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Liu Z, Xu Y. Polyparameter Linear Free Energy Relationships for Partitioning of Neutral Organic Compounds to Storage Lipids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10786-10795. [PMID: 38838217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Storage lipids are an important compartment in the bioaccumulation of neutral organic compounds. Reliable models for predicting storage lipid-water and storage lipid-air partition coefficients (Kislip/w and Kislip/a), as well as their temperature dependence, are considered useful. Polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) are accurate, general, and mechanistically clear models for predicting partitioning-related physicochemical quantities. About a decade ago, PP-LFERs were calibrated for Kislip/w at the physiological temperature of 37 °C. However, to date, a comprehensive collection and sufficiently reliable PP-LFERs for Kislip/w and Kislip/a at the most common standard temperature of 25 °C are still lacking. In this study, experimentally based Kislip/w and/or Kislip/a values at 25 °C for 278 compounds were extensively collected or converted from the literature. Subsequently, PP-LFERs were calibrated for Kislip/w and Kislip/a at 25 °C, performing well over 10 orders of magnitude with root-mean-square errors of 0.17-0.21 log units for compounds with reliable descriptors. Furthermore, standard internal energy changes of transfer from water or air to storage lipids for 158 compounds were derived and used to calibrate PP-LFERs for estimating the temperature dependence of Kislip/w or Kislip/a. Additionally, using PP-LFERs, low-density polyethylene was confirmed to be a better storage lipid analogue than silicone and polyoxymethylene in the equilibrium passive sampling of nonpolar and H-bond acceptor polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Liu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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2
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Wurl A, M. Ferreira T. Atomistic MD Simulations of
n
‐Alkanes in a Phospholipid Bilayer: CHARMM36 versus Slipids. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Wurl
- NMR group ‐ Institute for Physics Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Tiago M. Ferreira
- NMR group ‐ Institute for Physics Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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Zhang T, Peruch F, Weber A, Bathany K, Fauquignon M, Mutschler A, Schatz C, Garbay B. Solution behavior and encapsulation properties of fatty acid-elastin-like polypeptide conjugates. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2190-2201. [PMID: 36712617 PMCID: PMC9835928 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing new biomaterials is an active research area owing to their applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and drug delivery. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are good candidates for these applications because they are biosourced, biocompatible and biodegradable. With the aim of developing ELP-based micelles for drug delivery applications we have synthesized 15 acyl-ELP compounds by conjugating myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic or linoleic acid to the N-terminus of three ELPs differing in molar mass. The ELP-fatty acid conjugates have interesting solution behavior. They form micelles at low temperatures and aggregate above the cloud point temperature (Tcp). The critical micelle concentration depends on the fatty acid nature while the micelle size is mainly determined by the ELP block length. We were able to show that ELPs were better hydrated in the micelles than in their individual state in solution. The micelles are stable in phosphate-buffered saline at temperatures below the Tcp, which can vary between 20 °C and 38 °C depending on the length or hydrophilicity of the ELP. Acyl-ELP micelles were loaded with the small hydrophobic molecule Nile red. The encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics showed that the best loading conditions were achieved with the largest ELP conjugated to stearic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629F-33600 PessacFrance
| | - Frédéric Peruch
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629F-33600 PessacFrance
| | - Amélie Weber
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629F-33600 PessacFrance
| | - Katell Bathany
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR 5248F-33600 PessacFrance
| | - Martin Fauquignon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629F-33600 PessacFrance
| | - Angela Mutschler
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629F-33600 PessacFrance
| | - Christophe Schatz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629F-33600 PessacFrance
| | - Bertrand Garbay
