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Eisinger M, Rahn H, Chen Y, Fernandes M, Lin Z, Hentze N, Tavella D, Moussa EM. Elucidation of the Reversible Self-Association Interface of a Diabody-Interleukin Fusion Protein Using Hydrogen-Exchange Mass Spectrometry and In Silico Modeling. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38922328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Reversible self-association (RSA) of therapeutic proteins presents major challenges in the development of high-concentration formulations, especially those intended for subcutaneous administration. Understanding self-association mechanisms is therefore critical to the design and selection of candidates with acceptable developability to advance to clinical trials. The combination of experiments and in silico modeling presents a powerful tool to elucidate the interface of self-association. RSA of monoclonal antibodies has been studied extensively under different solution conditions and have been shown to involve interactions for both the antigen-binding fragment and the crystallizable fragment. Novel modalities such as bispecific antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, single-chain-variable fragments, and diabodies constitute a fast-growing class of antibody-based therapeutics that have unique physiochemical properties compared to monoclonal antibodies. In this study, the RSA interface of a diabody-interleukin 22 fusion protein (FP-1) was studied using hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) in combination with in silico modeling. Taken together, the results show that a complex solution behavior underlies the self-association of FP-1 and that the interface thereof can be attributed to a specific segment in the variable light chain of the diabody. These findings also demonstrate that the combination of HDX-MS with in silico modeling is a powerful tool to guide the design and candidate selection of novel biotherapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eisinger
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany
| | - Harri Rahn
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany
| | - Yong Chen
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
| | - Melissa Fernandes
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
| | - Nikolai Hentze
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany
| | - Davide Tavella
- Biotherapeutics and Genetic Medicine, AbbVie Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts 01604, United States
| | - Ehab M Moussa
- Biologics Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60061, United States
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2
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Math BA, Waibl F, Lamp LM, Fernández‐Quintero ML, Liedl KR. Cross-linking disulfide bonds govern solution structures of diabodies. Proteins 2023; 91:1316-1328. [PMID: 37376973 PMCID: PMC10952579 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, antibodies have emerged as a promising new class of therapeutics, due to their combination of high specificity with long serum half-life and low risk of side-effects. Diabodies are a popular novel antibody format, consisting of two Fv domains connected with short linkers. Like IgG antibodies, they simultaneously bind two target proteins. However, they offer altered properties, given their smaller size and higher rigidity. In this study, we conducted the-to our knowledge-first molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diabodies and find a surprisingly high conformational flexibility in the relative orientation of the two Fv domains. We observe rigidifying effects through the introduction of disulfide bonds in the Fv -Fv interface and characterize the effect of different disulfide bond locations on the conformation. Additionally, we compare VH -VL orientations and paratope dynamics between diabodies and an antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the same sequence. We find mostly consistent structures and dynamics, indicating similar antigen binding properties. The most significant differences can be found within the CDR-H2 loop dynamics. Of all CDR loops, the CDR-H2 is located closest to the artificial Fv -Fv interface. All examined diabodies show similar VH -VL orientations, Fv -Fv packing and CDR loop conformations. However, the variant with a P14C-K64C disulfide bond differs most from the Fab in our measures, including the CDR-H3 loop conformational ensemble. This suggests altered antigen binding properties and underlines the need for careful validation of the disulfide bond locations in diabodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Math
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Monica L. Fernández‐Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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3
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Nordstrom JL, Ferrari G, Margolis DM. Bispecific antibody-derived molecules to target persistent HIV infection. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100083. [PMID: 36111287 PMCID: PMC9468498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection persists despite durable and potent antiviral therapy. To target persistent HIV infection, one major strategy aims to induce HIV provirus expression using latency reversing agents and then eliminate these reservoir cells via immune responses enhanced by treatment with antibody-derived bispecific molecules. The specificities of anti-HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies have been incorporated into bispecific molecules that can recognize infected cells and recruit cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate them. This concept seeks to engineer a unique and potent effector response based on the opportunity to target conserved viral epitopes on infected cells, and recruit broad populations of immune effector cells that are not limited by major histocompatibility complex restrictions or other programmed specificity constraints. This article provides a review of bispecific DART® molecules and other dual-specificity antibody-based molecules that function by co-engaging CD3-expressing T cells or CD16A-expressing NK cells with HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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Krakow J, Hammel M, Zhu Y, Hillier BJ, Paolella B, Desmarais A, Wall R, Chen THT, Pei R, Karunatilake C, DuBridge R, Vinogradova M. Structural arrangement of the VH and VL domains in the COBRA™ T-cell engaging single-chain diabody. Antib Ther 2022; 5:1-10. [PMID: 35005430 PMCID: PMC8719580 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COBRA™ (COnditional Bispecific Redirected Activation) T-cell engagers are designed to target solid tumors as a single polypeptide chain prodrug that becomes activated by proteolysis in the tumor microenvironment. One COBRA molecule comprises seven Ig domains: three single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) recognizing a tumor target or human serum albumin (HSA), and CD3ε-binding variable fragment heavy chain (VH) and variable fragment light chain (VL) and their inactivated counterparts, VHi and VLi. Pairing of VH and VL, and VLi and VHi into single-chain variable fragments (Fv) is prevented by shortened inter-domain linkers. Instead, VH and VL are expected to interact with VLi and VHi, respectively, thus making a diabody whose binding to CD3ε on the T-cells is impaired. METHODS We analyzed the structure of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) COBRA in solution using negative stain electron microscopy (EM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). RESULTS We found that this EGFR COBRA forms stable monomers with a very dynamic interdomain arrangement. At most, only five domains at a time appeared ordered, and only one VH-VL pair was found in the Fv orientation. Nonenzymatic posttranslational modifications suggest that the CDR3 loops in the VL-VHi pair are exposed but are buried in the VH-VLi pair. The MMP9 cleavage rate of the prodrug when bound to recombinant EGFR or HSA is not affected, indicating positioning of the MMP9-cleavable linker away from the EGFR and HSA binding sites. CONCLUSION Here, we propose a model for EGFR COBRA where VH and VLi form an Fv, and VL and VHi do not, possibly interacting with other Ig domains. SAXS and MMP9 cleavage analyses suggest that all COBRA molecules tested have a similar structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Krakow
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Hillier
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Bryce Paolella
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Austin Desmarais
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Rusty Wall
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Tseng-Hui T Chen
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Rex Pei
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Chulani Karunatilake
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Robert DuBridge
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Maia Vinogradova
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Brisbane, CA, USA
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5
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Wu AM. Protein Engineering for Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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6
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Nakazawa H, Onodera-Sugano T, Sugiyama A, Tanaka Y, Hattori T, Niide T, Ogata H, Asano R, Kumagai I, Umetsu M. Association behavior and control of the quality of cancer therapeutic bispecific diabodies expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Ueda A, Umetsu M, Nakanishi T, Hashikami K, Nakazawa H, Hattori S, Asano R, Kumagai I. Chemically Crosslinked Bispecific Antibodies for Cancer Therapy: Breaking from the Structural Restrictions of the Genetic Fusion Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030711. [PMID: 31973200 PMCID: PMC7037651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are composed of structurally and functionally independent domains that can be used as building blocks to construct different types of chimeric protein-format molecules. However, the generally used genetic fusion and chemical approaches restrict the types of structures that can be formed and do not give an ideal degree of homogeneity. In this study, we combined mutation techniques with chemical conjugation to construct a variety of homogeneous bivalent and bispecific antibodies. First, building modules without lysine residues—which can be chemical conjugation sites—were generated by means of genetic mutation. Specific mutated residues in the lysine-free modules were then re-mutated to lysine residues. Chemical conjugation at the recovered lysine sites enabled the construction of homogeneous bivalent and bispecific antibodies from block modules that could not have been so arranged by genetic fusion approaches. Molecular evolution and bioinformatics techniques assisted in finding viable alternatives to the lysine residues that did not deactivate the block modules. Multiple candidates for re-mutation positions offer a wide variety of possible steric arrangements of block modules, and appropriate linkages between block modules can generate highly bioactive bispecific antibodies. Here, we propose the effectiveness of the lysine-free block module design for site-specific chemical conjugation to form a variety of types of homogeneous chimeric protein-format molecule with a finely tuned structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (I.K.); Tel.: +81-22-795-7274 (M.U.); +81-22-795-7275 (I.K.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Izumi Kumagai
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (I.K.); Tel.: +81-22-795-7274 (M.U.); +81-22-795-7275 (I.K.)
