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Ortjohann M, Leippe M. Characterization of NK-lysin A, a potent antimicrobial peptide from the zebrafish Danio rerio. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 162:105266. [PMID: 39303911 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important players of the innate immune system with a major role in the defense against invading pathogens. AMPs belonging to the family of saposin-like proteins (SAPLIPs) include the porcine NK-lysin and the human granulysin. In the zebrafish Danio rerio, transcript analyses of NK-lysin encoding genes have been reported, but biochemical characterizations at the protein level are missing so far. Here, we present the recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of one of these homologs, namely of NK-lysin A (DaNKlA). To remove the affinity tag from DaNKlA, we made use of a self-splicing intein. Recombinant DaNKlA depolarized liposomes over a broad pH range and showed a preference for negatively charged lipids. DaNKlA inhibited the growth of and killed different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including the fish pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum, by membrane permeabilization but displayed substantially lower activity against yeast cells. Structural modelling and bioinformatic comparison of DaNKlA with characterized SAPLIPs suggest membrane destabilization accompanied by strong electrostatic interactions as the mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ortjohann
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Coënon L, Geindreau M, Ghiringhelli F, Villalba M, Bruchard M. Natural Killer cells at the frontline in the fight against cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:614. [PMID: 39179536 PMCID: PMC11343846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that play a pivotal role as first line defenders in the anti-tumor response. To prevent tumor development, NK cells are searching for abnormal cells within the body and appear to be key players in immunosurveillance. Upon recognition of abnormal cells, NK cells will become activated to destroy them. In order to fulfill their anti-tumoral function, they rely on the secretion of lytic granules, expression of death receptors and production of cytokines. Additionally, NK cells interact with other cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will first focus on NK cells' activation and cytotoxicity mechanisms as well as NK cells behavior during serial killing. Lastly, we will review NK cells' crosstalk with the other immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Coënon
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mannon Geindreau
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mélanie Bruchard
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France.
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3
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Waring AJ, Whitelegge JP, Sharma SK, Gordon LM, Walther FJ. Emulation of the structure of the Saposin protein fold by a lung surfactant peptide construct of surfactant Protein B. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276787. [PMID: 36327300 PMCID: PMC9632872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the synthetic lung Surfactant Protein B Peptide Super Mini-B was determined using an integrative experimental approach, including mass spectrometry and isotope enhanced Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Mass spectral analysis of the peptide, oxidized by solvent assisted region-specific disulfide formation, confirmed that the correct folding and disulfide pairing could be facilitated using two different oxidative structure-promoting solvent systems. Residue specific analysis by isotope enhanced FTIR indicated that the N-terminal and C-terminal domains have well defined α-helical amino acid sequences. Using these experimentally derived measures of distance constraints and disulfide connectivity, the ensemble was further refined with molecular dynamics to provide a medium resolution, residue-specific structure for the peptide construct in a simulated synthetic lung surfactant lipid multilayer environment. The disulfide connectivity combined with the α-helical elements stabilize the peptide conformationally to form a helical hairpin structure that resembles critical elements of the Saposin protein fold of the predicted full-length Surfactant Protein B structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Waring
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shantanu K. Sharma
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Larry M. Gordon
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Frans J. Walther
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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4
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Sampaio PNS, Calado CRC. Antimicrobial evaluation of the Cynara cardunculus extract in Helicobacter pylori cells using mid-infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1743-1756. [PMID: 35729780 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The treatment effectiveness of gastric diseases caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori is failing due to high resistance to some antibiotics. Consequently, it is urgent to develop an accurate methodology to screen new antimicrobial agents. METHODS AND RESULTS A preliminary assay, using both therapeutic-based antibiotics (clarithromycin and metronidazole), was conducted to optimize experimental conditions in terms of the sensibility of the Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared spectroscopy (MIR-FTIR) associated with chemometric methods. Principal component analysis was applied to understand how the Cynara extract concentration acts differentially against H. pylori bacteria. The partial least squares model, characterized by R2 = 0.98, and root mean square error cross-validation, 0.011, was developed for the spectral regions (3600 - 2500 cm-1 , and 2000 - 698 cm-1 ). CONCLUSIONS MIR-FTIR spectroscopy associated with chemometric methods can be considered a suitable approach to discover and analyze the promissory antimicrobial agents based on the biomolecular changes observed according to the Cynara extract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY MIR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometric methods allowed to register the biomolecular changes due to the potential antimicrobial drugs at reduced concentrations comparatively to the conventional assay based on an agar-dilution method, being considered a useful approach to develop a platform to discover new bioactive molecules, allowing to reduce time and costs related to the exploratory step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Sousa Sampaio
- DREAMS-Centre for Interdisciplinary Development and Research on Environment, Applied Management and Space, Faculty of Engineering, Lusófona University (ULHT), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília R C Calado
- CIMOSM - Centro de Investigação em Modelação e Optimização de Sistemas Multifuncionais, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Guerrero-Ochoa P, Ibáñez-Pérez R, Berbegal-Pinilla G, Aguilar D, Marzo I, Corzana F, Minjárez-Sáenz M, Macías-León J, Conde B, Raso J, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Anel A. Preclinical Studies of Granulysin-Based Anti-MUC1-Tn Immunotoxins as a New Antitumoral Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061223. [PMID: 35740244 PMCID: PMC9219680 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two granulysin (GRNLY) based immunotoxins were generated, one containing the scFv of the SM3 mAb (SM3GRNLY) and the other the scFv of the AR20.5 mAb (AR20.5GRNLY). These mAb recognize different amino acid sequences of aberrantly O-glycosylated MUC1, also known as the Tn antigen, expressed in a variety of tumor cell types. We first demonstrated the affinity of these immunotoxins for their antigen using surface plasmon resonance for the purified antigen and flow cytometry for the antigen expressed on the surface of living tumor cells. The induction of cell death of tumor cell lines of different origin positive for Tn antigen expression was stronger in the cases of the immunotoxins than that induced by GRNLY alone. The mechanism of cell death induced by the immunotoxins was studied, showing that the apoptotic component demonstrated previously for GRNLY was also present, but that cell death induced by the immunotoxins included also necroptotic and necrotic components. Finally, we demonstrated the in vivo tumor targeting by the immunotoxins after systemic injection using a xenograft model of the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma CAPAN-2 in athymic mice. While GRNLY alone did not have a therapeutic effect, SM3GRNLY and AR20.5GRNLY reduced tumor volume by 42 and 60%, respectively, compared with untreated tumor-bearing mice, although the results were not statistically significant in the case of AR20.5GRNLY. Histological studies of tumors obtained from treated mice demonstrated reduced cellularity, nuclear morphology compatible with apoptosis induction and active caspase-3 detection by immunohistochemistry. Overall, our results exemplify that these immunotoxins are potential drugs to treat Tn-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guerrero-Ochoa
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (R.I.-P.); (G.B.-P.); (I.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Raquel Ibáñez-Pérez
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (R.I.-P.); (G.B.-P.); (I.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Germán Berbegal-Pinilla
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (R.I.-P.); (G.B.-P.); (I.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Diederich Aguilar
- Department of Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.A.); (J.R.)