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629F-33600 PessacFrance
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4
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Maw PD, Jansook P. Cyclodextrin-based Pickering nanoemulsions containing amphotericin B: Part I. evaluation of oil/cyclodextrin and amphotericin B/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Chen Y, Hui SP, Miura Y, Kato S, Sakurai T, Chen Z, Okada E, Ukawa S, Nakagawa T, Nakamura K, Tamakoshi A, Chiba H, Minami H, Mizuta M. Multivariate Analysis for Molecular Species of Cholesteryl Ester in the Human Serum. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:373-378. [PMID: 31735761 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester (CE) is an ester of cholesterol and fatty acid (FA). Plasma CE reflects complicated metabolisms of cholesterol, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and dietary FAs. An informatics approach could be useful for analysis of the CE species. In this study, two basic dimension reduction methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis, were applied to serum CE species determined by LC-MS/MS in a Japanese population (n = 545). PCA and factor analysis both reflected the size (concentration), food source, fat solubility, and biological aspect of the CE species. In a comparison between PCA (PC4) and factor analysis (factor 4), the latter was found to be more suggestive from a biological aspect of n-6 FAs. Cholesteryl docosahexaenoate (DHA) was found to be unique by a factor analysis, possibly relevant to the unique accumulation of DHA in the brain. An informatics approach, especially factor analysis, might be useful for the analysis of complicated metabolism of CE species in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University
| | | | | | - Sota Kato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Emiko Okada
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Shigekazu Ukawa
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
| | | | - Koshi Nakamura
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences
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Arriaga LR, Huang Y, Kim SH, Aragones JL, Ziblat R, Koehler SA, Weitz DA. Single-step assembly of asymmetric vesicles. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:749-756. [PMID: 30672918 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00882e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric vesicles are membranes in which amphiphiles are asymmetrically distributed between each membrane leaflet. This asymmetry dictates chemical and physical properties of these vesicles, enabling their use as more realistic models of biological cell membranes, which also are asymmetric, and improves their potential for drug delivery and cosmetic applications. However, their fabrication is difficult as the self-assembly of amphiphiles always leads to symmetric vesicles. Here, we report the use of water-in-oil-in-oil-in-water triple emulsion drops to direct the assembly of the two leaflets to form asymmetric vesicles. Different compositions of amphiphiles are dissolved in each of the two oil shells of the triple emulsion; the amphiphiles diffuse to the interfaces and adsorb differentially at each of the two oil/water interfaces of the triple emulsion. These middle oil phases dewet from the innermost water cores of the triple emulsion drops, leading to the formation of membranes with degrees of asymmetry up to 70%. The triple emulsion drops are fabricated using capillary microfluidics, enabling production of highly monodisperse drops at rates as high as 300 Hz. Vesicles produced by this method can very efficiently encapsulate many different ingredients; this further enhances the utility of asymmetric vesicles as artificial cells, bioreactors and delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Arriaga
- School of Engineering and Applied Science and Department of Physics, Harvard University, 02138 Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Brandsch R. Probabilistic migration modelling focused on functional barrier efficiency and low migration concepts in support of risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1743-1766. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1339235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Garrett PR, Ran L. The effect of calcium on the foam behaviour of aqueous sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate solutions. 2. In the Presence of triglyceride-based antifoam mixtures. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Garrett PR, Ran L. The effect of calcium on the foam behaviour of aqueous sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate solutions. 3. The role of the oil in triglyceride-based antifoams. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Abraham MH, Acree WE. Equations for water-triolein partition coefficients for neutral species; comparison with other water-solvent partitions, and environmental and toxicological processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:48-54. [PMID: 27038899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Linear free energy relationships, LFERs, have been constructed for water-triolein partition coefficients for neutral species. It is shown that separate equations are required for wet and dry triolein. From a comparison of the equation coefficients for water-wet triolein with those for 52 other water-solvent systems it is shown that there is little correspondence between triolein and any of the 52 other solvents - only the water-isopropyl myristate system is close to the water-wet triolen system. A comparison of equation coefficients for the water-wet triolein system with LFER coefficients of 16 environmentally important processes shows that wet triolein is not a suitable model for any of the processes, although a number of other water-solvent systems are possible models for some of the environmental processes. A comparison of LFER coefficients with those of 17 aqueous toxicological processes reveals that most of the water-solvent systems, including water-wet triolein, will be poor models for any of the toxicological systems, but the water-lower alcohol systems show promise as models for a number of the toxicological systems. Our method of comparison of coefficients for LFERs that have exactly the same independent variables can be extended to various other types of system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - William E Acree
- Department of Chemistry, 1155 Union Circle Drive #305070, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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Lawless E, Griffin BT, O’Mahony A, O’Driscoll CM. Exploring the Impact of Drug Properties on the Extent of Intestinal Lymphatic Transport - In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1817-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Sanrame CN, Remenar JF, Blumberg LC, Waters J, Dean RL, Dong N, Kriksciukaite K, Cao P, Almarsson O. Prodrugs of pioglitazone for extended-release (XR) injectable formulations. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3617-23. [PMID: 25157965 DOI: 10.1021/mp500359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-Acyloxymethyl derivatives of pioglitazone (PIO) have been prepared and characterized as model candidates for extended-release injectable formulations. All PIO derivatives prepared are crystalline solids as determined by powder X-ray diffraction, and the solubility in aqueous media is below 1 μM at 37 °C. The melting points steadily increase from 55 °C, for the hexanoyloxymethyl derivative, to 85 °C, for the palmitoyloxymethyl derivative; inversely, the solubilities in ethyl oleate decrease as a function of increasing acyl chain length. The butyroyloxymethyl ester has a higher melting point and a lower solubility in ethyl oleate than expected from the trend. The (13)C solid-state NMR spectra of the PIO homologues between the hexanoyloxymethyl derivative and stearoyloxymethyl derivative suggest a common structural motif with the acyl chains exchanging between two distinct conformations, and the rate of exchange is slower for longer chain derivatives. The butyroyloxymethyl derivative is efficiently converted to PIO in in vitro rat plasma with a half-life of <2 min at 37 (o) C, while the rate of enzymatic cleavage in rat plasma decreases as the ester chain length increases for the longer acyloxymethyl derivatives. The concentration of PIO in plasma increases rapidly, or "spikes," in the hours following intramuscular (IM) injection of either the HCl salt or the butyroyloxymethyl derivative. In contrast, the more lipophilic palmitoyloxymethyl derivative provides slow growth in the PIO concentration over the first day to reach levels that remain steady for 2 weeks. On the basis of its in vivo pharmacokinetic profile, as well as material and solubility properties, the PIO palmitoyloxymethyl derivative has potential as a once-monthly injectable medication to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos N Sanrame
- Alkermes plc , 852 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States
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13