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8
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Inclusion of a Furin Cleavage Site Enhances Antitumor Efficacy against Colorectal Cancer Cells of Ribotoxin α-Sarcin- or RNase T1-Based Immunotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100593. [PMID: 31614771 PMCID: PMC6832446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric molecules that combine the specificity of an antibody to recognize and bind tumor antigens with the potency of the enzymatic activity of a toxin, thus, promoting the death of target cells. Among them, RNases-based immunotoxins have arisen as promising antitumor therapeutic agents. In this work, we describe the production and purification of two new immunoconjugates, based on RNase T1 and the fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin, with optimized properties for tumor treatment due to the inclusion of a furin cleavage site. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, ribonucleolytic activity studies, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and cell viability assays were carried out for structural and in vitro functional characterization. Our results confirm the enhanced antitumor efficiency showed by these furin-immunotoxin variants as a result of an improved release of their toxic domain to the cytosol, favoring the accessibility of both ribonucleases to their substrates. Overall, these results represent a step forward in the design of immunotoxins with optimized properties for potential therapeutic application in vivo.
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9
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Distinguishing Between Monomeric scFv and Diabody in Solution Using Light and Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040048. [PMID: 31548495 PMCID: PMC6963988 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the linker length between the VH and the VL domain, single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments form monomers, dimers (diabodies) or higher oligomers. We aimed at generating a diabody of the anti-MET antibody 3H3 to use it as crystallization chaperone to promote crystallization of the MET ectodomain through the introduction of a pre-formed twofold axis of symmetry. Size exclusion chromatography, however, suggested the protein to be monomeric. Hence, we used scattering techniques applied to solutions to further investigate its oligomerization state. The small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curve measured for our protein nicely fits to the scattering curve calculated from the known crystal structure of a diabody. In addition, concentration-dependent photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements revealed a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm at infinite dilution and a negative interaction parameter kD, indicating attractive interactions that are beneficial for crystallization. Both SAXS and PCS measurements clearly suggest our antibody fragment to be a diabody in solution. Chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and cell motility assays confirmed this conclusion.
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10
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Ellwanger K, Reusch U, Fucek I, Wingert S, Ross T, Müller T, Schniegler-Mattox U, Haneke T, Rajkovic E, Koch J, Treder M, Tesar M. Redirected optimized cell killing (ROCK®): A highly versatile multispecific fit-for-purpose antibody platform for engaging innate immunity. MAbs 2019; 11:899-918. [PMID: 31172847 PMCID: PMC6601565 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1616506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Redirection of immune cells to efficiently eliminate tumor cells holds great promise. Natural killer cells (NK), macrophages, or T cells are specifically engaged with target cells expressing markers after infection or neoplastic transformation, resulting in their activation and subsequent killing of those targets. Multiple strategies to redirect immunity have been developed in the past two decades, but they have technical hurdles or cause undesirable side-effects, as exemplified by the T cell-based chimeric antigen receptor approaches (CAR-T therapies) or bispecific T cell engager platforms. Our first-in-class bispecific antibody redirecting innate immune cells to tumors (AFM13, a CD30/CD16A-specific innate immune cell engager) has shown signs of clinical efficacy in CD30-positive lymphomas and the potential to be safely administered, indicating a wider therapeutic window compared to T cell engaging therapies. AFM13 is the most advanced candidate from our fit-for-purpose redirected optimized cell killing (ROCK®) antibody platform, which comprises a plethora of CD16A-binding innate immune cell engagers with unique properties. Here, we discuss aspects of this modular platform, including the advantages of innate immune cell engagement over classical monoclonal antibodies and other engager concepts. We also present details on its potential to engineer a fit-for-purpose innate immune cell engager format that can be equipped with unique CD16A domains, modules that influence pharmacokinetic properties and molecular architectures that influence the activation of immune effectors, as well as tumor targeting. The ROCK® platform is aimed at the activation of innate immunity for the effective lysis of tumor cells and holds the promise of overcoming limitations of other approaches that redirect immune cells by widening the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Reusch
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ivica Fucek
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Ross
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | - Torsten Haneke
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Erich Rajkovic
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Martin Treder
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Michael Tesar
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
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11
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Seifert O, Rau A, Beha N, Richter F, Kontermann RE. Diabody-Ig: a novel platform for the generation of multivalent and multispecific antibody molecules. MAbs 2019; 11:919-929. [PMID: 30951400 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1603024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent mono- or bispecific antibodies are of increasing interest for therapeutic applications, such as efficient receptor clustering and activation, or dual targeting approaches. Here, we present a novel platform for the generation of Ig-like molecules, designated diabody-Ig (Db-Ig). The antigen-binding site of Db-Ig is composed of a diabody in the VH-VL orientation stabilized by fusion to antibody-derived homo- or heterodimerization domains, e.g., CH1/CL or the heavy chain domain 2 of IgE (EHD2) or IgM (MHD2), further fused to an Fc region. In this study, we applied the Db-Ig format for the generation of tetravalent bispecific antibodies (2 + 2) directed against EGFR and HER3 and utilizing different dimerization domains. These Db-Ig antibodies retained the binding properties of the parental antibodies and demonstrated unhindered simultaneous binding of both antigens. The Db-Ig antibodies could be purified by a single affinity chromatography resulting in a homogenous preparation. Furthermore, the Db-Igs were highly stable in human plasma. Importantly, only one short peptide linker (5 aa) per chain is required to generate a Db-Ig molecule, reducing the potential risk of immunogenicity. The presence of a fully functional Fc resulted in IgG-like pharmacokinetic profiles of the Db-Ig molecules. Besides tetravalent bispecific molecules, this modular platform technology further allows for the generation of other multivalent molecules of varying specificity and valency, including mono-, bi-, tri- and tetra-specific molecules, and thus should be suitable for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Seifert
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Stuttgart Research Center System Biology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Alexander Rau
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Nadine Beha
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Fabian Richter
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Stuttgart Research Center System Biology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Stuttgart Research Center System Biology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
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12
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Kwon NY, Kim Y, Lee JO. Structural diversity and flexibility of diabodies. Methods 2019; 154:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE Optical surgical navigation (OSN) will be a potent tool to help surgeons more accurately and efficiently remove tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel humanized 3E8 antibody (3E8 MAb) fragment site-specifically conjugated with IR800, 3E8.scFv.Cys-IR800, as a potential OSN agent to target colorectal adenocarcinoma. PROCEDURES An engineered single-chain variable fragment of 3E8 MAb (targeted to TAG-72), appending a C-terminal cysteine residue (3E8.scFv.Cys), was created and reacted with IRDye800-maleimide. 3E8.scFv.Cys-IR800 identity and purity were verified by MALDI-TOF mass spectra and 800 nm detected size exclusion column HPLC. In vitro human colon adenocarcinoma LS-174 T cells binding and competition assay validated biological functionality. We further evaluated the imaging ability and receptor-specific binding of 3E8.scFv.Cys-IR800 in an orthotopic LS-174 T mouse model. RESULTS A 1:1 dye to protein conjugate was achieved at greater than 90 % HPLC purity. A 1 nmol dose of 3E8.scFv.Cys-IR800 via intraperitoneal injection administration was sufficient to produce high tumor to background fluorescence contrast. Blocking competition studies both in vitro and in vivo using a different blocking protein, 3E8ΔCH2, demonstrated 3E8.scFv.Cys-IR800 binding specificity for TAG-72 antigen. CONCLUSIONS 3E8.scFv.Cys-IR800 shows properties useful in a clinically viable OSN agent for colorectal cancer.
