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Zhang B, Jiang X, Yu Y, Cui Y, Wang W, Luo H, Stergiadis S, Wang B. Rumen microbiome-driven insight into bile acid metabolism and host metabolic regulation. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae098. [PMID: 38836500 PMCID: PMC11193847 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Gut microbes play a crucial role in transforming primary bile acids (BAs) into secondary forms, which influence systemic metabolic processes. The rumen, a distinctive and critical microbial habitat in ruminants, boasts a diverse array of microbial species with multifaceted metabolic capabilities. There remains a gap in our understanding of BA metabolism within this ecosystem. Herein, through the analysis of 9371 metagenome-assembled genomes and 329 cultured organisms from the rumen, we identified two enzymes integral to BA metabolism: 3-dehydro-bile acid delta4,6-reductase (baiN) and the bile acid:Na + symporter family (BASS). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were employed by introducing exogenous BAs. We revealed a transformation of BAs in rumen and found an enzyme cluster, including L-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. This cluster, distinct from the previously known BA-inducible operon responsible for 7α-dehydroxylation, suggests a previously unrecognized pathway potentially converting primary BAs into secondary BAs. Moreover, our in vivo experiments indicated that microbial BA administration in the rumen can modulate amino acid and lipid metabolism, with systemic impacts underscored by core secondary BAs and their metabolites. Our study provides insights into the rumen microbiome's role in BA metabolism, revealing a complex microbial pathway for BA biotransformation and its subsequent effect on host metabolic pathways, including those for glucose, amino acids, and lipids. This research not only advances our understanding of microbial BA metabolism but also underscores its wider implications for metabolic regulation, offering opportunities for improving animal and potentially human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhe Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EU, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Testa A, Dall'Angelo S, Mingarelli M, Augello A, Schweiger L, Welch A, Elmore CS, Sharma P, Zanda M. Design, synthesis, in vitro characterization and preliminary imaging studies on fluorinated bile acid derivatives as PET tracers to study hepatic transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:963-976. [PMID: 28011201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of identifying a fluorinated bile acid derivative that could be used as [18F]-labeled Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer for imaging the in vivo functioning of liver transporter proteins, and particularly of OATP1B1, three fluorinated bile acid triazole derivatives of cholic, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid (CATD, DCATD and LCATD 4a-c, respectively) were synthesized and labeled with tritium. In vitro transport properties were studied with cell-based assays to identify the best substrate for OATP1B1. In addition, the lead compound, LCATD (4c), was tested as a substrate of other liver uptake transporters OATP1B3, NTCP and efflux transporter BSEP to evaluate its specificity of liver transport. The results suggest that 4c is a good substrate of OATP1B1 and NTCP, whereas it is a poor substrate of OATP1B3. The efflux transporter BSEP also appears to be involved in the excretion of 4c from hepatocytes. The automated radiosynthesis of [18F]-4c was accomplished in a multi-GBq scale and a pilot imaging experiment in a wild type rat was performed after i.v. administration to assess the biodistribution and clearance of the tracer. PET imaging revealed that radioactivity was primarily located in the liver (tmax=75s) and cleared exclusively through the bile, thus allowing to image the hepatobiliary excretion of bile acids in the animal model. These findings suggest that [18F]-LCATD 4c is a promising PET probe for the evaluation of hepatic transporters OATP1B1, NTCP and BSEP activity with potential for studying drug-drug interactions and drug-induced toxicity involving these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Testa
- University of Aberdeen, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and John Mallard Scottish P.E.T. Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- University of Aberdeen, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and John Mallard Scottish P.E.T. Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Marco Mingarelli
- University of Aberdeen, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and John Mallard Scottish P.E.T. Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andrea Augello
- University of Aberdeen, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and John Mallard Scottish P.E.T. Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lutz Schweiger
- University of Aberdeen, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and John Mallard Scottish P.E.T. Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andy Welch
- University of Aberdeen, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and John Mallard Scottish P.E.T. Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Isotope Chemistry, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Safety and ADME Modeling, DSM, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK.