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (R.I.-P.); (G.B.-P.); (I.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Research Center for Chemical Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Martha Minjárez-Sáenz
- Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems Institute (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (J.M.-L.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Javier Macías-León
- Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems Institute (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (J.M.-L.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Blanca Conde
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (R.I.-P.); (G.B.-P.); (I.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Javier Raso
- Department of Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.A.); (J.R.)
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems Institute (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (J.M.-L.); (R.H.-G.)
- ARAID Foundation, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.G.-O.); (R.I.-P.); (G.B.-P.); (I.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-761279; Fax: +34-976-762123
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6
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Ham H, Medlyn M, Billadeau DD. Locked and Loaded: Mechanisms Regulating Natural Killer Cell Lytic Granule Biogenesis and Release. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871106. [PMID: 35558071 PMCID: PMC9088006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a critical element of our immune system required for protection from microbial infections and cancer. NK cells bind to and eliminate infected or cancerous cells via direct secretion of cytotoxic molecules toward the bound target cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular regulations of NK cell cytotoxicity, focusing on lytic granule development and degranulation processes. NK cells synthesize apoptosis-inducing proteins and package them into specialized organelles known as lytic granules (LGs). Upon activation of NK cells, LGs converge with the microtubule organizing center through dynein-dependent movement along microtubules, ultimately polarizing to the cytotoxic synapse where they subsequently fuse with the NK plasma membrane. From LGs biogenesis to degranulation, NK cells utilize several strategies to protect themselves from their own cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, molecular pathways that enable NK cells to perform serial killing are beginning to be elucidated. These advances in the understanding of the molecular pathways behind NK cell cytotoxicity will be important to not only improve current NK cell-based anti-cancer therapies but also to support the discovery of additional therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungjun Ham
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael Medlyn
- Department of Immunology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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7
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Sanz L, Ibáñez-Pérez R, Guerrero-Ochoa P, Lacadena J, Anel A. Antibody-Based Immunotoxins for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1729. [PMID: 34829955 PMCID: PMC8615520 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are included among the treatment options for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). However, while these mAbs effectively target cancer cells, they may have limited clinical activity. A strategy to improve their therapeutic potential is arming them with a toxic payload. Immunotoxins (ITX) combining the cell-killing ability of a toxin with the specificity of a mAb constitute a promising strategy for CRC therapy. However, several important challenges in optimizing ITX remain, including suboptimal pharmacokinetics and especially the immunogenicity of the toxin moiety. Nonetheless, ongoing research is working to solve these limitations and expand CRC patients' therapeutic armory. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of targets and toxins employed in the design of ITX for CRC and highlight a wide selection of ITX tested in CRC patients as well as preclinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ibáñez-Pérez
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
| | - Patricia Guerrero-Ochoa
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
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8
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Marine Transcriptomics Analysis for the Identification of New Antimicrobial Peptides. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090490. [PMID: 34564152 PMCID: PMC8468504 DOI: 10.3390/md19090490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) participate in the immune system to avoid infection, are present in all living organisms and can be used as drugs. Fish express numerous AMP families including defensins, cathelicidins, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptides (LEAPs), histone-derived peptides, and piscidins (a fish-specific AMP family). The present study demonstrates for the first time the occurrence of several AMPs in lionfish (Pterois volitans). Using the lionfish transcriptome, we identified four transcript sequences encoding cysteine-rich AMPs and two new transcripts encoding piscidin-like peptides. These AMPs are described for the first time in a species of the Scorpaenidae family. A functional approach on new pteroicidins was carried out to determine antimicrobial sequences and potential uses, with a view to using some of these AMPs for human health or in aquaculture.
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9
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Jameson G, Robinson MW. Insights Into Human Intrahepatic NK Cell Function From Single Cell RNA Sequencing Datasets. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649311. [PMID: 33828559 PMCID: PMC8019706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse populations of natural killer (NK) cells have been identified in circulating peripheral blood and a wide variety of different tissues and organs. These tissue-resident NK cell populations are phenotypically distinct from circulating NK cells, however, functional descriptions of their roles within tissues are lacking. Recent advances in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have enabled detailed transcriptional profiling of tissues at the level of single cells and provide the opportunity to explore NK cell diversity within tissues. This review explores potential novel functions of human liver-resident (lr)NK cells identified in human liver scRNA-seq studies. By comparing these datasets we identified up-regulated and down-regulated genes associated with lrNK cells clusters. These genes encode a number of activating and inhibiting receptors, as well as signal transduction molecules, which highlight potential unique pathways that lrNK cells utilize to respond to stimuli within the human liver. This unique receptor repertoire of lrNK cells may confer the ability to regulate a number of immune cell populations, such as circulating monocytes and T cells, while avoiding activation by liver hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Validating the expression of these receptors on lrNK cells and the proposed cellular interactions within the human liver will expand our understanding of the liver-specific homeostatic roles of this tissue-resident immune cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne Jameson
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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10
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Kerdraon F, Bogard G, Snella B, Drobecq H, Pichavant M, Agouridas V, Melnyk O. Insights into the Mechanism and Catalysis of Peptide Thioester Synthesis by Alkylselenols Provide a New Tool for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Molecules 2021; 26:1386. [PMID: 33806630 PMCID: PMC7961367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While thiol-based catalysts are widely employed for chemical protein synthesis relying on peptide thioester chemistry, this is less true for selenol-based catalysts whose development is in its infancy. In this study, we compared different selenols derived from the selenocysteamine scaffold for their capacity to promote thiol-thioester exchanges in water at mildly acidic pH and the production of peptide thioesters from bis(2-sulfanylethyl)amido (SEA) peptides. The usefulness of a selected selenol compound is illustrated by the total synthesis of a biologically active human chemotactic protein, which plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Kerdraon
- U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.K.); (G.B.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Gemma Bogard
- U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.K.); (G.B.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Benoît Snella
- U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.K.); (G.B.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Hervé Drobecq
- U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.K.); (G.B.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.K.); (G.B.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Vangelis Agouridas
- U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.K.); (G.B.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (M.P.)
- Centrale Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.K.); (G.B.); (B.S.); (H.D.); (M.P.)