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Gerl MJ, Sachsenheimer T, Grzybek M, Coskun U, Wieland FT, Brügger B. Analysis of transmembrane domains and lipid modified peptides with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3722-6. [PMID: 24628620 DOI: 10.1021/ac500446z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein-lipid interactions within the membrane are difficult to detect with mass spectrometry because of the hydrophobicity of tryptic cleavage peptides on the one hand and the noncovalent nature of the protein-lipid interaction on the other hand. Here we describe a proof-of-principle method capable of resolving hydrophobic and acylated (e.g., myristoylated) peptides by optimizing the steps in a mass spectrometric workflow. We then use this optimized workflow to detect a protein-lipid interaction in vitro within the hydrophobic phase of the membrane that is preserved via a covalent cross-link using a photoactivatable lipid. This approach can also be used to map the site of a protein-lipid interaction as we identify the peptide in contact with the fatty acid part of ceramide in the START domain of the CERT protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias J Gerl
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center , Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kuo DTF, Di Toro DM. Biotransformation model of neutral and weakly polar organic compounds in fish incorporating internal partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1873-1881. [PMID: 23625748 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A model for whole-body in vivo biotransformation of neutral and weakly polar organic chemicals in fish is presented. It considers internal chemical partitioning and uses Abraham solvation parameters as reactivity descriptors. It assumes that only chemicals freely dissolved in the body fluid may bind with enzymes and subsequently undergo biotransformation reactions. Consequently, the whole-body biotransformation rate of a chemical is retarded by the extent of its distribution in different biological compartments. Using a randomly generated training set (n = 64), the biotransformation model is found to be: log (HLφfish ) = 2.2 (±0.3)B - 2.1 (±0.2)V - 0.6 (±0.3) (root mean square error of prediction [RMSE] = 0.71), where HL is the whole-body biotransformation half-life in days, φfish is the freely dissolved fraction in body fluid, and B and V are the chemical's H-bond acceptance capacity and molecular volume. Abraham-type linear free energy equations were also developed for lipid-water (Klipidw ) and protein-water (Kprotw ) partition coefficients needed for the computation of φfish from independent determinations. These were found to be 1) log Klipidw = 0.77E - 1.10S - 0.47A - 3.52B + 3.37V + 0.84 (in Lwat /kglipid ; n = 248, RMSE = 0.57) and 2) log Kprotw = 0.74E - 0.37S - 0.13A - 1.37B + 1.06V - 0.88 (in Lwat /kgprot ; n = 69, RMSE = 0.38), where E, S, and A quantify dispersive/polarization, dipolar, and H-bond-donating interactions, respectively. The biotransformation model performs well in the validation of HL (n = 424, RMSE = 0.71). The predicted rate constants do not exceed the transport limit due to circulatory flow. Furthermore, the model adequately captures variation in biotransformation rate between chemicals with varying log octanol-water partitioning coefficient, B, and V and exhibits high degree of independence from the choice of training chemicals. The present study suggests a new framework for modeling chemical reactivity in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave T F Kuo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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The EmhABC efflux pump in Pseudomonas fluorescens LP6a is involved in naphthalene tolerance but not efflux. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2587-96. [PMID: 22940805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The EmhABC efflux pump in Pseudomonas fluorescens LP6a effluxes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as phenanthrene and anthracene but not naphthalene. We previously showed that the presence of EmhABC decreased the efficiency of phenanthrene biodegradation. In this study, we determined whether P. fluorescens LP6a tolerance to naphthalene is a function of the EmhABC efflux pump and how its presence affects the efficiency of naphthalene biodegradation. Growth, membrane fatty acid (FA) composition, and cell morphology showed that 5-mmol L(-1) naphthalene is inhibitory to P. fluorescens LP6a strains. The deleterious effect of naphthalene is suppressed in the presence of EmhABC, which suggests that, although naphthalene is not effluxed by EmhABC, this efflux pump is involved in tolerance of naphthalene toxicity. LP6a mutants lacking the EmhB efflux pump were unable to convert cis-unsaturated FAs to cyclopropane FAs, indicating that naphthalene interferes with the formation of cyclopropane FAs and supporting the proposal that EmhABC is involved in FA turnover in P. fluorescens LP6a strains. The EmhABC efflux pump increases the efficiency of naphthalene metabolism in strain LP6a, which may make naphthalene efflux unnecessary. Thus, the activity of hydrocarbon efflux pumps may be an important factor to consider when selecting bacterial strains for bioremediation or biocatalysis of PAHs.