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14
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have moved from being an academic curiosity with therapeutic promise to reality, with two molecules being currently commercialized (Hemlibra® and Blincyto®) and many more in clinical trials. The success of bispecific antibodies is mainly due to the continuously growing number of mechanisms of actions (MOA) they enable that are not accessible to monoclonal antibodies. One of the earliest MOA of bispecific antibodies and currently the one with the largest number of clinical trials is the redirecting of the cytotoxic activity of T-cells for oncology applications, now extending its use in infective diseases. The use of bispecific antibodies for crossing the blood-brain barrier is another important application because of its potential to advance the therapeutic options for neurological diseases. Another noteworthy application due to its growing trend is enabling a more tissue-specific delivery or activity of antibodies. The different molecular solutions to the initial hurdles that limited the development of bispecific antibodies have led to the current diverse set of bispecific or multispecific antibody formats that can be grouped into three main categories: IgG-like formats, antibody fragment-based formats, or appended IgG formats. The expanded applications of bispecific antibodies come at the price of additional challenges for clinical development. The rising complexity in their structure may increase the risk of immunogenicity and the multiple antigen specificity complicates the selection of relevant species for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Husain
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Diego Ellerman
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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15
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Optimized Expression and Characterization of a Novel Fully Human Bispecific Single-Chain Diabody Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor165 and Programmed Death-1 in Pichia pastoris and Evaluation of Antitumor Activity In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102900. [PMID: 30257416 PMCID: PMC6213929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies, which can bind to two different epitopes on the same or different antigens simultaneously, have recently emerged as attractive candidates for study in various diseases. Our present study successfully constructs and expresses a fully human, bispecific, single-chain diabody (BsDb) that can bind to vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) in Pichia pastoris. Under the optimal expression conditions (methanol concentration, 1%; pH, 4.0; inoculum density, OD600 = 4, and the induction time, 96 h), the maximum production level of this BsDb is achieved at approximately 20 mg/L. The recombinant BsDb is purified in one step using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) column chromatography with a purity of more than 95%. Indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and sandwich ELISA analyses show that purified BsDb can bind specifically to VEGF165 and PD-1 simultaneously with affinities of 124.78 nM and 25.07 nM, respectively. Additionally, the BsDb not only effectively inhibits VEGF165-stimulated proliferation, migration, and tube formation in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), but also significantly improves proliferation and INF-γ production of activated T cells by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 co-stimulation. Furthermore, the BsDb displays potent antitumor activity in mice bearing HT29 xenograft tumors by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and activating immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Based on these results, we have prepared a potential bispecific antibody drug that can co-target both VEGF165 and PD-1 for the first time. This work provides a stable foundation for the development of new strategies by the combination of an angiogenesis inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade for cancer therapy.
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Asano R, Nagai K, Makabe K, Takahashi K, Kumagai T, Kawaguchi H, Ogata H, Arai K, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Structural considerations for functional anti-EGFR × anti-CD3 bispecific diabodies in light of domain order and binding affinity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13884-13893. [PMID: 29568402 PMCID: PMC5862623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a functional humanized bispecific diabody (bsDb) that targeted EGFR and CD3 (hEx3-Db) and enhancement of its cytotoxicity by rearranging the domain order in the V domain. Here, we further dissected the effect of domain order in bsDbs on their cross-linking ability and binding kinetics to elucidate general rules regarding the design of functional bsDbs. Using Ex3-Db as a model system, we first classified the four possible domain orders as anti-parallel (where both chimeric single-chain components are variable heavy domain (VH)-variable light domain (VL) or VL-VH order) and parallel types (both chimeric single-chain components are mixed with VH-VL and VL-VH order). Although anti-parallel Ex3-Dbs could cross-link the soluble target antigens, their cross-linking ability between soluble targets had no correlation with their growth inhibitory effects. In contrast, the binding affinity of one of the two constructs with a parallel-arrangement V domain was particularly low, and structural modeling supported this phenomenon. Similar results were observed with E2x3-Dbs, in which the V region of the anti-EGFR antibody clone in hEx3 was replaced with that of another anti-EGFR clone. Only anti-parallel types showed affinity-dependent cancer inhibitory effects in each molecule, and E2x3-LH (both components in VL-VH order) showed the most intense anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that, in addition to rearranging the domain order of bsDbs, increasing their binding affinity may be an ideal strategy for enhancing the cytotoxicity of anti-parallel constructs and that E2x3-LH is particularly attractive as a candidate next-generation anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Present Address: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kento Takahashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kawaguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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17
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Zhao Q, Buhr D, Gunter C, Frenette J, Ferguson M, Sanford E, Holland E, Rajagopal C, Batonick M, Kiss MM, Weiner MP. Rational library design by functional CDR resampling. N Biotechnol 2017; 45:89-97. [PMID: 29242049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful antibody discovery relies on diversified libraries, where two aspects are implied, namely the absolute number of unique clones and the percentage of functional clones. Instead of pursuing the absolute quantity thresholded by current display technology, we have sought to maximize the effective diversity by improving functional clone percentage. With the combined effort of bioinformatics, structural biology, molecular immunology and phage display technology, we devised a bioinformatic pipeline to construct and validate libraries via combinatorial assembly of sequences from a database of experimentally validated antibodies. Furthermore, we showed that the libraries constructed as such yielded a significantly increased success rate against different antigen types and generated over 20-fold more unique hits per targets compared with libraries based on traditional degenerate nucleotide methods. Our study indicated that predefined CDR sequences with optimized CDR-framework compatibility could be a productive direction of functional library construction for in vitro antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA.