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11
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Choi KM, Hwang SD, Joo MS, Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Jeong JM, Seo JS, Lee JH, Lee HC, Park CI. Two short antimicrobial peptides derived from prosaposin-like proteins in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:95-103. [PMID: 32619625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) is a precursor of saposin (SAP), which is present in lysosomal and secreted proteins. PSAP is a member of the SAP-like protein families, which comprise multifunctional proteins. In particular, their antimicrobial activity has been reported. We identified PSAP-like (PsPSAPL) sequences from starry flounder and analysed their expression and antimicrobial activity based on cDNA and amino acid sequences. PsPSAPL showed conservation of three saposin B type domains at high levels, and PsPSAPL mRNA was relatively abundantly distributed in the brain and gills of healthy starry founders. PsPSAPL mRNA showed significant expression changes in response to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and Streptococcus parauberis. Synthetic peptides (PsPSAPL-1 and -2), prepared based on amino acid sequences, were used to confirm as well as analyse the antimicrobial activity against bacteria and parasites. Consequently, PsPSAPL-1 and -2 were found to significantly inhibit the growth of various bacteria and kill the Miamiensis avidus. In addition, bacterial biofilm formation was significantly inhibited. Safety was also confirmed by analysing cell haemolysis. These results indicate the immunological function of PsPSAP and the potential antimicrobial activity of the AMPs PsPSAPL-1 and -2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Min Choi
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Joo
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Hwang
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jeong
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chung Lee
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Fu H, Cao Z, Li M, Wang S. ACEP: improving antimicrobial peptides recognition through automatic feature fusion and amino acid embedding. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:597. [PMID: 32859150 PMCID: PMC7455913 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), effecter molecules of innate immune system, can defend host organisms against microbes and most have shown a lowered likelihood for bacteria to form resistance compared to many conventional drugs. Thus, AMPs are gaining popularity as better substitute to antibiotics. To aid researchers in novel AMPs discovery, we design computational approaches to screen promising candidates. RESULTS In this work, we design a deep learning model that can learn amino acid embedding patterns, automatically extract sequence features, and fuse heterogeneous information. Results show that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods on recognition of AMPs. By visualizing data in some layers of the model, we overcome the black-box nature of deep learning, explain the working mechanism of the model, and find some import motifs in sequences. CONCLUSIONS ACEP model can capture similarity between amino acids, calculate attention scores for different parts of a peptide sequence in order to spot important parts that significantly contribute to final predictions, and automatically fuse a variety of heterogeneous information or features. For high-throughput AMPs recognition, open source software and datasets are made freely available at https://github.com/Fuhaoyi/ACEP .
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Fu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zicheng Cao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shunfang Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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13
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Sordo-Bahamonde C, Lorenzo-Herrero S, Payer ÁR, Gonzalez S, López-Soto A. Mechanisms of Apoptosis Resistance to NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103726. [PMID: 32466293 PMCID: PMC7279491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are major contributors to immunosurveillance and control of tumor development by inducing apoptosis of malignant cells. Among the main mechanisms involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the death receptor pathway and the release of granules containing perforin/granzymes stand out due to their efficacy in eliminating tumor cells. However, accumulated evidence suggest a profound immune suppression in the context of tumor progression affecting effector cells, such as NK cells, leading to decreased cytotoxicity. This diminished capability, together with the development of resistance to apoptosis by cancer cells, favor the loss of immunogenicity and promote immunosuppression, thus partially inducing NK cell-mediated killing resistance. Altered expression patterns of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins along with genetic background comprise the main mechanisms of resistance to NK cell-related apoptosis. Herein, we summarize the main effector cytotoxic mechanisms against tumor cells, as well as the major resistance strategies acquired by tumor cells that hamper the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways related to NK cell-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sordo-Bahamonde
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.L.-H.); (S.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-B.); (A.L.-S.)
| | - Seila Lorenzo-Herrero
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.L.-H.); (S.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ángel R. Payer
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.L.-H.); (S.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-B.); (A.L.-S.)
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14
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Abstract
Immune cells use a variety of membrane-disrupting proteins [complement, perforin, perforin-2, granulysin, gasdermins, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)] to induce different kinds of death of microbes and host cells, some of which cause inflammation. After activation by proteolytic cleavage or phosphorylation, these proteins oligomerize, bind to membrane lipids, and disrupt membrane integrity. These membrane disruptors play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review our current knowledge of the functions, specificity, activation, and regulation of membrane-disrupting immune proteins and what is known about the mechanisms behind membrane damage, the structure of the pores they form, how the cells expressing these lethal proteins are protected, and how cells targeted for destruction can sometimes escape death by repairing membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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15
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Kamal HM, El-Fallah AA, Abdelbaki SA, Khalil MM, Kamal MM, Behiry EG. Association between seminal granulysin and malondialdehyde in infertile men with varicocele and the potential effect of varicocelectomy. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13579. [PMID: 32271478 DOI: 10.1111/and.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the seminal plasma granulysin and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in patients suffering from varicocele-associated infertility prior to and after varicocelectomy. This study was conducted on 34 infertile men with varicocele (group A) and same patients after varicocelectomy (group B) and 32 fertile normozoospermic males (group C). A detailed history taking, clinical examination, scrotal doppler ultrasound for varicocele diagnosis and grading, semen analysis and estimation of seminal granulysin and MDA before and after varicocelectomy were done to all participants. The mean (SD) granulysin and MDA levels in patients with varicocele were higher than in controls with highly significant differences. Post-operatively, there was a significant reduction in mean (SD) granulysin and in MDA level. Basal seminal granulysin positively correlated with basal seminal MDA, abnormal forms and negatively correlated with basal sperm count, concentration, and progressive motility. The receiver operating characteristic curve of seminal granulysin and MDA levels were conducted for discrimination between infertility cases with varicocele and control groups. Excellent AUCs were found for both markers (AUC = 0.971, 0.991 respectively). We concluded that high levels of granulysin and MDA in the semen of infertile males with varicocele negatively impact their spermatogenesis. Varicocelectomy leads to the improvement of semen parameters and significantly decreases seminal plasma granulysin and MDA levels. Hence, seminal granulysin and MDA could be used as a prognostic test in infertile patients with varicocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howyda M Kamal
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A El-Fallah
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Mostafa M Khalil
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Mai M Kamal
- M.B.B.CH. Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Eman G Behiry
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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16
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Li SS, Saleh M, Xiang RF, Ogbomo H, Stack D, Huston SH, Mody CH. Natural killer cells kill Burkholderia cepacia complex via a contact-dependent and cytolytic mechanism. Int Immunol 2020; 31:385-396. [PMID: 31051036 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), which includes B. cenocepacia and B. multivorans, pose a life-threatening risk to patients with cystic fibrosis. Eradication of Bcc is difficult due to the high level of intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, and failure of many innate immune cells to control the infection. Because of the pathogenesis of Bcc infections, we wondered if a novel mechanism of microbial host defense involving direct antibacterial activity by natural killer (NK) cells might play a role in the control of Bcc. We demonstrate that NK cells bound Burkholderia, resulting in Src family kinase activation as measured by protein tyrosine phosphorylation, granule release of effector proteins such as perforin and contact-dependent killing of the bacteria. These studies provide a means by which NK cells could play a role in host defense against Bcc infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marwah Saleh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard F Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry Ogbomo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shaunna H Huston
