and storing liquid samples and may aid in diagnostic programs and validation studies. To evaluate the utility of these cards, 204 bovine blood serum samples from Brucella-infected and noninfected animals were stored on and eluted from the Protein Saver cards. Anti-Brucella smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) antibody titers for the serum eluates were compared to those of the unprocessed original serum samples by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed a highly significant correlation between titers from the serum eluates and the unprocessed sera. Therefore, under these circumstances, serum eluates and unprocessed serum samples may be used interchangeably. Blood plasma from 113 mitogen-stimulated whole-blood samples was added to and eluted from the Protein Saver cards. The gamma interferon (IFN-γ) titers in the plasma eluates were compared to those of the unprocessed plasma samples obtained by IFN-γ ELISA. The results showed a significant correlation between the plasma eluates and the unprocessed plasma samples. To derive a signal in the plasma eluate, it was necessary to develop a novel and highly sensitive ELISA for the detection of IFN-γ. The serum samples stored on cards at room temperature over a 10-day period showed little variation in antibody titers. However, the plasma eluates showed a progressive loss of IFN-γ recovery over 10 days when stored at room temperature.
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Dean AS, Bonfoh B, Kulo AE, Boukaya GA, Amidou M, Hattendorf J, Pilo P, Schelling E. Epidemiology of brucellosis and q Fever in linked human and animal populations in northern togo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71501. [PMID: 23951177 PMCID: PMC3741174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although brucellosis (Brucella spp.) and Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) are zoonoses of global importance, very little high quality data are available from West Africa. Methods/Principal Findings A serosurvey was conducted in Togo’s main livestock-raising zone in 2011 in 25 randomly selected villages, including 683 people, 596 cattle, 465 sheep and 221 goats. Additionally, 464 transhumant cattle from Burkina Faso were sampled in 2012. The serological analyses performed were the Rose Bengal Test and ELISA for brucellosis and ELISA and the immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for Q Fever Brucellosis did not appear to pose a major human health problem in the study zone, with only 7 seropositive participants. B. abortus was isolated from 3 bovine hygroma samples, and is likely to be the predominant circulating strain. This may explain the observed seropositivity amongst village cattle (9.2%, 95%CI:4.3–18.6%) and transhumant cattle (7.3%, 95%CI:3.5–14.7%), with an absence of seropositive small ruminants. Exposure of livestock and people to C. burnetii was common, potentially influenced by cultural factors. People of Fulani ethnicity had greater livestock contact and a significantly higher seroprevalence than other ethnic groups (Fulani: 45.5%, 95%CI:37.7–53.6%; non-Fulani: 27.1%, 95%CI:20.6–34.7%). Appropriate diagnostic test cut-off values in endemic settings requires further investigation. Both brucellosis and Q Fever appeared to impact on livestock production. Seropositive cows were more likely to have aborted a foetus during the previous year than seronegative cows, when adjusted for age. This odds was 3.8 times higher (95%CI: 1.2–12.1) for brucellosis and 6.7 times higher (95%CI: 1.3–34.8) for Q Fever. Conclusions This is the first epidemiological study of zoonoses in Togo in linked human and animal populations, providing much needed data for West Africa. Exposure to Brucella and C. burnetii is common but further research is needed into the clinical and economic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Dean
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Abalo E. Kulo
- Ecole Supérieur d’Agronomie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - G. Aboudou Boukaya
- Direction de l’Elevage, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche, Lomé, Togo
| | - Moussa Amidou
- Directional Régional de la Santé - Savanes, Dapaong, Lomé, Togo
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Esther Schelling
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Smirnova EA, Vasin AV, Sandybaev NT, Klotchenko SA, Plotnikova MA, Chervyakova OV, Sansyzbay AR, Kiselev OI. Current Methods of Human and Animal Brucellosis Diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aid.2013.33026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vallée-Bélisle A, Ricci F, Uzawa T, Xia F, Plaxco KW. Bioelectrochemical switches for the quantitative detection of antibodies directly in whole blood. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15197-200. [PMID: 22913425 DOI: 10.1021/ja305720w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapid, low-cost point-of-care approaches for the quantitative detection of antibodies would drastically impact global health by shortening the delay between sample collection and diagnosis and by improving the penetration of modern diagnostics into the developing world. Unfortunately, however, current methods for the quantitative detection of antibodies, including ELISAs, Western blots, and fluorescence polarization assays, are complex, multiple-step processes that rely on well-trained technicians working in well-equipped laboratories. In response, we describe here a versatile, DNA-based electrochemical "switch" for the rapid, single-step measurement of specific antibodies directly in undiluted whole blood at clinically relevant low-nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Vallée-Bélisle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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McGiven JA, Nicola A, Commander NJ, Duncombe L, Taylor AV, Villari S, Dainty A, Thirlwall R, Bouzelmat N, Perrett LL, Brew SD, Stack JA. An evaluation of the capability of existing and novel serodiagnostic methods for porcine brucellosis to reduce false positive serological reactions. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:378-86. [PMID: 22763172 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of truly global significance because even in countries without the disease the occurrence of false positive serological reactions (FPSRs) creates significant problems. Statutory diagnostic testing is required in many disease free countries or regions and is often a prerequisite for the movement of live animals. Currently this testing is dependent almost entirely on serological assays and these may result in a significant number of FPSRs. The aim of this study was to examine existing and novel serodiagnostic assays to evaluate their diagnostic sensitivity and resilience to FPSRs. The existing assays evaluated were the RBT, smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) indirect (i) ELISA, sLPS competitive (c) ELISA, and the FPA. The novel assays evaluated were the sLPS TR-FRET assay, a rough (r) LPS iELISA, a recombinant protein BP26 iELISA and a cytoplasmic protein extract (Brucellergene™) iELISA. Four populations of sera were evaluated: those from Brucella suis infected swine (n=34), randomly selected samples from non-infected swine (n=161), sera from non-infected swine within herds exhibiting FPSRs (n=132) and sera from swine experimentally infected with Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 (n=4). The results show that all the assays dependent on the sLPS O-polysaccharide (OPS) for their sensitivity (the RBT, sLPS ELISAs, FPA and the sLPS TR-FRET) had significantly reduced diagnostic specificity when applied to the FPSR population, the RBT being most affected. Of the two rapid homogeneous assays, the TR-FRET was diagnostically superior to the FPA in this study. Neither of the protein based iELISAs demonstrated sufficient diagnostic sensitivity to resolve the FPSRs. The rLPS iELISA showed no cross reaction with the FPSRs and had diagnostic sensitivity similar to that of the OPS based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McGiven
- Animal Health Veterinary Laboratories Agency (OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Brucellosis), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 2NB, UK.
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Pajuaba ACAM, Silva DAO, Almeida KC, Cunha-Junior JP, Pirovani CP, Camillo LR, Mineo JR. Immunoproteomics of Brucella abortus
reveals differential antibody profiles between S19-vaccinated and naturally infected cattle. Proteomics 2012; 12:820-31. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. A. M. Pajuaba
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Deise A. O. Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Karine C. Almeida
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Jair P. Cunha-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Carlos P. Pirovani
- Laboratory of Proteomic; Center of Biotechnology and Genetics; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus BA Brazil
| | - Luciana R. Camillo
- Laboratory of Proteomic; Center of Biotechnology and Genetics; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Ilhéus BA Brazil
| | - José R. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
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Abernethy D, Menzies F, McCullough S, McDowell S, Burns K, Watt R, Gordon A, Greiner M, Pfeiffer D. Field trial of six serological tests for bovine brucellosis. Vet J 2012; 191:364-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Muma JB, Pandey GS, Munyeme M, Mumba C, Mkandawire E, Chimana HM. Brucellosis among smallholder cattle farmers in Zambia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:915-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Davison NJ, Perrett LL, Law RJ, Dawson CE, Stubberfield EJ, Monies RJ, Deaville R, Jepson PD. Infection with Brucella ceti and high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranded in south-west England. Vet Rec 2011; 169:14. [PMID: 21676987 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eight bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that stranded in Cornwall, south-west England, between June 2004 and December 2007 were examined using standardised postmortem examination and bacteriological methods. Evidence of Brucella species infection was found in four of these dolphins on culture. In addition, of the eight dolphins, four were positive and two were weakly positive for antibodies to Brucella species on serological analyses of pericardial and other fluids using a competitive ELISA and two indirect ELISAs. High or very high levels of the sum of 25 individual chlorobiphenyl congeners (∑25CBs) were also determined in blubber samples from two of the dolphins (45.5 and 446.6 mg/kg lipid weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Davison
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall TR4 9AD.