| | - Diane Buhr
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Ferguson
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Erika Holland
- Abcam plc, 688 E. Main Street, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
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18
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Sugiyama A, Umetsu M, Nakazawa H, Niide T, Onodera T, Hosokawa K, Hattori S, Asano R, Kumagai I. A semi high-throughput method for screening small bispecific antibodies with high cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2862. [PMID: 28588218 PMCID: PMC5460266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Small bispecific antibodies that induce T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity have the potential to damage late-stage tumor masses to a clinically relevant degree, but their cytotoxicity is critically dependent on their structural and functional properties. Here, we constructed an optimized procedure for identifying highly cytotoxic antibodies from a variety of the T-cell-recruiting antibodies engineered from a series of antibodies against cancer antigens of epidermal growth factor receptor family and T-cell receptors. By developing and applying a set of rapid operations for expression vector construction and protein preparation, we screened the cytotoxicity of 104 small antibodies with diabody format and identified some with 103-times higher cytotoxicity than that of previously reported active diabody. The results demonstrate that cytotoxicity is enhanced by synergistic effects between the target, epitope, binding affinity, and the order of heavy-chain and light-chain variable domains. We demonstrate the importance of screening to determine the critical rules for highly cytotoxic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruto Sugiyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Teppei Niide
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomoko Onodera
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hosokawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hattori
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
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19
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Klement M, Zheng J, Liu C, Tan HL, Wong VVT, Choo ABH, Lee DY, Ow DSW. Antibody engineering of a cytotoxic monoclonal antibody 84 against human embryonic stem cells: Investigating the effects of multivalency on cytotoxicity. J Biotechnol 2017; 243:29-37. [PMID: 28042013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody fragments have shown targeted specificity to their antigens, but only modest tissue retention times in vivo and in vitro. Multimerization has been used as a protein engineering tool to increase the number of binding units and thereby enhance the efficacy and retention time of antibody fragments. In this work, we explored the effects of valency using a series of self-assembling polypeptides based on the GCN4 leucine zipper multimerization domain fused to a single-chain variable fragment via an antibody upper hinge sequence. Four engineered antibody fragments with a valency from one to four antigen-binding units of a cytotoxic monoclonal antibody 84 against human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were constructed. We hypothesized that higher cytotoxicity would be observed for fragments with increased valency. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the trimeric and tetrameric engineered antibody fragments resulted in the highest degree of cytotoxicity to the undifferentiated hESC, while the engineered antibody fragments were observed to have improved tissue penetration into cell clusters. Thus, a trade off was made for the trimeric versus tetrameric fragment due to improved tissue penetration. These results have direct implications for antibody-mediated removal of undifferentiated hESC during regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Klement
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiyun Zheng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, #05-01, 117456, Singapore
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore
| | - Heng-Liang Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore
| | - Victor Vai Tak Wong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore
| | - Andre Boon-Hwa Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Dave Siak-Wei Ow
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, 138668, Singapore.
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20
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Crystal structures of mono- and bi-specific diabodies and reduction of their structural flexibility by introduction of disulfide bridges at the Fv interface. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34515. [PMID: 27682821 PMCID: PMC5041106 DOI: 10.1038/srep34515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a sophisticated protein nano-assembly requires a method for linking protein components in a predictable and stable structure. Diabodies are engineered antibody fragments that are composed of two Fv domains connected by short peptide linkers. They are attractive candidates for mediators in assembling protein nano-structures because they can simultaneously bind to two different proteins and are rigid enough to be crystallized. However, comparison of previous crystal structures demonstrates that there is substantial structural diversity in the Fv interface region of diabodies and, therefore, reliable prediction of its structure is not trivial. Here, we present the crystal structures of ten mono- and bi-specific diabodies. We found that changing an arginine residue in the Fv interface to threonine greatly reduced the structural diversity of diabodies. We also found that one of the bispecific diabodies underwent an unexpected process of chain swapping yielding a non-functional monospecific diabody. In order to further reduce structural flexibility and prevent chain shuffling, we introduced disulfide bridges in the Fv interface regions. The disulfide-bridged diabodies have rigid and predictable structures and may have applications in crystallizing proteins, analyzing cryo-electron microscopic images and building protein nano-assemblies.
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21
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Root AR, Cao W, Li B, LaPan P, Meade C, Sanford J, Jin M, O'Sullivan C, Cummins E, Lambert M, Sheehan AD, Ma W, Gatto S, Kerns K, Lam K, D'Antona AM, Zhu L, Brady WA, Benard S, King A, He T, Racie L, Arai M, Barrett D, Stochaj W, LaVallie ER, Apgar JR, Svenson K, Mosyak L, Yang Y, Chichili GR, Liu L, Li H, Burke S, Johnson S, Alderson R, Finlay WJJ, Lin L, Olland S, Somers W, Bonvini E, Gerber HP, May C, Moore PA, Tchistiakova L, Bloom L. Development of PF-06671008, a Highly Potent Anti-P-cadherin/Anti-CD3 Bispecific DART Molecule with Extended Half-Life for the Treatment of Cancer. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:E6. [PMID: 31557987 PMCID: PMC6698862 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies offer a promising approach for the treatment of cancer but can be challenging to engineer and manufacture. Here we report the development of PF-06671008, an extended-half-life dual-affinity re-targeting (DART®) bispecific molecule against P-cadherin and CD3 that demonstrates antibody-like properties. Using phage display, we identified anti-P-cadherin single chain Fv (scFv) that were subsequently affinity-optimized to picomolar affinity using stringent phage selection strategies, resulting in low picomolar potency in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing assays in the DART format. The crystal structure of this disulfide-constrained diabody shows that it forms a novel compact structure with the two antigen binding sites separated from each other by approximately 30 Å and facing approximately 90° apart. We show here that introduction of the human Fc domain in PF-06671008 has produced a molecule with an extended half-life (-4.4 days in human FcRn knock-in mice), high stability (Tm1 > 68 °C), high expression (>1 g/L), and robust purification properties (highly pure heterodimer), all with minimal impact on potency. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in a human colorectal/human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) co-mix xenograft mouse model. These results suggest PF-06671008 is a promising new bispecific for the treatment of patients with solid tumors expressing P-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Root
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Wei Cao
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Bilian Li
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Peter LaPan
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Caryl Meade
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Jocelyn Sanford
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Macy Jin
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Cliona O'Sullivan
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Emma Cummins
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Matthew Lambert
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Alfredo D Sheehan
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Weijun Ma
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Scott Gatto
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Kelvin Kerns
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Khetemenee Lam
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Aaron M D'Antona
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Lily Zhu
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William A Brady
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Susan Benard
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Amy King
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Tao He
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Lisa Racie
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Maya Arai
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Dianah Barrett
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Wayne Stochaj
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Edward R LaVallie
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - James R Apgar
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Kristine Svenson
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Lidia Mosyak
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yinhua Yang
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | | | - Liqin Liu
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Hua Li
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Steve Burke
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Syd Johnson
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Ralph Alderson
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - William J J Finlay
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Ireland.