| | - Matteo Zanda
- University of Aberdeen, Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics and John Mallard Scottish P.E.T. Centre, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; C.N.R. - I.C.R.M., via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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Kakiyama G, Tamegai H, Iida T, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Goto T, Mano N, Goto J, Holz P, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF. Isolation and chemical synthesis of a major, novel biliary bile acid in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus): 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2682-92. [PMID: 17785716 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700340-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major bile acids present in the gallbladder bile of the common Australian wombat (Vombatus ursinus) were isolated by preparative HPLC and identified by NMR as the taurine N-acylamidates of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid (3alpha,15alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid). Taurine-conjugated CDCA constituted 78% of biliary bile acids, and (taurine-conjugated) 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid constituted 11%. Proof of structure of the latter compound was obtained by its synthesis from CDCA via a Delta14 intermediate. The synthesis of its C-15 epimer, 15beta-hydroxylithocholic acid (3alpha,15beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid), is also reported. The taurine conjugate of 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid was synthesized and shown to have chromatographic and spectroscopic properties identical to those of the compound isolated from bile. It is likely that 15alpha-hydroxylithocholic acid is synthesized in the wombat hepatocyte by 15alpha-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid that was formed by bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylation of CDCA in the distal intestine. Thus, the wombat appears to use 15alpha-hydroxylation as a novel detoxification mechanism for lithocholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Dionne S, Tuchweber B, Plaa GL, Yousef IM. Phase I and phase II metabolism of lithocholic acid in hepatic acinar zone 3 necrosis. Evaluation in rats by combined radiochromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:1187-97. [PMID: 7945413 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, lithocholic acid (LCA) metabolism was assessed by radiochromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and its relationship to cholestasis was investigated. In addition, the role of the perivenous zone in LCA-induced cholestasis and LCA biotransformation was examined by using bromobenzene (BZ), a chemical that causes selective necrosis of hepatocytes in this zone. LCA injection induced cholestasis of comparable amplitude in both control and BZ-treated rats. The biliary recovery of bile salts (BS) was 65-70% 2 hr after LCA injection. Excretion of LCA and its cholestatic metabolite, LCA glucuronide, was similar in both groups, although LCA excretion was delayed in BZ-treated animals. The appearance of LCA and LCA glucuronide in bile occurred early, and their proportion decreased with time. Concentrations of choleretic hydroxylated metabolites were low immediately after LCA injection but increased with time. 3 alpha,6 beta-Dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic and 3 alpha,6 beta,7 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids were the major species arising from LCA, indicating the importance of 6 beta hydroxylation in LCA detoxification in rats. Other metabolites were found, but their contribution was either minor or negligible. Overall amounts of hydroxylated metabolites were comparable in both groups, but trihydroxylated metabolites predominated over their dihydroxylated counterparts in control rats, whereas the production of dihydroxylated forms was more pronounced in BZ-treated animals. These results suggest that the destruction of perivenous hepatocytes does not exacerbate LCA-induced cholestasis, and that there may be an acinar zonation of LCA biotransformation to trihydroxylated metabolites in the rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dionne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Radominska A, Little JM, Lester R, Mackenzie PI. Bile acid glucuronidation by rat liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1205:75-82. [PMID: 8142487 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Four rat UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), UGT2B1, UGT2B2, UGT2B3 and UGT2B6, synthesized in COS-7 cells from appropriate cDNA clones were screened for activity towards a range of bile acids, neutral steroids and retinoic acid. For comparison, as well as optimization of enzymatic assays and product identification, rat liver microsomal preparations from Sprague-Dawley, Fischer 344 and phenobarbital-induced Fischer 344 male rats were also used as enzyme sources. Only two of the expressed proteins, UGT2B1 and UGT2B2, were active in bile acid glucuronidation. UGT2B1 exhibited a high substrate specificity for the carboxyl function of bile acids, whereas UGT2B2 demonstrated less specificity, accepting both hydroxyl and carboxyl functions of bile acids. The preferred substrates for both cloned enzymes were mono-hydroxylated bile acids, followed by di-hydroxylated 6-OH compounds. The levels of UGT activity were sufficient to allow for the identification of the biosynthesized products. The data presented here demonstrate that bile acid glucuronidation is carried out, at least in part, by members of the UGT2B subfamily. Similar results have been obtained previously for neutral steroid glucuronidation. UGT2B3 and UGT2B6 was not involved in BA glucuronidation; none of the cloned enzymes was active toward retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radominska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205
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Vu DD, Tuchweber B, Plaa GL, Yousef IM. Pathogenesis of lithocholate-induced intrahepatic cholestasis: role of glucuronidation and hydroxylation of lithocholate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1126:53-9. [PMID: 1606175 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90216-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that lithocholic glucuronide is more cholestatic than lithocholic acid (LCA), as well as its taurine and glycine conjugates. Furthermore, LCA hydroxylation is thought to be a major detoxifying mechanism. Therefore, the role of LCA glucuronidation and hydroxylation was investigated during the development of LCA-induced cholestasis and recovery from it. Male rats received a bolus intravenous injection of [14C]LCA (12 mumol/100 g body weight) and bile samples were collected every 30 min for 5 h. Bile flow (BF) was reduced immediately after LCA injection, dropping to 40% of basal BF at 60 min. It then started to increase, reaching normal bile flow values at 3.5 h. Morphologically, canalicular lesions were dominant at 60 min and virtually absent at 2 h. At 60 min (maximal cholestasis), 30% of the LCA injected was secreted in bile, 20% was found in plasma while the other 50% was recovered in the liver and distributed mainly in plasma membranes, microsomes and cytosol. At the end of the experiment (normal BF), 20% of the LCA injected was still in the liver but was present mainly in the cytosol. In bile, within 30 min after injection, 46% of the LCA secreted was lithocholic glucuronide, 24% was conjugated with taurine and glycine, and 21% was in the form of hydroxylated bile acids. During the recovery period, lithocholic glucuronide secretion decreased to 18-25%. Taurine and glycine conjugate secretion increased to a maximum of 43% at 60 min, after which it was reduced to 21-28%. In contrast, hydroxylated metabolites were elevated during the recovery periods, reaching a maximum (45%) at 120 min and remaining constant thereafter. These results suggest that: (i) LCA binding to plasma membranes and microsomes appeared to correlate with the development of cholestasis; (ii) LCA glucuronidation may initiate and/or contribute to LCA-induced cholestasis; and (iii) hydroxylation predominates during recovery from cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Vu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Canada
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Application of 5-azido-UDP-glucose and 5-azido-UDP-glucuronic acid photoaffinity probes for the determination of the active site orientation of microsomal UDP-glucosyltransferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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De Caprio J, Yun J, Javitt NB. Bile acid and sterol solubilization in 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. J Lipid Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Hepatic metabolism of short-chain bile acids. Inversion of the 3-hydroxyl group of isoetianic acid (3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid) by the adult rat. J Lipid Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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