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Matope G, Muma J, Toft N, Gori E, Lund A, Nielsen K, Skjerve E. Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of RBT, c-ELISA and fluorescence polarisation assay for diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle using latent class analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 141:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perrett LL, McGiven JA, Brew SD, Stack JA. Evaluation of competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies to Brucella infection in domestic animals. Croat Med J 2011; 51:314-9. [PMID: 20718084 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2010.51.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for its suitability as an additional serological test for the diagnosis of animal brucellosis. METHODS cELISA, which was developed at the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, has been evaluated for its accuracy and suitability as an additional serological test for the diagnosis of animal brucellosis. Samples from naturally and experimentally infected animals and those from Brucella-free flocks and herds were tested. RESULTS Data obtained since 1991 were analyzed from routine surveillance, animals experimentally infected with Brucella, and stored sera to validate cELISA for the detection of antibodies to Brucella in cows, small ruminants, and pigs. The sensitivity of the test ranged from 92.31% to 100%, in comparison with 77.14% to 100% for the complement fixation test (CFT). Specificities for cELISA, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and CFT were greater than 90%. CONCLUSION cELISA can be used on a variety of animal species, and an added advantage is its suitability for use on poor-quality samples such as those affected by hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine L Perrett
- Department of Statutory and Exotic Bacteria, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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Kumar M, Chand P. Improvement in the diagnosis of Brucella abortus infections in naturally infected water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using an ELISA with a Protein-G-based indicator system. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1493-9. [PMID: 21442153 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus in domestic water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised under the traditional system of husbandry in northern India was diagnosed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with a Protein-G-based indicator system (Protein-G ELISA). A total of 1,551 animals that are positive (N = 61), negative (N = 243), and suspected (N = 1,247) for brucellosis were examined. Rose bengal test (RBT) was used to predict the disease, and accordingly, animals were dichotomized in positive and negative population for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the sensitivity, the specificity, and the performance index of Protein-G ELISA. Taking all animals (N = 1551) into account, the ROC curve analysis revealed cut off value of 29.6% positivity (%P) with 98.40% and 94.94%, sensitivity and specificity, respectively. The results were compared with ELISA in which anti-bovine conjugate was used. The cut off in ELISA was 37.9%P and sensitivity and specificity were 96.26% and 97.07%, respectively. The performance indexes of both the assays were almost equal and were 193.34 for Protein-G ELISA and 193.33 for ELISA. The cut off values of both the tests changed, if only known positive (N = 61) and known negative (N = 243) animals were used for ROC curve analysis, and accordingly, changes in sensitivity and specificity were observed with significant decrease of performance indexes of both the tests. The high optical density (P < 0.0001) background signal with negative serum control and high %P (P < 0.0001) in sera from negative population were noticed in ELISA in comparison to Protein-G ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
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Epidemiology and management of a bovine brucellosis cluster in Northern Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Matope G, Bhebhe E, Muma JB, Oloya J, Madekurozwa RL, Lund A, Skjerve E. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in cattle from smallholder dairy farms in Zimbabwe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:975-82. [PMID: 21327714 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence of brucellosis and the associated risk factors in cattle from smallholder dairy farms in Gokwe, Marirangwe, Mushagashe, Nharira, Rusitu and Wedza areas of Zimbabwe. A total of 1,440 cattle from 203 herds were tested serially for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal test and the competitive ELISA. Weighted seroprevalence estimates were calculated and risk factors in individual cattle investigated using logistic regression analysis. The overall individual animal brucellosis seroprevalence was low, with mean of 5.