| | - Laura Lin
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Stéphane Olland
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William Somers
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ezio Bonvini
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Hans-Peter Gerber
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
| | - Chad May
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
| | - Paul A Moore
- MacroGenics Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Lioudmila Tchistiakova
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Laird Bloom
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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22
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Nuñez-Prado N, Compte M, Harwood S, Álvarez-Méndez A, Lykkemark S, Sanz L, Álvarez-Vallina L. The coming of age of engineered multivalent antibodies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:588-94. [PMID: 25757598 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology has had a profound impact on medicine. The therapeutic use of first-generation mAb achieved considerable success in the treatment of major diseases, including cancer, inflammation, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. Next-generation antibodies have been engineered to further increase potency, improve the safety profile and acquire non-natural properties, and constitute a thriving area of mAb research and development. Currently, a variety of alternative antibody formats with modified architectures have been generated and are moving fast into the clinic. In fact, the bispecific antibody blinatumomab was the first in its class to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as recently as December 2014. Here, we outline the fundamental strategies used for designing the next generation of therapeutic antibodies, as well as the most relevant results obtained in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nuñez-Prado
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Compte
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Simon Lykkemark
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Sino-Danish Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Škerlová J, Král V, Fábry M, Sedláček J, Veverka V, Řezáčová P. Optimization of the crystallizability of a single-chain antibody fragment. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1701-6. [PMID: 25484230 PMCID: PMC4259244 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1402247x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable antibody fragments (scFvs) are molecules with immense therapeutic and diagnostic potential. Knowledge of their three-dimensional structure is important for understanding their antigen-binding mode as well as for protein-engineering approaches such as antibody humanization. A major obstacle to the crystallization of single-chain variable antibody fragments is their relatively poor homogeneity caused by spontaneous oligomerization. A new approach to optimization of the crystallizability of single-chain variable antibody fragments is demonstrated using a representative single-chain variable fragment derived from the anti-CD3 antibody MEM-57. A Thermofluor-based assay was utilized to screen for optimal conditions for antibody-fragment stability and homogeneity. Such an optimization of the protein storage buffer led to a significantly improved ability of the scFv MEM-57 to yield crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Škerlová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Král
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sedláček
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Veverka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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24
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Huber G, Bánki Z, Kunert R, Stoiber H. Novel bifunctional single-chain variable antibody fragments to enhance virolysis by complement: generation and proof-of-concept. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:971345. [PMID: 24524088 PMCID: PMC3913500 DOI: 10.1155/2014/971345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When bound to the envelope of viruses, factor H (FH), a soluble regulator of complement activation, contributes to the protection against a potent immune defense mechanism, the complement-mediated lysis (CML). Thus, removing FH from the surface renders viruses, such as HIV, susceptible to CML. For a proof of concept, we developed a construct consisting of recombinant bifunctional single-chain variable fragment (scFv) based on a monoclonal antibody against Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) envelope protein gp70, which was coupled to specific binding domains (short consensus repeats 19-20; SCR1920) of FH. We used Pichia pastoris as expression system in common shake flasks and optimized expression in high density bench top fermentation. Specific binding of recombinant scFv was proven by flow cytometry. The recombinant scFv-SCR significantly enhanced CML of F-MuLV in vitro implying that FH binding to the viral surface was impaired by the scFv-SCR. This novel concept to enhance virolysis may provide a new approach for antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Huber
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Rothe A, Jachimowicz RD, Borchmann S, Madlener M, Keßler J, Reiners KS, Sauer M, Hansen HP, Ullrich RT, Chatterjee S, Borchmann P, Yazaki P, Koslowsky TC, Engert A, Heukamp LC, Hallek M, von Strandmann EP. The bispecific immunoligand ULBP2-aCEA redirects natural killer cells to tumor cells and reveals potent anti-tumor activity against colon carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2829-40. [PMID: 24242212 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed on NK cells and T cells, is critically involved in tumor immunosurveillance. In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic utility of the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 for the treatment of colon carcinoma. To this end we designed a fusion protein consisting of human ULBP2 and an antibody-derived single chain targeting the tumor carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The bispecific recombinant fusion protein re-directed NK cells towards malignant cells by binding to both, tumor cells and NK cells, and triggered NK cell-mediated target cell killing in vitro. Moreover, tumor growth was significantly delayed in a syngeneic colon carcinoma mouse model in response to immunoligand treatment. The anti-tumor activity could be attributed to the stimulation of immune cells with an elevated expression of the activation marker CD69 on NK, T and NKT cells and the infiltration of CD45+ immune cells into the solid tumor. In summary, it was demonstrated that immunoligands provide specific tumor targeting by NK cells and exert anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. This technology represents a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for solid tumors with the potential to be further developed for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Rothe
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Innate Immunity Group, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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An engineered anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody for positron emission tomography imaging of pancreatic cancer and targeting of polymerized liposomal nanoparticles. J Surg Res 2013; 185:45-55. [PMID: 23827791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-based therapeutics is a rapidly growing field. Small engineered antibody fragments demonstrate similar antigen affinity compared with the parental antibody but have a shorter serum half-life and possess the ability to be conjugated to nanoparticles. The goal of this study was to engineer an anti-carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) cys-diabody fragment in hopes of targeting nanoparticles to pancreatic cancer. METHODS The anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody was created by engineering a C-terminal cysteine residue into the DNA single-chain Fv construct of the anti-CA19-9 diabody and expressed in NS0 cells. Maleimide chemistry was used to conjugate the cys-diabody to polymerized liposomal nanoparticles (PLNs) through the cysteine residues. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate targeting of cys-diabody and cys-diabody-PLN conjugate to human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The cys-diabody was radiolabeled with a positron emitter ((124)I) and evaluated in a mouse model of CA19-9-positive and CA19-9-negative xenografts with micro-positron emission tomography/micro-computed tomography at successive time intervals after injection. Percentage of injected dose per gram of radioactivity was measured in blood and tumor to provide objective confirmation of the micro-positron emission tomographic images. RESULTS Tumor xenograft imaging of the anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody demonstrated an average tumor-to-blood ratio of 3.0 and positive-to-negative tumor ratio of 7.4. Successful conjugation of the cys-diabody to PLNs was indicated by flow cytometry showing specific binding of cys-diabody-PLN conjugate to human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the anti-CA19-9 cys-diabody targets pancreatic cancer providing specific molecular imaging in tumor xenograft models. Furthermore, the cys-diabody-PLN conjugate demonstrates target-specific binding of human pancreatic cancer cells with the potential to deliver targeted treatment.