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17
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Karakutuk I, Okay O. Macroporous rubber gels as reusable sorbents for the removal of oil from surface waters. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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Rane SS, Anderson BD. What determines drug solubility in lipid vehicles: is it predictable? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:638-56. [PMID: 18089295 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based drug delivery systems are of increasing interest to the pharmaceutical scientist because of their potential to solubilize drug molecules that may be otherwise difficult to develop. The ability to predict lipid solubility is an important step in being able to identify the right excipients to solubilize and formulate drugs in lipid formulations. However, predicting lipid solubility is complicated by the fact that interfacial effects may play a dominant role in these mixtures and the solubility may be affected by the microstructure (microemulsions, emulsions, oily solutions, etc.), as well as by the physicochemical properties of the oil, surfactant, co-solvent, and the drug. This review illustrates the fundamental factors that govern solubility in lipid mixtures and discusses models built at varying levels of sophistication to estimate the solubility. Examples from the literature are presented that demonstrate the application of these models, how their choice is related to the drug/lipid employed, and the challenges involved in solubility prediction. New data on the role water plays in altering lipid solubility, not only through its interaction with the solute, but also by changing the structure of lipids by promoting lipid organization are highlighted. The available data demonstrate that a rational understanding of solubilization in lipids is a worthwhile pursuit and models to predict at least the relative solubility from chemical structure have potential. Prediction of absolute solubility is more difficult as it requires knowledge of the drug's escaping tendency from the crystalline state. In recent years, it has become amply clear that for polar solutes, specific interactions are a critical factor governing solubility. Methods that can better take into account the specific as well as non-specific interactions between the solute and solvent, and the lipid microstructure, hold considerable promise for the future.
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21
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Vasiluk L, Pinto LJ, Tsang WS, Gobas FAPC, Eickhoff C, Moore MM. The uptake and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene from a sample food substrate in an in vitro model of digestion. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:610-8. [PMID: 17959292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food ingestion is the major route of exposure to many hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). It has been proposed that food-bound HOCs may become bioavailable after their mobilization by gastrointestinal fluids. The purpose of this research was to measure the uptake efficiency of [(14)C]-BaP bound to skim milk powder using an in vitro model of gastrointestinal digestion followed by sorption to human enterocytes (Caco-2 cells). Neutralization of intestinal fluids released [(14)C]-BaP into the soluble fraction. Ageing of benzo[a]pyrene onto skim milk for 6 months significantly decreased the mobilized fraction but did not affect the amount of benzo[a]pyrene taken up into Caco-2 cells. Hence, significant differences in aqueous phase concentrations may not always be reflected in significant differences in uptake. We obtained evidence that the digestion/uptake of skim milk lipids is accompanied by the diffusive uptake of BaP (the fat flush hypothesis) as trans-cellular transfer of BaP was favoured in the apical to basolateral direction. These data support the theory that non-polar substances including HOCs are preferentially transferred from the lumen into the bloodstream and provide indirect evidence that the uptake is related to the fugacity gradient created by the unidirectional uptake of dietary lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Vasiluk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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Colombo JC, Cappelletti N, Migoya MC, Speranza E. Bioaccumulation of anthropogenic contaminants by detritivorous fish in the Río de la Plata estuary: 1-aliphatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:2128-35. [PMID: 17363033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The temporal variability and bioaccumulation dynamics of C(12-25)n-alkanes, isoprenoids and unresolved aliphatic hydrocarbons (UCM) were studied in a detritivorous fish (Sábalo: Prochilodus lineatus) collected from 1999 to 2005 in the sewage impacted Buenos Aires coastal area. Fish muscles contain huge amounts of n-C(12-25) (165+/-93, 70+/-48 or 280+/-134 microg g(-1), dry, fresh and lipid weight, respectively) and UCM (931+/-560, 399+/-288 and 1,567+/-802 microg g(-1)) reflecting the chronic bioaccumulation of fossil fuels from sewage particulates. On a temporal basis, lipid normalized aliphatic concentrations peaked by the end of 2001-2002 during the rainiest period over