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Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Pramasivan S, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Saeung A, Vythilingam I. Blood meal analysis of Anopheles vectors of simian malaria based on laboratory and field studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:354. [PMID: 35013403 PMCID: PMC8748441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood feeding and host-seeking behaviors of a mosquito play an imperative role in determining its vectorial capacity in transmitting pathogens. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding blood feeding behavior of Anopheles species in Malaysia. Collection of resting Anopheles mosquitoes for blood meal analysis poses a great challenge especially for forest dwelling mosquitoes. Therefore, a laboratory-based study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of mosquitoes caught using human landing catch (HLC) for blood meal analysis, and subsequently to document blood feeding behavior of local Anopheles mosquitoes in Peninsular Malaysia. The laboratory-based experiment from this study revealed that mosquitoes caught using HLC had the potential to be used for blood meal analysis. Besides HLC, mosquitoes were also collected using manual aspirator and Mosquito Magnet. Overall, 47.4% of 321 field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to six species were positive for vertebrate host DNA in their blood meal. The most frequent blood meal source was human (45.9%) followed by wild boar (27.4%), dog (15.3%) and monkey (7.5%). Interestingly, only Anopheles cracens and Anopheles introlatus (Leucosphyrus Group) fed on monkey. This study further confirmed that members of the Leucosphyrus Group are the predominant vectors for knowlesi malaria transmission in Peninsular Malaysia mainly due to their simio-anthropophagic feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Insect Vector Study, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Bourke BP, Wilkerson RC, Linton YM. Molecular species delimitation reveals high diversity in the mosquito Anopheles tessellatus Theobald, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) across its range. Acta Trop 2021; 215:105799. [PMID: 33358735 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles tessellatus is a potentially important vector found across South, East and Southeast Asia. While it was formerly considered a formidable vector of human Plasmodium and filarial parasites in the Maldives, and of lesser importance as a vector of human Plasmodium in Sri Lanka and parts of Indonesia, it is currently of little or unknown health importance in many other parts of its range. This study describes the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among An. tessellatus populations in nine Asian countries at the COI gene using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference tree and cluster-based species delimitation approaches. These analyses reveal exceptional levels of genetic diversity in An. tessellatus populations across its known range, and identify up to six putative species in the newly determined Tessellatus Complex. The existence of such cryptic diversity has potentially important consequences for vector management and disease control. Differences in the ecologies and life histories among these species may have considerable impact on vectorial capacity and may go some way towards explaining why An. tessellatus s.l. has such varying degrees of public health importance across its range.
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Nouage L, Elanga-Ndille E, Binyang A, Tchouakui M, Atsatse T, Ndo C, Kekeunou S, Wondji CS. Influence of GST- and P450-based metabolic resistance to pyrethroids on blood feeding in the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230984. [PMID: 32946446 PMCID: PMC7500606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance genes are often associated with pleiotropic effects on various mosquito life-history traits. However, very little information is available on the impact of insecticide resistance on blood feeding process in mosquitoes. Here, using two recently detected DNA-based metabolic markers in the major malaria vector, An. funestus, we investigated how metabolic resistance genes could affect the blood meal intake. After allowing both the field F1 and lab F8 Anopheles funestus strains to feed on the human arm for 30 minutes, we assessed the association between key parameters of blood meal process including, probing time, feeding duration, blood feeding success, blood meal size, and markers of glutathione S-transferase (L119F-GSTe2) and cytochrome P450 (CYP6P9a_R)-mediated metabolic resistance. None of the parameters of blood meal process was associated with L119F-GSTe2 genotypes. By contrast, for CYP6P9a_R, homozygous resistant mosquitoes were significantly more able to blood-feed than homozygous susceptible (OR = 3.3; CI 95%: 1.4-7.7; P = 0.01) mosquitoes. Moreover, the volume of blood meal ingested by CYP6P9a-SS mosquitoes was lower than that of CYP6P9a-RS (P<0.004) and of CYP6P9a-RR (P<0.006). This suggests that CYP6P9a gene is inked with the feeding success and blood meal size of An. funestus. However, no correlation was found in the expression of CYP6P9a and that of genes encoding for salivary proteins involved in blood meal process. This study suggests that P450-based metabolic resistance may influence the blood feeding process of Anopheles funestus mosquito and consequently its ability to transmit malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Nouage
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Achille Binyang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tatiane Atsatse
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Sévilor Kekeunou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Lunde TM, Korecha D, Loha E, Sorteberg A, Lindtjørn B. A dynamic model of some malaria-transmitting anopheline mosquitoes of the Afrotropical region. I. Model description and sensitivity analysis. Malar J 2013; 12:28. [PMID: 23342980 PMCID: PMC3664083 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the current biophysical models designed to address the large-scale distribution of malaria assume that transmission of the disease is independent of the vector involved. Another common assumption in these type of model is that the mortality rate of mosquitoes is constant over their life span and that their dispersion is negligible. Mosquito models are important in the prediction of malaria and hence there is a need for a realistic representation of the vectors involved. RESULTS We construct a biophysical model including two competing species, Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis. Sensitivity analysis highlight the importance of relative humidity and mosquito size, the initial conditions and dispersion, and a rarely used parameter, the probability of finding blood. We also show that the assumption of exponential mortality of adult mosquitoes does not match the observed data, and suggest that an age dimension can overcome this problem. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights some of the assumptions commonly used when constructing mosquito-malaria models and presents a realistic model of An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis and their interaction. This new mosquito model, OMaWa, can improve our understanding of the dynamics of these vectors, which in turn can be used to understand the dynamics of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torleif Markussen Lunde
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen/Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Diriba Korecha
- National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Asgeir Sorteberg