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Le Gall F, Reusch U, Bakulina AY, Kiprijanov SM. WITHDRAWN: Tetravalent Bispecific Single-Chain Fv Antibodies for Lysis of Leukemia Cells by Autologous T Cells. J Mol Biol 2012:S0022-2836(12)00741-3. [PMID: 22985968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Le Gall
- Affimed Therapeutics AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, Technologiepark, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Tomé-Amat J, Menéndez-Méndez A, García-Ortega L, Batt CA, Oñaderra M, Martínez-del-Pozo A, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Production and characterization of scFvA33T1, an immunoRNase targeting colon cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:3022-32. [PMID: 22748038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the last 10 years, the use of different RNases as therapeutic agents for various diseases has been pursued. Furthermore, the advancements of recombinant technology have allowed the assembly of proteins with different functions. In this regard, immunoribonucleases (immunoRNases) stand out as some of the most promising therapeutic candidates given their enzymatic and non-mutagenic character. Accordingly, the work reported here describes fusing RNase T1, one of the most studied members of the microbial RNase family, to the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody that targets the glycoprotein A33 antigen (GPA33) from human colon cancer cells. A heterologous production system, which employs the yeast Pichia pastoris, has been optimized to produce this immunoRNase (scFvA33T1) with yields of ∼ 5-10 mg · L(-1). The purified protein appears to be correctly folded as it retains its antigen specificity and ribonucleolytic activity. Finally, it also shows specific binding to, internalization into and toxicity against GPA33-positive cell lines compared with the control, GPA33-negative cells. Overall, it can be concluded that scFvA33T1 is a promising therapeutic fusion protein with the additional advantage that presumably it can be produced and purified in large amounts using an easily scalable yeast-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Carreras-Sangrà N, Tomé-Amat J, García-Ortega L, Batt CA, Oñaderra M, Martínez-del-Pozo A, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Production and characterization of a colon cancer-specific immunotoxin based on the fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:425-35. [PMID: 22718791 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A single-chain fusion protein that directed the cytolytic activity of α-sarcin to A33 tumor antigen expressing cells was constructed and shown to effectively kill targeted cells. Glycoprotein A33 (GPA33) is a well-known colon cancer marker and a humanized antibody against it was used to target the α-sarcin. The fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin is one of the most potent and specific toxins known. It is small, protease resistant, thermostable and highly efficient towards the inactivation of ribosomes. This work describes the production and characterization of an immunotoxin resulting from fusing the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the monoclonal antibody that targets GPA33 to fungal α-sarcin. This chimeric protein (scFvA33αsarcin), produced in Pichia pastoris and purified in high yield was proven to be properly folded, active, specific and stable. It showed high specific toxicity against GPA33-positive tumoral cell lines providing scientific evidence to sustain that scFvA33αsarcin is a good immunotherapeutic candidate against GPA33-positive colon carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Carreras-Sangrà
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Recombinant bispecific antibodies have many different applications; especially promising is their therapeutic potential due to their ability to retarget an effector molecule or a cell to a disease-related target structure. In the last years, many formats have been developed: two commonly used are the bispecific diabody and the tandem scFv. In this chapter, the cloning, bacterial production, purification, and characterization of the two antibody formats are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hornig
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Li L, Crow D, Turatti F, Bading JR, Anderson AL, Poku E, Yazaki PJ, Carmichael J, Leong D, Wheatcroft D, Wheatcroft MP, Raubitschek AA, Hudson PJ, Colcher D, Shively JE. Site-specific conjugation of monodispersed DOTA-PEGn to a thiolated diabody reveals the effect of increasing peg size on kidney clearance and tumor uptake with improved 64-copper PET imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:709-16. [PMID: 21395337 DOI: 10.1021/bc100464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimal PET imaging of tumors with radiolabeled engineered antibodies requires, among other parameters, matching blood clearance and tumor uptake with the half-life of the engineered antibody. Although diabodies have favorable molecular sizes (50 kDa) for rapid blood clearance (t(1/2) = 30-60 min) and are bivalent, thereby increasing tumor uptake, they exhibit substantial kidney uptake as their major route of clearance, which is especially evident when they are labeled with the PET isotope (64)Cu (t(1/2) = 12 h). To overcome this drawback, diabodies may be conjugated to PEG, a modification that increases the apparent molecular size of the diabody and reduces kidney uptake without adversely affecting tumor uptake or the tumor to blood ratio. We show here that site-specific attachment of monodispersed PEGn of increasing molecular size (n = 12, 24, and 48) can uniformly increase the apparent molecular size of the PEG-diabody conjugate, decrease kidney uptake, and increase tumor uptake, the latter due to the increased residence time of the conjugate in the blood. Since the monodispersed PEGs were preconjugated to the chelator DOTA, the conjugates were able to bind radiometals such as (111)In and (64)Cu that can be used for SPECT and PET imaging, respectively. To allow conjugation of the DOTA-PEG to the diabody, the DOTA-PEG incorporated a terminal cysteine conjugated to a vinyl sulfone moiety. In order to control the conjugation chemistry, we have engineered a surface thiolated diabody that incorporates two cysteines per monomer (four per diabody). The thiolated diabody was expressed and purified from bacterial fermentation and only needs to be reduced prior to conjugation to the DOTA-PEGn-Cys-VS. This novel imaging agent (a diabody with DOTA-PEG48-Cys-VS attached to introduced thiols) gave up to 80%ID/g of tumor uptake with a tumor to blood ratio (T/B) of 8 at 24 h when radiolabeled with (111)In and 37.9% ID/g of tumor uptake (T/B = 8) at 44 h when radiolabeled with (64)Cu in PET imaging in an animal model. Tumor uptake was significantly improved from the 50% ID/g at 24 h observed with diabodies that were pegylated on surface lysine residues. Importantly, there was no loss of immunoreactivity of the site-specific Cys-conjugated diabody to its antigen (TAG-72) compared to the parent, unconjugated diabody. We propose that thiolated diabodies conjugated to DOTAylated monodisperse PEGs have the potential for superior SPECT and PET imaging in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
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Song Y, Antoniou C, Memic A, Kay BK, Fung LWM. Apparent structural differences at the tetramerization region of erythroid and nonerythroid beta spectrin as discriminated by phage displayed scFvs. Protein Sci 2011; 20:867-79. [PMID: 21412925 DOI: 10.1002/pro.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have screened a human immunoglobulin single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage library against the C-terminal tetramerization regions of erythroid and nonerythroid beta spectrin (βI-C1 and βII-C1, respectively) to explore the structural uniqueness of erythroid and nonerythroid β-spectrin isoforms. We have identified interacting scFvs, with clones "G5" and "A2" binding only to βI-C1, and clone "F11" binding only to βII-C1. The K(d) values, estimated by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, of these scFvs with their target spectrin proteins were 0.1-0.3 μM. A more quantitative K(d) value from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments with the recombinant G5 and βI-C1 was 0.15 μM. The α-spectrin fragments (model proteins), αI-N1 and αII-N1, competed with the βI-C1, or βII-C1, binding scFvs, with inhibitory concentration (IC(50) ) values of ∼50 μM for αI-N1, and ∼0.5 μM for αII-N1. Our predicted structures of βI-C1 and βII-C1 suggest that the Helix B' of the C-terminal partial domain of βI differs from that of βII. Consequently, an unstructured region downstream of Helix B' in βI may interact specifically with the unstructured, complementarity determining region H1 of G5 or A2 scFv. The corresponding region in βII was helical, and βII did not bind G5 scFv. Our results suggest that it is possible for cellular proteins to differentially associate with the C-termini of different β-spectrin isoforms to regulate α- and β-spectrin association to form functional spectrin tetramers, and may sort β-spectrin isoforms to their specific cellular localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Kenanova VE, Olafsen T, Salazar FB, Williams LE, Knowles S, Wu AM. Tuning the serum persistence of human serum albumin domain III:diabody fusion proteins. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:789-98. [PMID: 20802234 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The long circulation persistence of human serum albumin (HSA) is enabled by its domain III (DIII) interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). A protein scaffold based on HSA DIII was designed. To modify the serum half life of the scaffold, residues H535, H510, and H464 were individually mutated to alanine. HSA DIII wild type (WT) and variants were fused to the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) T84.66 diabody (Db), radiolabeled with (124)I and injected into xenografted athymic mice for serial PET/CT imaging. All proteins targeted the CEA-positive tumor. The mean residence times (MRT) of the proteins, calculated by quantifying blood activity from the PET images, were: Db-DIII WT (56.7 h), H535A (25 h), H510A (20 h), H464A (17 h), compared with Db (2.9 h). Biodistribution confirmed the order of blood clearance from slow to fast: Db-DIII WT > H535A > H510A > H464A > Db with 4.0, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6 and 0.08 %ID/g of remaining blood activity at 51 h, respectively. This study demonstrates that attenuating the DIII-FcRn interaction provides a way of controlling the pharmacokinetics of the entire Db-DIII fusion protein without compromising tumor targeting. H464 appears to be most crucial for FcRn binding (greatest reduction in MRT), followed by H510 and H535. By mutating the DIII scaffold, we can dial serum kinetics for imaging or therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania E Kenanova