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Machado MR, Pantano S. Split the Charge Difference in Two! A Rule of Thumb for Adding Proper Amounts of Ions in MD Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1367-1372. [PMID: 31999456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the relevance of properly setting ionic concentrations in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, methods or practical rules to set ionic strength are scarce and rarely documented. Based on a recently proposed thermodynamics method we provide an accurate rule of thumb to define the electrolytic content in simulation boxes. Extending the use of good practices in setting up MD systems is promptly needed to ensure reproducibility and consistency in molecular simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías R Machado
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP 11400, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Pantano
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP 11400, Uruguay
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18
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Sparrow E, Bodman-Smith M. Granulysin: The attractive side of a natural born killer. Immunol Lett 2020; 217:126-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Fabbri M. Natural Killer Cell-Derived Vesicular miRNAs: A New Anticancer Approach? Cancer Res 2019; 80:17-22. [PMID: 31672842 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes targeting virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Specific pro- and antikilling signals modulate the overall ability of NK cells to kill cancer cells, however, several immune-escape mechanisms can be enacted by cancer cells to avoid NK-mediated killing. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that extracellular vesicles (EV) released by NK cells carry proteins and miRNAs able to exert an antitumoral effect, even within a highly immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. These recent findings suggest a possible use of NK-derived EVs as anticancer agents and propel the development of new strategies to enrich EVs with the most effective anticancer cargo as a promising new anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muller Fabbri
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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20
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Prager I, Watzl C. Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1319-1329. [PMID: 31107565 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity, the ability to kill other cells, is an important effector mechanism of the immune system to combat viral infections and cancer. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are the major mediators of this activity. Here, we summarize the cytotoxic mechanisms of NK cells. NK cells can kill virally infected of transformed cells via the directed release of lytic granules or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis via the expression of Fas ligand or TRAIL. The biogenesis of perforin and granzymes, the major components of lytic granules, is a highly regulated process to prevent damage during the synthesis of these cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, NK cells have developed several strategies to protect themselves from the cytotoxic activity of granular content upon degranulation. While granule-mediated apoptosis is a fast process, death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity requires more time. Current data suggest that these 2 cytotoxic mechanisms are regulated during the serial killing activity of NK cells. As many modern approaches of cancer immunotherapy rely on cellular cytotoxicity for their effectiveness, unraveling these pathways will be important to further progress these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Prager
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Lettau M, Dietz M, Dohmen K, Leippe M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Granulysin species segregate to different lysosome-related effector vesicles (LREV) and get mobilized by either classical or non-classical degranulation. Mol Immunol 2019; 107:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Johansson J, Curstedt T. Synthetic surfactants with SP-B and SP-C analogues to enable worldwide treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and other lung diseases. J Intern Med 2019; 285:165-186. [PMID: 30357986 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) using animal-derived lung surfactant preparations has reduced the mortality of handling premature infants with RDS to a 50th of that in the 1960s. The supply of animal-derived lung surfactants is limited and only a part of the preterm babies is treated. Thus, there is a need to develop well-defined synthetic replicas based on key components of natural surfactant. A synthetic product that equals natural-derived surfactants would enable cost-efficient production and could also facilitate the development of the treatments of other lung diseases than neonatal RDS. Recently the first synthetic surfactant that contains analogues of the two hydrophobic surfactant proteins B (SP-B) and SP-C entered clinical trials for the treatment of neonatal RDS. The development of functional synthetic analogues of SP-B and SP-C, however, is considerably more challenging than anticipated 30 years ago when the first structural information of the native proteins became available. For SP-B, a complex three-dimensional dimeric structure stabilized by several disulphides has necessitated the design of miniaturized analogues. The main challenge for SP-C has been the pronounced amyloid aggregation propensity of its transmembrane region. The development of a functional non-aggregating SP-C analogue that can be produced synthetically was achieved by designing the amyloidogenic native sequence so that it spontaneously forms a stable transmembrane α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Johansson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section for Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T Curstedt
- Laboratory for Surfactant Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Falco A, Medina-Gali RM, Poveda JA, Bello-Perez M, Novoa B, Encinar JA. Antiviral Activity of a Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) NK-Lysin Peptide by Inhibition of Low-pH Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020087. [PMID: 30717094 PMCID: PMC6410327 DOI: 10.3390/md17020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global health is under attack by increasingly-frequent pandemics of viral origin. Antimicrobial peptides are a valuable tool to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Previous studies from our group have shown that the membrane-lytic region of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) NK-lysine short peptide (Nkl71–100) exerts an anti-protozoal activity, probably due to membrane rupture. In addition, NK-lysine protein is highly expressed in zebrafish in response to viral infections. In this work several biophysical methods, such as vesicle aggregation, leakage and fluorescence anisotropy, are employed to investigate the interaction of Nkl71–100 with different glycerophospholipid vesicles. At acidic pH, Nkl71–100 preferably interacts with phosphatidylserine (PS), disrupts PS membranes, and allows the content leakage from vesicles. Furthermore, Nkl71–100 exerts strong antiviral activity against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) by inhibiting not only the binding of viral particles to host cells, but also the fusion of virus and cell membranes, which requires a low pH context. Such antiviral activity seems to be related to the important role that PS plays in these steps of the replication cycle of SVCV, a feature that is shared by other families of virus-comprising members with health and veterinary relevance. Consequently, Nkl71–100 is shown as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Regla María Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Poveda
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
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24
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Belizário JE, Neyra JM, Setúbal Destro Rodrigues MF. When and how NK cell-induced programmed cell death benefits immunological protection against intracellular pathogen infection. Innate Immun 2018; 24:452-465. [PMID: 30236030 PMCID: PMC6830868 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that exert a key role in immune surveillance
through the recognition and elimination of transformed cells and viral,
bacterial, and protozoan pathogen-infected cells without prior sensitization.
Elucidating when and how NK cell-induced intracellular microbial cell death
functions in the resolution of infection and host inflammation has been an
important topic of investigation. NK cell activation requires the engagement of
specific activating, co-stimulatory, and inhibitory receptors which control
positively and negatively their differentiation, memory, and exhaustion. NK
cells secrete diverse cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α/β, CD95/FasL, and TRAIL,
as well as cytoplasmic cytotoxic granules containing perforin, granulysin, and
granzymes A and B. Paradoxically, NK cells also kill other immune cells like
macrophages, dendritic cells, and hyper-activated T cells, thus turning off
self-immune reactions. Here we first provide an overview of NK cell biology, and
then we describe and discuss the life–death signals that connect the microbial
pathogen sensors to the inflammasomes and finally to cell death signaling
pathways. We focus on caspase-mediated cell death by apoptosis and
pro-inflammatory and non-caspase-mediated cell death by necroptosis, as well as
inflammasome- and caspase-mediated pyroptosis.