the last four decades (1,750 vs. 1,083+/-4.6mm in 1999, 2004 and 2005), reflecting an enhanced exposition due to massive anthropogenic fluxes from Metropolitan Buenos Aires in wet years. The hydrocarbon composition in fish muscles is enriched in n-C(15-17) and isoprenoids relative to a fresh crude oil and settling particulates, with fresher signatures during the 2001-2002 maxima. Fish/settling material bioaccumulation factors (BAFs: 0.4-6.4 dry weight or 0.07-0.94 lipid-organic carbon) plotted against K(ow) showed a parabolic pattern maximizing at n-C(14-18) and isoprenoids. The optimal bioaccumulation window corresponds to highly hydrophobic (log K(ow): 7.2-9.9), intermediate-size C(14-18)n-alkanes and C(15-20) isoprenoids (MW: 198-282; length: 17.9 to 25.4A) with melting points ranging from -19.8 to 28 degrees C. The uptake efficiency is inversely correlated to melting points and increased from 75% for n-C(25) to above 90% for n-C(14-15) and isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Colombo
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Av. Calchaqui km 23500 (1888) Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Rossi M, Dimida A, Dell'anno MT, Trincavelli ML, Agretti P, Giorgi F, Corsini GU, Pinchera A, Vitti P, Tonacchera M, Maggio R. The thyroid disruptor 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane appears to be an uncompetitive inverse agonist for the thyrotropin receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:465-74. [PMID: 17062616 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed at establishing whether two previously identified thyroid disruptors, the insecticide 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and Aroclor 1254 (a complex mixture of polychlorinated water), may inhibit thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHr) activity. DDT and Aroclor 1254 were shown to inhibit both the basal and bovine TSH (bTSH)-stimulated accumulation of cAMP in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells stably transfected with the TSHr. Furthermore, both DDT and Aroclor 1254 did indeed prevent cAMP accumulation, as induced by the constitutive activity of a point mutant TSHr(I486M) transiently transfected in African green monkey kidney fibroblast (COS)-7 cells. Neither trypsin digestion of the extracellular domain (ECD) nor deletion of the ECD in a mutant TSHr trunk transiently transfected in COS-7 cells counteracted the inhibitory activity of DDT and Aroclor 1254. DDT exerted a weak inhibitory activity against forskolin in both CHO-K1 and COS-7 cells, whereas it was nil against the agonists dopamine and 5'-(N-ethyl-carboxamido)-adenosine (NECA) in CHO cells stably transfected with the dopamine D1 receptor and in COS-7 cells transiently transfected with the adenosine type 2a receptor (A2a) receptor. Furthermore, DDT was inactive against the stimulation by isoproterenol of the endogenously expressed beta2 adrenergic receptor in COS-7 cells. Conversely, Aroclor 1254 inhibited completely forskolin activity in CHO-K1 cells but not in COS-7 cells. Furthermore, it did not prevent accumulation of cAMP as induced by NECA in A2a transfected cells. The analog of DDT, diphenylethylene, was inactive against bTSH-induced increase in cAMP in CHO-K1 cells stably transfected with the TSHr. We interpreted these results as indicating that DDT and possibly Aroclor 1254 may have an uncompetitive inverse agonist activity for the TSHr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rossi
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre of Excellence for the Study of Damage to the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Produced by Environmental, Alimentary, and Pharmacological Agents, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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24
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Ewing P, Blomgren B, Ryrfeldt A, Gerde P. Increasing Exposure Levels Cause an Abrupt Change in the Absorption and Metabolism of Acutely Inhaled Benzo(a)pyrene in the Isolated, Ventilated, and Perfused Lung of the Rat. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:332-40. [PMID: 16415328 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are active primarily at the site of entry to the body. Lung cancer following inhalation of PAH-containing aerosols such as tobacco smoke is one likely example. A suggested mechanism for this site preference is a slow passage of the highly lipophilic PAHs through the thicker epithelia of the conducting airways, accompanied by substantial local metabolism in airway epithelium. However, it is likely that the airway epithelium will become saturated with PAHs at surprisingly low exposure levels. The purpose of this research was to quantify the level of saturation for inhaled benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the isolated, perfused lung (IPL) of the rat. BaP was coated onto carrier particles of silica 3.5 microm diameter at three different levels. The DustGun aerosol generator was then used to deliver respectively 2.2, 36, and 8400 ng of BaP to the IPL with the carrier particles in less than 1 min. For 77 min after the exposure, single-pass perfusate was collected from the lungs. Lungs were then removed and, with the perfusate, analyzed for BaP and metabolites. Results show that the absorption and metabolism of inhaled BaP in the lungs was highly dose dependent. At low exposure levels absorption of BaP in the mucosa was proportional to the concentration in the air/blood barrier and proceeded with substantial local metabolism. At higher exposure levels the capacity of the epithelium to dissolve and metabolize BaP became saturated, and the absorption rate remained constant until crystalline BaP had dissolved, and the process proceeded with much smaller fractions of BaP metabolites produced in the mucosa. This phenomenon may explain the well-known difficulties of inducing lung cancer in laboratory animals with inhalants containing carcinogenic PAHs, where similar lifespan exposures are used as humans may experience but with much higher dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ewing