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, CA 90095-1770, USA
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Bie CQ, Yang DH, Liang XJ, Tang SH. Construction of non-covalent single-chain Fv dimers for hepatocellular carcinoma and their biological functions. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:185-91. [PMID: 21160994 PMCID: PMC2998965 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i5.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To create new diabodies with improved binding activity to antigen of the variable light - variable heavy (VH-VL) oriented single-chain Fv dimers genes (scFv). METHODS The linker between VH and VL genes was shortened to 3-5 amino acid residues and cloned into the vector pCANTAB5E. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into TG1 cells and sequenced. The positive transformed cells were infected by M13K07 helper phage to form human recombinant phage antibodies. Expressed products were identified by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, size exclusion gel chromatography (SEC), ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Three scFv (scFv-3, scFv-4, scFv-5) were constructed successfully with binding ability to hepatocellular carcinoma 3.5-6 fold greater than their parental scFv. The single-chain Fv dimer (scFv-5, termed BDM3) with the best binding ability was successfully expressed in Yeast pichlia, as shown by. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. SEC results suggested the molecular weight of the expressed products was about 61 kDa. Expressed products showed significantly stronger binding to hepatocellular carcinoma cells than scFv, still having 50% binding activity even after 16 h incubation as 37°C. The purified dimers were bound specifically to the tumor antigen of HCC. CONCLUSION we have generated scFv dimers by shortening a series of linkers to 3-5 amino acid residues in VH-linker-VL orientation, resulting in highly stable and affinity-improved dimeric molecules. These will become an attractive targeting moiety in immunotherapeutic and diagnostic applications for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Qun Bie
- Cai-Qun Bie, Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Shajing Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen 518104, Guangdong Province, China
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Cuesta AM, Sainz-Pastor N, Bonet J, Oliva B, Alvarez-Vallina L. Multivalent antibodies: when design surpasses evolution. Trends Biotechnol 2010; 28:355-62. [PMID: 20447706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary pressure has selected antibodies as key immune molecules acting against foreign pathogens. The development of monoclonal antibody technology has allowed their widespread use in research, real-time diagnosis and treatment of multiple diseases, including cancer. However, compared with hematologic malignancies, solid tumors have often proven to be relatively resistant to antibody-based therapies. In an attempt to improve the tumor-targeting efficacy of antibodies, new formats with modified, multivalent properties have been generated. Initially, these formats imitated the structure of native IgG, creating mostly monospecific, bivalent antibodies. Recently, novel trivalent antibodies have been developed to maximize tumor targeting capabilities through enhanced biodistribution and functional affinity. We review recent advances in the engineering of multivalent antibodies and further discuss their promise as agents for in vivo diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Cuesta
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Malik A, Firoz A, Jha V, Sunderasan E, Ahmad S. Modeling the three-dimensional structures of an unbound single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and its hypothetical complex with a Corynespora cassiicola toxin, cassiicolin. J Mol Model 2010; 16:1883-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Yan L, Xiangwei M, Xiao L, Peng G, Chang L, Mingyao T, Encheng Y, Xiaohong X, Peng J, Shifu K, Zhongmei W, Ningyi J. Construction, expression and characterization of a dual cancer-specific fusion protein targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in intestinal carcinomas. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 69:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Barat B, Sirk SJ, McCabe KE, Li J, Lepin EJ, Remenyi R, Koh AL, Olafsen T, Gambhir SS, Weiss S, Wu AM. Cys-diabody quantum dot conjugates (immunoQdots) for cancer marker detection. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1474-81. [PMID: 19642689 DOI: 10.1021/bc800421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the use of small bivalent engineered antibody fragments, cys-diabodies, for biological modification of nanoscale particles such as quantum dots (Qdots) for detection of target antigens. Novel bioconjugated quantum dots known as immunoQdots (iQdots) were developed by thiol-specific oriented coupling of tumor specific cys-diabodies, at a position away from the antigen binding site to amino PEG CdSe/ZnS Qdots. Initially, amino PEG Qdot 655 were coupled with reduced anti-HER2 cys-diabody by amine-sulfhydryl-reactive linker [N-ε-maleimidocaproyloxy] succinimide ester (EMCS) to produce anti-HER2 iQdot 655. Spectral characterization of the conjugate revealed that the spectrum was symmetrical and essentially identical to unconjugated Qdot. Specific receptor binding activity of anti-HER2 iQdot 655 was confirmed by flow cytometry on HER2 positive and negative cells. Immunofluorescence results showed homogeneous surface labeling of the cell membrane with Qdot 655 conjugate. In addition, cys-diabodies specific for HER2, as well as prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), were conjugated successfully with amino PEG Qdot 800. All of these iQdots retain the photoluminescence properties of the unconjugated Qdot 800 as well as the antigen binding specificity of the cys-diabody as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Simultaneous detection of two tumor antigens on LNCaP/PSCA prostate cancer cells (which express PSCA and HER2) in culture was possible using two iQdots, anti-HER2 iQdot 655 and anti-PSCA iQdot 800. Thus, these iQdots are potentially useful as optical probes for sensitive, multiplexed detection of surface markers on tumor cells. The present thiol-specific conjugation method demonstrates a general approach for site-specific oriented coupling of cys-diabodies to a wide variety of nanoparticles without disturbing the antigen binding site and maintaining small size compared to intact antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Barat
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Sirk SJ, Olafsen T, Barat B, Bauer KB, Wu AM. Site-specific, thiol-mediated conjugation of fluorescent probes to cysteine-modified diabodies targeting CD20 or HER2. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2527-34. [PMID: 19053310 DOI: 10.1021/bc800113v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small, engineered antibody fragments such as diabodies (50 kDa noncovalent dimers of single-chain Fv fragments) are useful alternatives to their larger antibody counterparts. However, due to their size, they are more susceptible to disruption of their antigen binding sites when modified using random conjugation techniques. Previous work has demonstrated the utility of a C-terminal cysteine modification for site-specific radiolabeling of an anti-CEA diabody, resulting in the creation of a cys-diabody (CysDb). In the present work, the adaptability of the CysDb system was explored by creating two additional CysDbs: one specific for CD20 and one for HER2. Purified CysDbs of both specificities demonstrated behavior consistent with stable, covalent dimers harboring a readily reducible disulfide bond. Each CysDb was site-specifically conjugated to three different fluorophores for optical detection: the large fluorescent proteins phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC), and the small fluorescent molecule Alexa Fluor488. Fluorophore-conjugated CysDbs bound specifically to their targets in both antigen systems and with each different fluorescent tag as determined by flow cytometry. In vitro specific antigen binding was observed in the presence of a mixture of specific and nonspecifically conjugated CysDbs. Conjugates retained both specificity and fluorescence, demonstrating the successful expansion of the CysDb repertoire to new targets and to new site-specific conjugation possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Sirk
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Conventionally, antibody phage display has been used to isolate recombinant antibodies that are monovalent in their interaction with target antigens. These antibodies can be reengineered for expression in mammalian cell culture as full-length, monospecific immunoglobulins. An emerging branch of research has sought to generate bivalent recombinant antibodies by manipulating the length of the linker separating heavy- and light-chain variable domains in single-chain Fv proteins, thereby promoting inter-scFv interaction and the formation of "diabodies." With careful control, this can generate scFv-based proteins able to bind two very distinct targets, "bispecific diabodies." Further manipulation enables the assembly of higher-order complexes.