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25
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Mikhael NW, El-Refaie AM, Sabry JH, Akl EM, Habashy AY, Mostafa T. Assessment of seminal granulysin in infertile men with varicocele. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13066. [PMID: 29896906 DOI: 10.1111/and.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicocele has a common association with male infertility, but its exact role is still debated. Apoptosis has been suggested as one of the mechanisms of varicocele-associated infertility. Granulysin is a molecule that plays a role in apoptosis with no previous study about its role in male infertility. This case-controlled study aimed to assess seminal plasma granulysin level in infertile patients with varicocele. This study involved 90 men that were allocated into fertile normozoospermic men (n = 20), infertile men without varicocele (n = 30) and infertile men with varicocele (n = 40). These men were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, semen analysis and estimation of seminal granulysin. In general, seminal granulysin level was significantly elevated in infertile men compared with fertile men. Infertile men with varicocele showed significantly higher seminal granulysin compared with infertile men without varicocele, in bilateral varicocele cases and in grade III varicocele. Seminal granulysin level was negatively correlated with sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm normal forms percentage and testicular volumes. It is concluded that increased seminal granulysin has a negative impact on spermatogenesis in infertile men in general and in infertile men associated with varicocele in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy W Mikhael
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M El-Refaie
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Jehan H Sabry
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Essam M Akl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Amal Y Habashy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Taymour Mostafa
- Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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26
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Elemam NM, Hannawi S, Maghazachi AA. Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) as Mediators of Inflammation, Release of Cytokines and Lytic Molecules. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120398. [PMID: 29232860 PMCID: PMC5744118 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an emerging group of immune cells that provide the first line of defense against various pathogens as well as contributing to tissue repair and inflammation. ILCs have been classically divided into three subgroups based on their cytokine secretion and transcription factor profiles. ILC nomenclature is analogous to that of T helper cells. Group 1 ILCs composed of natural killer (NK) cells as well as IFN-γ secreting ILC1s. ILC2s have the capability to produce TH2 cytokines while ILC3s and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTis) are subsets of cells that are able to secrete IL-17 and/or IL-22. A recent subset of ILC known as ILC4 was discovered, and the cells of this subset were designated as NK17/NK1 due to their release of IL-17 and IFN-γ. In this review, we sought to explain the subclasses of ILCs and their roles as mediators of lytic enzymes and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
| | - Suad Hannawi
- Medical Department, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Dubai 65522, UAE.
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
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Bryksa BC, Yada RY. Protein Structure Insights into the Bilayer Interactions of the Saposin-Like Domain of Solanum tuberosum Aspartic Protease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16911. [PMID: 29208977 PMCID: PMC5717070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant aspartic proteases contain a saposin-like domain whose principal functions are intracellular sorting and host defence. Its structure is characterised by helical segments cross-linked by three highly conserved cystines. The present study on the saposin-like domain of Solanum tuberosum aspartic protease revealed that acidification from inactive to active conditions causes dimerisation and a strand-to-helix secondary structure transition independent of bilayer interaction. Bilayer fusion was shown to occur under reducing conditions yielding a faster shift to larger vesicle sizes relative to native conditions, implying that a lower level structural motif might be bilayer-active. Characterisation of peptide sequences based on the domain’s secondary structural regions showed helix-3 to be active (~4% of the full domain’s activity), and mutation of its sole positively charged residue resulted in loss of activity and disordering of structure. Also, the peptides’ respective circular dichroism spectra suggested that native folding within the full domain is dependent on surrounding structure. Overall, the present study reveals that the aspartic protease saposin-like domain active structure is an open saposin fold dimer whose formation is pH-dependent, and that a bilayer-active motif shared among non-saposin membrane-active proteins including certain plant defence proteins is nested within an overall structure essential for native functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Bryksa
- Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada.
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28
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Wen C, Seeger RC, Fabbri M, Wang L, Wayne AS, Jong AY. Biological roles and potential applications of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1400370. [PMID: 29209467 PMCID: PMC5706476 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1400370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) deliver bioactive macromolecules (i.e. proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) for intercellular communication in multicellular organisms. EVs are secreted by all cell types including immune cells. Immune cell-derived EVs modulate diverse aspects of the immune system to either enhance or suppress immune activities. The extensive effects of immune cell-derived EVs have become the focus of great interest for various nano-biomedical applications, ranging from the medical use of nanoplatform-based diagnostic agents to the development of therapeutic interventions as well as vaccine applications, and thus may be ideal for ‘immune-theranostic’. Here, we review the latest advances concerning the biological roles of immune cell-derived EVs in innate and acquired immunity. The intercellular communication amongst immune cells through their EVs is highlighted, showing that all immune cell-derived EVs have their unique function(s) in immunity through intricate interaction(s). Natural-killer (NK) cell-derived EVs, for example, contain potent cytotoxic proteins and induce apoptosis to targeted cancer cells. On the other hand, cancer cell-derived EVs bearing NK ligands may evade immune surveillance and responses. Finally, we discuss possible medical uses for the immune cell-derived EVs as a tool for immune-theranostic: as diagnostic biomarkers, for use in therapeutic interventions and for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation.,Division of Hematology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University/Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Robert C Seeger
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan S Wayne
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
| | - Ambrose Y Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
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29
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Zeth K, Sancho-Vaello E. The Human Antimicrobial Peptides Dermcidin and LL-37 Show Novel Distinct Pathways in Membrane Interactions. Front Chem 2017; 5:86. [PMID: 29164103 PMCID: PMC5681987 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals protect themselves from inflammation triggered by microorganisms through secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). One mechanism by which AMPs kill bacterial cells is perforating their membranes. Membrane interactions and pore formation were investigated for α-helical AMPs leading to the formulation of three basic mechanistic models: the barrel stave, toroidal, and carpet model. One major drawback of these models is their simplicity. They do not reflect the real in vitro and in vivo conditions. To challenge and refine these models using a structure-based approach we set out to investigate how human cathelicidin (LL-37) and dermcidin (DCD) interact with membranes. Both peptides are α-helical and their structures have been solved at atomic resolution. DCD assembles in solution into a hexameric pre-channel complex before the actual membrane targeting and integration step can occur, and the complex follows a deviation of the barrel stave model. LL-37 interacts with lipids and shows the formation of oligomers generating fibril-like supramolecular structures on membranes. LL-37 further assembles into transmembrane pores with yet unknown structure expressing a deviation of the toroidal pore model. Both of their specific targeting mechanisms will be discussed in the context of the “old” models propagated in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Krishnamoorthy A, Witkowski A, Tran JJ, Weers PMM, Ryan RO. Characterization of secondary structure and lipid binding behavior of N-terminal saposin like subdomain of human Wnt3a. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 630:38-46. [PMID: 28754322 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential for embryonic development and adult homeostasis in multicellular organisms. A conserved feature among Wnt family proteins is the presence of two structural domains. Within the N-terminal (NT) domain there exists a motif that is superimposable upon saposin-like protein (SAPLIP) family members. SAPLIPs are found in plants, microbes and animals and possess lipid surface seeking activity. To investigate the function of the Wnt3a saposin-like subdomain (SLD), recombinant SLD was studied in isolation. Bacterial expression of this Wnt fragment was achieved only when the core SLD included 82 NT residues of Wnt3a (NT-SLD). Unlike SAPLIPs, NT-SLD required the presence of detergent to achieve solubility at neutral pH. Deletion of two hairpin loop extensions present in NT-SLD, but not other SAPLIPs, had no effect on the solubility properties of NT-SLD. Far UV circular dichroism spectroscopy of NT-SLD yielded 50-60% α-helix secondary structure. Limited proteolysis of isolated NT-SLD in buffer and detergent micelles showed no differences in cleavage kinetics. Unlike prototypical saposins, NT-SLD exhibited weak membrane-binding affinity and lacked cell lytic activity. In cell-based canonical Wnt signaling assays, NT-SLD was unable to induce stabilization of β-catenin or modulate the extent of β-catenin stabilization induced by full-length Wnt3a. Taken together, the results indicate neighboring structural elements within full-length Wnt3a affect SLD conformational stability. Moreover, SLD function(s) in Wnt proteins appear to have evolved away from those commonly attributed to SAPLIP family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Jesse J Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Paul M M Weers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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31