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.4%, 6.8%). Gokwe had the highest individual (12.6%; 95% CI, 3.9%, 21.4%) and herd-level (40.0%; 95% CI, 22.1%, 58.0%), while Wedza had the lowest individual (2.3%; 95% CI, 0%, 5.3%) and herd-level (8.0%; 95% CI, 0.0%, 18.9%) brucellosis seroprevalence, respectively. In individual cattle, the area of origin, age and history of abortion were independently associated with brucellosis seroprevalence. While the seroprevalence was independent of sex, it decreased with increasing age. Cattle 2-4 years old had higher odds (odds ratio (OR) = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1%, 9.1%) of being seropositive compared to those >7 years. Cows with a history of abortion were more likely to be seropositive (OR = 7.9; 95% CI, 3.1, 20.1) than controls. In conclusion, the area-to-area variation of brucellosis may be linked to ecological factors and differences in management practices. The implementation of stamping out policy, bleeding and testing animals before movement and promoting the use self-contained units are likely to significantly reduce the public health risks associated with Brucella infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gift Matope
- Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Genç O, Büyüktanir Ö, Yurdusev N. Development of an Individual Rapid Test Based on Enzymatic Immunofiltration Assay for Detection of Anti–Brucella Abortus Antibody in Bovine Sera. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:49-56. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect bovine antibody directed to smooth lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cell lysate (LYS), O-polysaccharide (OPS), and LPS-deprived chromatographic fractions (ChF) of Brucella abortus, 2 bi-antigenic diagnostic models based on the enzymatic rapid immunofiltration assay (ERIFA), ERIFALPS/LYS and ERIFAOPS/ChF, were developed. Their diagnostic performance was compared with complement fixation test (CFT), Rose Bengal test (RBT), indirect in-house and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISA and com-ELISA, respectively), based on the smooth LPS antigen, by using a total of 420 cattle sera collected from aborted-unvaccinated, aborted-unvaccinated and culture-positive, healthy-unvaccinated, and healthy-vaccinated cattle. The results demonstrated excellent agreement and no statistical difference between iELISAs and LPS-, LYS-, OPS-based ERIFA models. However, diagnostic performance of CFT, RBT, and ChF-based ERIFA was less significant than that of LPS-, LYS-, and OPS-based ERIFA models, and iELISAs. The results demonstrated a successful adaptation of the multi-antigenic ERIFA model to anti– B. abortus antibody in bovine sera and suggest that the ERIFA model can be considered as an “individual rapid ELISA” due to its similarity with ELISA, individual applicability, and rapidity in determining reactor animals within 5 minutes. In conclusion, the potential of multi-antigenic applications can make the rapid ERIFA model not only an alternative screening method but also a confirmatory test for bovine brucellosis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Genç
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Özlem Büyüktanir
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Yurdusev
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Samsun, Turkey
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Immune responses and protection against experimental Brucella suis biovar 1 challenge in nonvaccinated or B. abortus strain RB51-vaccinated cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1891-5. [PMID: 20943881 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00326-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty Hereford heifers approximately 9 months of age were vaccinated with saline (control) or 2 × 10(10) CFU of the Brucella abortus strain RB51 (RB51) vaccine. Immunologic responses after inoculation demonstrated significantly greater (P < 0.05) antibody and proliferative responses to RB51 antigens in cattle vaccinated with RB51 than in the controls. Pregnant cattle received a conjunctival challenge at approximately 6 months of gestation with 10(7) CFU of B. suis bv. 1 strains isolated from naturally infected cattle. The fluorescence polarization assay and the buffered acid plate agglutination test had the highest sensitivities in detecting B. suis-infected cattle between 2 and 12 weeks after experimental infection. Serologic responses and lymphocyte proliferative responses to B. suis antigens did not differ between control and RB51 vaccinees after experimental infection. No abortions occurred in cattle in either treatment group after challenge, although there appeared to be an increased incidence of retained placenta after parturition in both the control and the RB51 vaccination treatment groups. Our data suggest that the mammary gland is a preferred site for B. suis localization in cattle. Vaccination with RB51 did not reduce B. suis infection rates in maternal or fetal tissues. In conclusion, although B. suis is unlikely to cause abortions and fetal losses in cattle, our data suggest that RB51 vaccination will not protect cattle against B. suis infection after exposure.