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen/Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Scott TW, Takken W. Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes result in increased risk of pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:114-21. [PMID: 22300806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne disease specialists have traditionally assumed that in each egg-laying cycle mosquitoes take a single bloodmeal that is used for egg development and feed on plant sugars for flight and production of energy reserves. Here we review research showing that for two of the most important vectors of human pathogens (Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti) imbibing multiple bloodmeals during a gonotrophic cycle while foregoing sugar feeding is a common behaviour, not an exception. By feeding preferentially and frequently on human blood these species increase their fitness and exponentially boost the basic reproduction rate of pathogens they transmit. Although the epidemiological outcome is similar, there are important differences in processes underlying frequent human contact by these species that merit more detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Scott
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Gaio ADO, Gusmão DS, Santos AV, Berbert-Molina MA, Pimenta PFP, Lemos FJA. Contribution of midgut bacteria to blood digestion and egg production in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) (L.). Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:105. [PMID: 21672186 PMCID: PMC3125380 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect gut harbors a variety of microorganisms that probably exceed the number of cells in insects themselves. These microorganisms can live and multiply in the insect, contributing to digestion, nutrition, and development of their host.Recent studies have shown that midgut bacteria appear to strengthen the mosquito's immune system and indirectly enhance protection from invading pathogens. Nevertheless, the physiological significance of these bacteria for mosquitoes has not been established to date. In this study, oral administration of antibiotics was employed in order to examine the contribution of gut bacteria to blood digestion and fecundity in Aedes aegypti. RESULTS The antibiotics carbenicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, gentamycin and kanamycin, were individually offered to female mosquitoes. Treatment of female mosquitoes with antibiotics affected the lysis of red blood cells (RBCs), retarded the digestion of blood proteins and reduced egg production. In addition, antibiotics did not affect the survival of mosquitoes. Mosquito fertility was restored in the second gonotrophic cycle after suspension of the antibiotic treatment, showing that the negative effects of antibiotics in blood digestion and egg production in the first gonotrophic cycle were reversible. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of bacteria affected RBC lysis, subsequently retarded protein digestion, deprived mosquito from essential nutrients and, finally, oocyte maturation was affected, resulting in the production of fewer viable eggs. These results indicate that Ae. aegypti and its midgut bacteria work in synergism to digest a blood meal.Our findings open new possibilities to investigate Ae. aegypti-associated bacteria as targets for mosquito control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analiz de O Gaio
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-UENF, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Desiely S Gusmão
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Fluminense-IFF, 28030-130, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adão V Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-UENF, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marília A Berbert-Molina
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-UENF, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo FP Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francisco JA Lemos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense-UENF, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Shiao SH, Hansen IA, Zhu J, Sieglaff DH, Raikhel AS. Juvenile hormone connects larval nutrition with target of rapamycin signaling in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:231-9. [PMID: 17981294 PMCID: PMC2242809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Anautogenous mosquitoes require blood meals to promote egg development. If adequate nutrients are not obtained during larval development, the resulting "small" sized adult mosquitoes require multiple blood meals for egg development; markedly increasing host-vector contacts and the likelihood of disease transmission. Nutrient-sensitive target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling is a key signaling pathway that links elevated hemolymph amino acid levels derived from the blood meal to the expression of yolk protein precursors in the fat body. Here we report that the blood-meal-induced activation of the TOR-signaling pathway and subsequent egg maturation depends on the accumulation of adequate nutritional reserves during larval development. We have established well-nourished, "standard" mosquitoes and malnourished, "small" mosquitoes as models to address this nutrient sensitive pathway. This regulatory mechanism involves juvenile hormone (JH), which acts as a mediator of fat body competence, permitting the response to amino acids derived from the blood meal. We demonstrate that treatment with JH results in recovery of the TOR molecular machinery, Aedes aegypti cationic amino acid transporter 2 (AaiCAT2), TOR, and S6 kinase (S6K), in fat bodies of small mosquitoes, enabling them to complete their first gonotrophic cycle after a single blood meal. These findings establish a direct link between nutrient reserves and the establishment of TOR signaling in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander S. Raikhel
- *Corresponding author Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Watkins Drive, CA 92521; Tel. 951-827-2146, Fax. 951 827-2130; E-mail:
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Biessmann H, Nguyen QK, Le D, Walter MF. Microarray-based survey of a subset of putative olfactory genes in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 14:575-89. [PMID: 16313558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes respond to odours emitted from humans in order to find a blood meal, while males are nectar feeders. This complex behaviour is controlled at several levels, but is probably initiated by the interaction of various molecules in the antennal sensilla. Important molecules in the early odour recognition events include odourant binding proteins (OBPs), which may be involved in odour molecule transport, odourant receptors (ORs) that are expressed in the chemosensory neurones and odour degrading enzymes (ODEs). To obtain a better understanding of the expression patterns of genes that may be involved in host odour reception in females, we generated a custom microarray to study their steady state mRNA levels in chemosensory tissues, antennae and palps. These results were supported by quantitative RT PCR. Our study detected several OBPs that are expressed at significantly higher levels in antennae and palps of females vs. males, while others showed the opposite expression pattern. Most OBPs are slightly down-regulated 24 h after blood feeding, but some, especially those with higher expression levels in males, are up-regulated in blood-fed females, suggesting a shift in blood-fed females from human host seeking to nectar feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Biessmann
- Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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