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Bryksa BC, Grahame DA, Yada RY. Comparative structure-function characterization of the saposin-like domains from potato, barley, cardoon and Arabidopsis aspartic proteases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1008-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of lung surfactant protein B: Structural features of SP-B promote lipid reorganization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:3082-3092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Walther FJ, Gordon LM, Waring AJ. Design of Surfactant Protein B Peptide Mimics Based on the Saposin Fold for Synthetic Lung Surfactants. Biomed Hub 2016; 1. [PMID: 28503550 PMCID: PMC5424708 DOI: 10.1159/000451076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein (SP)-B is a 79-residue polypeptide crucial for the biophysical and physiological function of endogenous lung surfactant. SP-B is a member of the saposin or saposin-like proteins (SAPLIP) family of proteins that share an overall three-dimensional folding pattern based on secondary structures and disulfide connectivity and exhibit a wide diversity of biological functions. Here, we review the synthesis, molecular biophysics and activity of synthetic analogs of saposin proteins designed to mimic those interactions of the parent proteins with lipids that enhance interfacial activity. Saposin proteins generally interact with target lipids as either monomers or multimers via well-defined amphipathic helices, flexible hinge domains, and insertion sequences. Based on the known 3D-structural motif for the saposin family, we show how bioengineering techniques may be used to develop minimal peptide constructs that maintain desirable structural properties and activities in biomedical applications. One important application is the molecular design, synthesis and activity of Saposin mimics based on the SP-B structure. Synthetic lung surfactants containing active SP-B analogs may be potentially useful in treating diseases of surfactant deficiency or dysfunction including the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J Walther
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry M Gordon
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are a spectrum of T-cell mediated immune disorders. While the contributory mechanisms leading to the apoptosis of epidermal cells in SJS/TEN remain unproven, the keratinocyte apoptosis seen in SJS/TEN is thought to occur through the T-cell mediated Fas-Fas ligand (FasL), perforin/granzyme B, and other immune mediators. Most recently, emphasis has been placed on the granulysin pathway as being the primary mediator of apoptosis and widespread epidermal necrosis in SJS/TEN. This article aims to review the proposed mechanisms by which these pathways work and the immunomodulatory therapies that have been developed in an attempt to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajirah N Saeed
- a Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - James Chodosh
- a Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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35
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Antimicrobial Properties of an Immunomodulator - 15 kDa Human Granulysin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156321. [PMID: 27276051 PMCID: PMC4898823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulysin, a cationic protein expressed by human natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, is a mediator for drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and graft-versus-host disease. Some 15 kDa granulysin are processed into 9 kDa forms and sequestered in cytolytic granules, while others are constitutively secreted into body fluids. Both 9 and 15 kDa granulysin have been shown to be a serum marker for cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, 15 kDa is able to activate monocyte differentiation. However, its antimicrobial properties have not been clearly addressed. Here, we report a novel method to prepare both the soluble 9 and 15 kDa granulysin and show that the 15 kDa form is more effective than the 9 kDa form in exerting specific antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa within a range of few micromolars. We also show that the 15 kDa granulysin is able to hyperpolarize the membrane potential and increase membrane permeability of treated bacteria. Interestingly, the bactericidal activity and membrane permeability of the granulysins were markedly reduced at lower pH (pH 5.4) as a result of probable increase in hydrophobicity of the granulysins. Additionally, we’ve also shown the granulysin to inhibit biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. These results suggest that the 15 kDa granulysin exhibits a novel mechanism in bacteria killing in a way that’s different from most antimicrobial peptides. Our novel granulysin preparation methodology will be useful for further study of action mechanisms of other antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulating properties in granulysin-mediated diseases.
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36
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Yacoub HA, Al-Maghrabi OA, Ahmed ES, Uversky VN. Abundance and functional roles of intrinsic disorder in the antimicrobial peptides of the NK-lysin family. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:836-856. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1164077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham A. Yacoub
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekram S. Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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37
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In vitro and in vivo anti-melanoma effects of Daphne gnidium aqueous extract via activation of the immune system. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6511-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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38
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Martinez-Lostao L, de Miguel D, Al-Wasaby S, Gallego-Lleyda A, Anel A. Death ligands and granulysin: mechanisms of tumor cell death induction and therapeutic opportunities. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:883-2. [PMID: 26314314 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in cancer immune surveillance to control tumor development. The final goal is recognizing and killing transformed cells and consequently the elimination of the tumor. The main effector cell types exerting cytotoxicity against tumors are natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although the mechanism of activation of NK cells and CTLs are quite different, both cell types share common antitumor effector mechanisms of cytotoxicity which lead to induction of cell death of tumor cells by apoptosis. Among these mechanisms are the death ligand- and granulysin-mediated cell deaths. In this review, we summarize the main concepts of these effector cytotoxic mechanisms against cancer cells, how NK cells and CTLs use them to control tumor development and the therapeutic approaches currently developed based on these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martinez-Lostao
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Zaragoza Spain
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Sameer Al-Wasaby
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Ana Gallego-Lleyda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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39
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Boubaker J, Chaabane F, Bedoui A, Aloui R, Ahmed BB, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. Antitumoral potency of methanolic extract from Nitraria retusa leaves via its immunomodulatory effect. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:82. [PMID: 26309426 PMCID: PMC4549073 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to assess the antitumoral effect of the methanol extract (MeOH) from Nitraria retusa leaves and to investigate its immunomodulatory activity that mediated the prevention of tumor progression in tumor-bearing mice. Methods Balb/c mice weighing 18–20 g were subcutaneously implanted with B16-F10 cells then injected intra-peritoneally, 7 days later with (200 mg/kg bw) of MeOH extract, for 21 days. After euthanization on day 21, the tumors were weighed. Lymphocyte proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and NK activity were evaluated using the MTT assay. Macrophage phagocytosis was studied by measuring their lysosomal activity and nitric oxide production. Results The methanol extract inhibited significantly the growth of the implanted tumor, and increased remarkably splenocyte proliferation as well as NK and CTL activities, in tumor-bearing mice. It also promoted lysosomal activity of treated animal macrophages. Conclusion Our findings suggest that antitumoral effect of MeOH extract is related with to immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihed Boubaker
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia ; Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia ; Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Rommana, 1068 Tunisia
| | - Fadwa Chaabane
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia ; Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Bedoui
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia ; Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
| | - Rihab Aloui
- Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Rommana, 1068 Tunisia