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Godfroid J, Nielsen K, Saegerman C. Diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife. Croat Med J 2010; 51:296-305. [PMID: 20718082 PMCID: PMC2931434 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2010.51.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe and discuss the merits of various direct and indirect methods applied in vitro (mainly on blood or milk) or in vivo (allergic test) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in animals. METHODS The recent literature on brucellosis diagnostic tests was reviewed. These diagnostic tests are applied with different goals, such as national screening, confirmatory diagnosis, certification, and international trade. The validation of such diagnostic tests is still an issue, particularly in wildlife. The choice of the testing strategy depends on the prevailing brucellosis epidemiological situation and the goal of testing. RESULTS Measuring the kinetics of antibody production after Brucella spp. infection is essential for analyzing serological results correctly and may help to predict abortion. Indirect ELISAs help to discriminate 1) between false positive serological reactions and true brucellosis and 2) between vaccination and infection. Biotyping of Brucella spp. provides valuable epidemiological information that allows tracing an infection back to the sources in instances where several biotypes of a given Brucella species are circulating. Polymerase chain reaction and new molecular methods are likely to be used as routine typing and fingerprinting methods in the coming years. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife is complex and serological results need to be carefully analyzed. The B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev. 1 vaccines are the cornerstones of control programs in cattle and small ruminants, respectively. There is no vaccine available for pigs or for wildlife. In the absence of a human brucellosis vaccine, prevention of human brucellosis depends on the control of the disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Godfroid
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 2, 9010 Tromso, Norway.
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Matope G, Bhebhe E, Muma J, Lund A, Skjerve E. Herd-level factors for Brucella seropositivity in cattle reared in smallholder dairy farms of Zimbabwe. Prev Vet Med 2010; 94:213-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and IgG avidity assays using a protein A-peroxidase conjugate for serological distinction between Brucella abortus S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:588-95. [PMID: 20147498 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00444-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the use of protein A-peroxidase (horseradish peroxidase [HRPO]) in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) and IgG avidity assays for serological distinction between Brucella abortus S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. Four groups were analyzed: GI, 41 nonvaccinated seropositive cows; GII, 79 S19-vaccinated heifers analyzed at 3 months postvaccination; GIII, 105 S19-vaccinated cows analyzed after 24 months of age; and GIV, 278 nonvaccinated seronegative cows. IgG levels and avidity to B. abortus smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) were determined using anti-bovine IgG-HRPO or protein A-HRPO conjugates. Similar levels of IgG anti-S-LPS were found with GI using both conjugates. Lower IgG levels were detected with GII, GIII, and GIV using protein A-HRPO. Both conjugates showed high performance in discriminating GI from GIII, with high sensitivity (Se; 97.6%) and specificity (Sp; 97.1%). Protein A-HRPO was better in distinguishing GI from GIV (Se, 97.6%; Sp, 94.6%) and GI from GII (Se, 80.5%; Sp, 94.9%). Protein A-HRPO excluded a higher number of positive samples with GII and GIV. IgG avidity showed that protein A-HRPO, but not anti-IgG-HRPO, was able to distinguish nonvaccinated from vaccinated cattle, showing a higher avidity index (AI) with GI than with GII, with 78% of serum samples in GII showing an AI of <50%. Therefore, the iELISA using B. abortus S-LPS antigen and protein A-HRPO conjugate for preferential detection of the IgG2 subclass was shown to be suitable for serological distinction between S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. Also, antibodies generated after vaccination showed lower avidity, suggesting a role for the IgG2 subclass as an antibody of higher-affinity maturation after infection, constituting an additional tool for differentiating vaccinated from infected cattle.