- National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Larsen DB, Parshad H, Fredholt K, Larsen C. Characteristics of drug substances in oily solutions. Drug release rate, partitioning and solubility. Int J Pharm 2002; 232:107-17. [PMID: 11790494 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro rate of drug release from oil solutions was investigated in a rotating dialysis cell. A log linear correlation was established between the rate constant (k(obs)) for attainment of equilibrium and apparent partition coefficient (P(app)) between oil vehicle and release media using various weak acids and bases and non-electrolytes. Collander like linear free energy relationships were observed allowing various oil-aqueous buffer partition coefficients to be calculated from known octanol-aqueous buffer partition coefficients. Solubility of the various drug substances in oil vehicles were investigated. A linear correlation was observed between log molar solubility and melting point of the solutes. Release profiles obtained for release of two local anaesthetics dissolved in the same oil vehicle exhibited an unexpected behavior involving an initial delayed release of the most lipophilic local anaesthetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorrit Bjerg Larsen
- Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Carotenoids in biological emulsions: solubility, surface-to-core distribution, and release from lipid droplets. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
The solubility of the lipophilic carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene and aflatoxin B1 in water increases linearly and substantially with the concentration of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin present. Results of a kinetic study of naphthalene, a model for more potent carcinogens, indicate that the increase in the dissolution rate and in the transport through the aqueous phase into a nonpolar phase is on the same order of magnitude as the increase in solubility. Consequently, hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, when used in pharmaceutical formulations, has the potential to increase the absorption of carcinogens which enter the gastrointestinal tract either as food components or from air pollution through saliva. Only the above mechanism's simple proportionality needs be considered for estimating the increases in carcinogen absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract and in the colon. In the presence of bile, however, additional factors are involved and the proportionality does not apply. Bile micelles, which themselves are effective solubilizers of lipophilic carcinogens, were disrupted by hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin because of the formation of complexes with bile salts. Thus, in the presence of bile, two systems for delivery of carcinogens may coexist: that of cotransport with lipids and that of delivery through solubilization by hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horský
- National Institutes of Health, NIA/GRC, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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28
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Borel P, Armand M, Pasquier B, Senft M, Dutot G, Melin C, Lafont H, Lairon D. Digestion and absorption of tube-feeding emulsions with different droplet sizes and compositions in the rat. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994; 18:534-43. [PMID: 7602730 DOI: 10.1177/0148607194018006534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Assimilation of lipid nutrients depends on the efficiency of emulsified fat hydrolysis by digestive lipases. As shown in vitro, the activity of preduodenal and pancreatic lipases is governed by the physicochemical properties of emulsions. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate in the rat how emulsions are digested and assimilated depending on their droplet size or solute composition. Fasted rats were intragastrically tube fed emulsions with different median droplet sizes (0.6 microns, fine; 22 microns, coarse) or solute composition (0.8 microns, complex fine) containing 14C-triolein and 3H-cholesterol. Two and 5 hours after feeding, fat-droplet size was measured in gastric and duodenal contents, and lipids were radioactively quantified in different compartments. In the stomach, the droplet size of the fine emulsions significantly increased to values (13 microns to 24 microns) comparable with those of the coarse emulsion (35 microns to 36 microns). In the duodenum, the droplet sizes of the three emulsions were in the range of 14 microns to 33 microns. After 2 hours, gastric triglyceride hydrolysis was significantly higher with the fine than with the coarse emulsion and was lower with the complex fine emulsion. Gastric emptying of fat was significantly different, with the following decreasing order: coarse, fine, and complex fine emulsion. In the small intestine, the fine and coarse emulsions were processed comparably, whereas the assimilation of the fine complex emulsion was significantly delayed. Calculations indicate that ingested fatty acids were distributed in the peripheral tissues at different rates with the same decreasing order. The fate of a lipophilic nutrient, cholesterol, was also markedly altered by the type of emulsion. These data support the concept that tube-fed emulsions with different droplet sizes and solute composition are digested differently and thus are metabolized differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Borel
- Unité 130-INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Marseille, France
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29
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Factors affecting the lymphatic transport of penclomedine (NSC-338720), a lipophilic cytotoxic drug: Comparison to DDT and hexachlorobenzene. Int J Pharm 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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31
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Barrowman JA, Rahman A, Lindstrom MB, Borgstrom B. Intestinal absorption and metabolism of hydrocarbons. Prog Lipid Res 1989; 28:189-203. [PMID: 2694176 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(89)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Barrowman
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, Canada
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32
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Gerde P, Scholander P. Adsorption of benzo(a)pyrene on to asbestos and manmade mineral fibres in an aqueous solution and in a biological model solution. BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1988; 45:682-688. [PMID: 3196662 PMCID: PMC1009677 DOI: 10.1136/oem.45.10.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on to three types of asbestos (chrysotile antophyllite, and amosite) and three types of manmade mineral fibres (MMMF) (rock wool, slag wool, and glass wool) in a physiological water solution was studied. Adsorption was determined from the decrease in the liquid concentration of BaP on the addition of the solid material. Results show that all the fibres weakly adsorb BaP, approximately within the same order of magnitude. The combined adsorption of BaP and phosphatidylcholine (PC) on to chrysotile and amosite asbestos and on to rock wool in aqueous solution was also studied. PC, one of the major constituents in lung surfactant, forms a separate lipid phase in water consisting of micellar liposomes or lipid bilayers. A decrease in the liquid concentration of PC was found when any of the three materials was added, indicating adsorption of the lipid phase on to the fibres. A coincident decrease in the liquid concentration of BaP was also found indicating that BaP is readily solubilised in PC and will accompany the adsorption of this compound on to the fibres. Owing to the high lipid aqueous partition coefficient of BaP, it is concluded that the direct adsorption of BaP on to the fibres will be negligible when PC is present in the system even at low concentrations. Phospholipid adsorption by the fibres and not their direct adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons should therefore be the crucial parameter for this indirect interaction between fibres and aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gerde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Wang YJ, Sheu JY, Wang FF, Shaw JF. Lipase-catalyzed oil hydrolysis in the absence of added emulsifier. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 31:628-33. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260310618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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35
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Charman W, Stella V. Estimating the maximal potential for intestinal lymphatic transport of lipophilic drug molecules. Int J Pharm 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(86)90027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Charman W, Stella V. Effects of lipid class and lipid vehicle volume on the intestinal lymphatic transport of DDT. Int J Pharm 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(86)90050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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38
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Vetter RD, Carey MC, Patton JS. Coassimilation of dietary fat and benzo(a)pyrene in the small intestine: an absorption model using the killifish. J Lipid Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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39
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Similar bioavailability and lymphatic transport of benzo(a)pyrene when administered to rats in different amounts of dietary fat. J Lipid Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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