| | - Besma Ben Ahmed
- Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Rommana, 1068 Tunisia
| | - Kamel Ghedira
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia ; Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
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40
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Olmeda B, García‐Álvarez B, Gómez MJ, Martínez‐Calle M, Cruz A, Pérez‐Gil J. A model for the structure and mechanism of action of pulmonary surfactant protein B. FASEB J 2015; 29:4236-47. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Olmeda
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | | | - Manuel J. Gómez
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA‐CSIC), Torrejón de ArdozMadridSpain
| | - Marta Martínez‐Calle
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | - Antonio Cruz
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | - Jesús Pérez‐Gil
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
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42
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Michalek M, Leippe M. Mechanistic insights into the lipid interaction of an ancient saposin-like protein. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1778-86. [PMID: 25715682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The members of the expanding family of saposin-like proteins (SAPLIPs) have various biological functions in plants, animals, and humans. In addition to a similar protein backbone, these proteins have in common the fact that they interact with lipid membranes. According to their phylogenetic position, it has long been thought that amoeboid protozoans produce archetypes of SAPLIPs and that these are lytic proteins that can perforate membranes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic target cells. Here, we show that an amoebic SAPLIP from Entamoeba invadens does not form lytic pores in membranes but displays several characteristics that are known from human saposins. The protein named invaposin changes the conformation from a closed to an open form in the presence of lipid membranes, acts in a pH-dependent manner, selectively binds anionic lipids, aggregates lipid vesicles of the preferred composition, and dimerizes upon acidification. Our data indicate that the principal features of the lipid-binding saposins evolved long before the appearance of the vertebrate lineage and push the origin of saposins even deeper down the phylogenetic tree to unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Michalek
- Zoological Institute, Comparative Immunobiology, University of Kiel , Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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43
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Lim HS, Chun SM, Soung MG, Kim J, Kim SJ. Antimicrobial efficacy of granulysin-derived synthetic peptides in acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:853-62. [PMID: 25601314 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides are considered as a potential alternative to antibiotic treatment in acne vulgaris because the development of a resistant strain of Propionibacterium acnes is problematic. Granulysin can be regarded as an ideal substance with which to treat acne because it has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. OBJECTIVES This study was performed to explore the effectiveness of granulysin-derived peptides (GDPs) in killing P. acnes in vitro under a standard microbiologic assay and to evaluate their potential use in a topical agent for the treatment of acne vulgaris. METHODS Twenty different peptides based on the known sequence of a GDP were synthesized and tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. Thirty patients with facial acne vulgaris were instructed to apply a topical formulation containing synthetic GDP to acne lesions twice per day for 12 weeks. RESULTS A newly synthesized peptide in which aspartic acid was substituted with arginine, and methionine was substituted with cysteine, showed the highest antimicrobial activity against P. acnes. Moreover, it was effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. After treatment with the topical formulation containing 50 ppm of synthetic peptide for 12 weeks, a significant reduction in the number of pustules was observed, regardless of the increase in the number of comedones. In addition, a significant reduction in the clinical grade of acne based on the Korean Acne Grading System (KAGS) was evident. CONCLUSIONS Synthesized GDP shows strong antimicrobial activity against P. acnes in vitro. The clinical improvement observed suggests a topical formulation containing the GDP has therapeutic potential for the improvement of inflammatory-type acne vulgaris by its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Chun
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min-Gyu Soung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Cellicon Laboratory, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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Nagasawa M, Ogawa K, Nagata K, Shimizu N. Granulysin and its clinical significance as a biomarker of immune response and NK cell related neoplasms. World J Hematol 2014; 3:128-137. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v3.i4.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytotoxic granular protein that was identified from human T cells by using the gene subtraction method in 1987. Based on its amino acid homology, granulysin belongs to the saposin-like protein family. The bioactive 9-kDa form of granulysin is processed from the 15-kDa pro-product in the cytoplasmic granules. It is expressed in CD8-positive αβT cells 5 d after mitogenic stimulation and constitutively in natural killer (NK) cells and γδT cells, although regulation of its expression has not yet been precisely determined. The 9-kDa granulysin form has anti-microbial activity against microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria and parasites, as well as tumoricidal activity against some tumors at 1-10 μmol/L concentrations. Granulysin is secreted in both Ca-dependent and -independent manners. In sera, only the 15-kDa form is detectable and is expected to be a biomarker for immune potency, acute viral infection, anti-tumor immune reaction, acute graft vs host disease, and NK cell associated neoplasm.
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De Moura DC, Bryksa BC, Yada RY. In silico insights into protein-protein interactions and folding dynamics of the saposin-like domain of Solanum tuberosum aspartic protease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104315. [PMID: 25188221 PMCID: PMC4154668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-specific insert is an approximately 100-residue domain found exclusively within the C-terminal lobe of some plant aspartic proteases. Structurally, this domain is a member of the saposin-like protein family, and is involved in plant pathogen defense as well as vacuolar targeting of the parent protease molecule. Similar to other members of the saposin-like protein family, most notably saposins A and C, the recently resolved crystal structure of potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant-specific insert has been shown to exist in a substrate-bound open conformation in which the plant-specific insert oligomerizes to form homodimers. In addition to the open structure, a closed conformation also exists having the classic saposin fold of the saposin-like protein family as observed in the crystal structure of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant-specific insert. In the present study, the mechanisms of tertiary and quaternary conformation changes of potato plant-specific insert were investigated in silico as a function of pH. Umbrella sampling and determination of the free energy change of dissociation of the plant-specific insert homodimer revealed that increasing the pH of the system to near physiological levels reduced the free energy barrier to dissociation. Furthermore, principal component analysis was used to characterize conformational changes at both acidic and neutral pH. The results indicated that the plant-specific insert may adopt a tertiary structure similar to the characteristic saposin fold and suggest a potential new structural motif among saposin-like proteins. To our knowledge, this acidified PSI structure presents the first example of an alternative saposin-fold motif for any member of the large and diverse SAPLIP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dref C. De Moura
- Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C. Bryksa
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rickey Y. Yada
- Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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HMGN2, a new anti-tumor effector molecule of CD8⁺ T cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:178. [PMID: 25060707 PMCID: PMC4126642 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated as important cells in antitumor responses. Our previous research has shown that high mobility group nucleosomal-binding domain 2 (HMGN2) could be released by IL-2 and PHA stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and also induced tumor cells apoptosis at low doses. In this study, we isolated and cultured PBMCs and CD8+ T cells to analyze the expression and antitumor effects of HMGN2. Methods PBMCs from healthy donors were isolated using Human Lymphocyte Separation tube. CD8+ T cells were separated from the PBMCs using MoFlo XDP high-speed flow cytometry sorter. Activation of PBMCs and CD8+ T cells were achieved by stimulating with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or tumor antigen. In addition, the methods of ELISA, intracellular staining, and fluorescence-labeling assays were used. Results PHA induced PBMCs to release high levels of HMGN2, and CD8+ T cells was the major cell population in PBMCs that release HMGN2 after PHA activation. Tumor antigen-activated CD8+ T cells also released high levels of HMGN2. Supernatants of tumor antigen-activated CD8+ T cells were able to kill tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. This antitumor effect could be significantly blocked by using an anti-HMGN2 antibody. Fluorescence-labeling assays showed that the supernatant proteins of activated CD8+ T cells could be transported into tumor cells, and the transport visibly decreased after HMGN2 was depleted by anti-HMGN2 antibody. Conclusions These results suggest that HMGN2 is an anti-tumor effector molecule of CD8+ T cells.