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Davison NJ, Cranwell MP, Perrett LL, Dawson CE, Deaville R, Stubberfield EJ, Jarvis DS, Jepson PD. Meningoencephalitis associated with Brucella species in a live-stranded striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in south-west England. Vet Rec 2009; 165:86-9. [PMID: 19617615 DOI: 10.1136/vetrec.165.3.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Davison
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Truro, Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall TR4 9AD.
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Time-resolved fluorescent resonance energy transfer assay for simple and rapid detection of anti-Brucella antibodies in ruminant serum samples. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3098-107. [PMID: 19656980 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00919-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a globally significant zoonosis, the control of which is difficult and resource intensive. Serological tests form a vital part of a multifactorial approach to control and are often performed in large numbers. The aim of the present study was to develop a new assay to improve the efficiency, ease, and effectiveness of serological testing. An existing competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was adapted to a completely homogeneous time-resolved fluorescent resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. This was achieved by labeling an anti-Brucella monoclonal antibody with a long-lifetime donor fluorophore and Brucella smooth lipopolysaccharide with a compatible acceptor and optimizing the reading conditions. The assay was performed in a 96-well plate with a single 30-min incubation period and no separation (wash) steps and was concluded by a single plate-reading step. The performance of the assay was evaluated with a panel of serum samples from infected (n = 73) and uninfected (n = 480) sources and compared to the performance of the parent cELISA, an indirect ELISA (iELISA), and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA). The performance of the TR-FRET assay matched the performance of the iELISA, which had 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and surpassed the performance of the cELISA and the FPA. The results also demonstrated that the TR-FRET technique is effective with poor-quality serum samples from the field. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first homogeneous TR-FRET assay to detect antibodies raised against an infectious disease. The technique appears to be sufficiently adaptable to meet the needs of many other similar testing requirements to identify infectious diseases.
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Bronsvoort BMD, Koterwas B, Land F, Handel IG, Tucker J, Morgan KL, Tanya VN, Abdoel TH, Smits HL. Comparison of a flow assay for brucellosis antibodies with the reference cELISA test in West African Bos indicus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5221. [PMID: 19381332 PMCID: PMC2667634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered by the Food and Agricultural Organisation and the World Health Organisation as one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. It is a major veterinary public health challenge as animals are almost exclusively the source of infection for people. It is often undiagnosed in both human patients and the animal sources and it is widely acknowledged that the epidemiology of brucellosis in humans and animals is poorly understood, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. It is therefore important to develop better diagnostic tools in order to improve our understanding of the epidemiology and also for use in the field for disease control and eradication. As with any new diagnostic test, it is essential that it is validated in as many populations as possible in order to characterise its performance and improve the interpretation of its results. This paper describes a comparison between a new lateral flow assasy (LFA) for bovine brucellosis and the widely used cELISA in a no gold standard analysis to estimate test performance in this West African cattle population. A Bayesian formulation of the Hui-Walter latent class model incorporated previous studies' data on sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA. The results indicate that the new LFA is very sensitive (∼87%) and highly specific (∼97%). The analysis also suggests that the current cut-off of the cELSIA may not be optimal for this cattle population but alternative cut-offs did not significantly change the estimates of the LFA. This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of this simple to use test in field based surveillance and control which could be easily adopted for use in developing countries with only basic laboratory facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend M deC Bronsvoort
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
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