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Hu H, Zhang H, Gao Z, Wang D, Liu G, Xu J, Lan K, Dong Y. Structure of the type VI secretion phospholipase effector Tle1 provides insight into its hydrolysis and membrane targeting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:2175-85. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714012899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
A diverse superfamily of phospholipases consisting of the type VI lipase effectors Tle1–Tle5 secreted by the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) have recently been identified as antibacterial effectors that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids. These effectors show no significant homology to known lipases, and their mechanism of membrane targeting and hydrolysis of phospholipids remains unknown. Here, the crystal structure of Tle1 (∼96.5 kDa) fromPseudomonas aeruginosarefined to 2.0 Å resolution is reported, representing the first structure of this superfamily. Its overall structure can be divided into two distinct parts, the phospholipase catalytic module and the putative membrane-anchoring module; this arrangement has not previously been observed in known lipase structures. The phospholipase catalytic module has a canonical α/β-hydrolase fold and mutation of any residue in the Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad abolishes its toxicity. The putative membrane-anchoring module adopts an open conformation composed of three amphipathic domains, and its partial folds are similar to those of several periplasmic or membrane proteins. A cell-toxicity assay revealed that the putative membrane-anchoring module is critical to Tle1 antibacterial activity. A molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation system in which the putative membrane-anchoring module embedded into a bilayer was stable over 50 ns. These structure–function studies provide insight into the hydrolysis and membrane-targeting process of the unique phospholipase Tle1.
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Wang G. Human antimicrobial peptides and proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:545-94. [PMID: 24828484 PMCID: PMC4035769 DOI: 10.3390/ph7050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key components of innate immunity, human host defense antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) play a critical role in warding off invading microbial pathogens. In addition, AMPs can possess other biological functions such as apoptosis, wound healing, and immune modulation. This article provides an overview on the identification, activity, 3D structure, and mechanism of action of human AMPs selected from the antimicrobial peptide database. Over 100 such peptides have been identified from a variety of tissues and epithelial surfaces, including skin, eyes, ears, mouths, gut, immune, nervous and urinary systems. These peptides vary from 10 to 150 amino acids with a net charge between -3 and +20 and a hydrophobic content below 60%. The sequence diversity enables human AMPs to adopt various 3D structures and to attack pathogens by different mechanisms. While α-defensin HD-6 can self-assemble on the bacterial surface into nanonets to entangle bacteria, both HNP-1 and β-defensin hBD-3 are able to block cell wall biosynthesis by binding to lipid II. Lysozyme is well-characterized to cleave bacterial cell wall polysaccharides but can also kill bacteria by a non-catalytic mechanism. The two hydrophobic domains in the long amphipathic α-helix of human cathelicidin LL-37 lays the basis for binding and disrupting the curved anionic bacterial membrane surfaces by forming pores or via the carpet model. Furthermore, dermcidin may serve as ion channel by forming a long helix-bundle structure. In addition, the C-type lectin RegIIIα can initially recognize bacterial peptidoglycans followed by pore formation in the membrane. Finally, histatin 5 and GAPDH(2-32) can enter microbial cells to exert their effects. It appears that granulysin enters cells and kills intracellular pathogens with the aid of pore-forming perforin. This arsenal of human defense proteins not only keeps us healthy but also inspires the development of a new generation of personalized medicine to combat drug-resistant superbugs, fungi, viruses, parasites, or cancer. Alternatively, multiple factors (e.g., albumin, arginine, butyrate, calcium, cyclic AMP, isoleucine, short-chain fatty acids, UV B light, vitamin D, and zinc) are able to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides, opening new avenues to the development of anti-infectious drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
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Ohta T, Koshi K, Ushizawa K, Hosoe M, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi T, Kizaki K, Hashizume K. Expression profiles of perforin, granzyme B and granulysin genes during the estrous cycle and gestation in the bovine endometrium. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:763-9. [PMID: 24798459 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The conceptus is susceptible to destruction by maternal cytotoxic lymphocytes, which have cytotoxic potential. Therefore, it is expected that mechanisms for regulating cytotoxic lymphocytes exist, but little is known about the expression of cytotoxic genes in the endometrium. In the present study, we examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the cytotoxic genes perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin during the estrous cycle and gestation in the bovine endometrium. Endometrial tissues were collected from cows during the estrous cycle and gestation. The gene expression patterns of the three cytotoxic genes were examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, and cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets were characterized using immunohistochemistry. During mid- to late gestation in the intercaruncular (ICAR), granulysin expression was significantly increased, and a large number of granulysin-expressing cells were localized in the luminal epithelium. Perforin and granzyme B displayed similar expression profiles and were highly expressed in the peri-implantation endometrium, but few cells expressing these genes were found in the endometrial stroma. In conclusion, these findings suggest that in the ICAR epithelium granulysin may play important roles in the establishment and maintenance of gestation during normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan; Laboratory for Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Leippe M. Pore-forming toxins from pathogenic amoebae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4347-53. [PMID: 24676751 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some amoeboid protozoans are facultative or obligate parasites in humans and bear an enormous cytotoxic potential that can result in severe destruction of host tissues and fatal diseases. Pathogenic amoebae produce soluble pore-forming polypeptides that bind to prokaryotic and eukaryotic target cell membranes and generate pores upon insertion and oligomerization. This review summerizes the current knowledge of such small protein toxins from amoebae, compares them with related proteins from other species, focuses on their three-dimensional structures, and gives insights into divergent activation mechanisms. The potential use of pore-forming toxins in biotechnology will be briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Leippe
- Zoological Institute, Zoophysiology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany,
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