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Kuroda D, Shirai H, Kobori M, Nakamura H. Structural classification of CDR-H3 revisited: a lesson in antibody modeling. Proteins 2008; 73:608-20. [PMID: 18473362 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among the six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in the variable domains of an antibody, the third CDR of the heavy chain (CDR-H3), which lies in the center of the antigen-binding site, plays a particularly important role in antigen recognition. CDR-H3 shows significant variability in its length, sequence, and structure. Although difficult, model building of this segment is the most critical step in antibody modeling. Since our first proposal of the "H3-rules," which classify CDR-H3 structure based on amino acid sequence, the number of experimentally determined antibody structures has increased. Here, we revise these H3-rules and propose an improved classification scheme for CDR-H3 structure modeling. In addition, we determine the common features of CDR-H3 in antibody drugs as well as discuss the concept of "antibody druggability," which can be applied as an indicator of antibody evaluation during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kuroda
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Müller-Schiffmann A, Petsch B, Leliveld SR, Muyrers J, Salwierz A, Mangels C, Schwarzinger S, Riesner D, Stitz L, Korth C. Complementarity determining regions of an anti-prion protein scFv fragment orchestrate conformation specificity and antiprion activity. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:532-40. [PMID: 18973947 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein, PrP, exists in several stable conformations, with the presence of one conformation, PrP(Sc), associated with transmissible neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting PrP by high-affinity ligands has been proven to be an effective way of preventing peripheral prion infections. Here, we have generated bacterially expressed single chain fragments of the variable domains (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody in Escherichia coli, originally raised against purified PrP(Sc) that recognizes both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc). This scFv fragment had a dissociation constant (K(D)) with recombinant PrP of 2 nM and cleared prions in ScN2a cells at 4 nM, as demonstrated by a mouse prion bioassay. A peptide corresponding to the complementarity determining region 3 of the heavy chain (CDR3H) selectively bound PrP(Sc) but had lost antiprion activity. However, synthesis and application of an improved peptide mimicking side chain topology of CDR3H while exhibiting increased protease resistance, a retro-inverso d-peptide of CDR3H, still bound PrP(Sc) and reinstated antiprion activity. We conclude that (1) scFvW226 is so far the smallest polypeptide with bioassay confirmed antiprion activity, and (2) differential conformation specificity and bioactivity can be regulated by orchestrating the participation of different CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller-Schiffmann
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Hong H, Sun J, Cai W. Radionuclide-Based Cancer Imaging Targeting the Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Biomark Insights 2008; 3:435-451. [PMID: 19578524 PMCID: PMC2688357 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), highly expressed in many cancer types, is an important target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Radionuclide-based imaging techniques (gamma camera, single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT] and positron emission tomography [PET]) have been extensively explored for CEA-targeted cancer imaging both preclinically and clinically. Briefly, these studies can be divided into three major categories: antibody-based, antibody fragment-based and pretargeted imaging. Radiolabeled anti-CEA antibodies, reported the earliest among the three categories, typically gave suboptimal tumor contrast due to the prolonged circulation life time of intact antibodies. Subsequently, a number of engineered anti-CEA antibody fragments (e.g. Fab’, scFv, minibody, diabody and scFv-Fc) have been labeled with a variety of radioisotopes for CEA imaging, many of which have entered clinical investigation. CEA-Scan (a 99mTc-labeled anti-CEA Fab’ fragment) has already been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cancer imaging. Meanwhile, pretargeting strategies have also been developed for CEA imaging which can give much better tumor contrast than the other two methods, if the system is designed properly. In this review article, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art of radionuclide-based cancer imaging targeting CEA. Generally, isotopes with short half-lives (e.g. 18F and 99mTc) are more suitable for labeling small engineered antibody fragments while the isotopes with longer half-lives (e.g. 123I and 111In) are needed for antibody labeling to match its relatively long circulation half-life. With further improvement in tumor targeting efficacy and radiolabeling strategies, novel CEA-targeted agents may play an important role in cancer patient management, paving the way to “personalized medicine”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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Yazaki PJ, Kassa T, Cheung CW, Crow DM, Sherman MA, Bading JR, Anderson ALJ, Colcher D, Raubitschek A. Biodistribution and tumor imaging of an anti-CEA single-chain antibody-albumin fusion protein. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35:151-8. [PMID: 18312824 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Albumin fusion proteins have demonstrated the ability to prolong the in vivo half-life of small therapeutic proteins/peptides in the circulation and thereby potentially increase their therapeutic efficacy. To evaluate if this format can be employed for antibody-based imaging, an anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) single-chain antibody(scFv)-albumin fusion protein was designed, expressed and radiolabeled for biodistribution and imaging studies in athymic mice bearing human colorectal carcinoma LS-174T xenografts. The [125 I]-T84.66 fusion protein demonstrated rapid tumor uptake of 12.3% injected dose per gram (ID/g) at 4 h that reached a plateau of 22.7% ID/g by 18 h. This was a dramatic increase in tumor uptake compared to 4.9% ID/g for the scFv alone. The radiometal [111 In]-labeled version resulted in higher tumor uptake, 37.2% ID/g at 18 h, which persisted at the tumor site with tumor: blood ratios reaching 18:1 and with normal tissues showing limited uptake. Based on these favorable imaging properties, a pilot [64 Cu]-positron emission tomography imaging study was performed with promising results. The anti-CEA T84.66 scFv-albumin fusion protein demonstrates highly specific tumor uptake that is comparable to cognate recombinant antibody fragments. The radiometal-labeled version, which shows lower normal tissue accumulation than these recombinant antibodies, provides a promising and novel platform for antibody-based imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Yazaki
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Barat B, Wu AM. Metabolic biotinylation of recombinant antibody by biotin ligase retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2007; 24:283-91. [PMID: 17379573 PMCID: PMC2682619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to its strength and specificity, the interaction between avidin and biotin has been used in a variety of scientific and medical applications ranging from immunohistochemistry to drug targeting. The present study describes two methods for biotinylation of proteins secreted from eukaryotic cells using the Escherichia coli biotin protein ligase. In one system the biotin ligase was co-secreted from the cells along with substrate protein enabling extracellular biotinylation of the tagged protein. In the other system, biotin ligase was engineered to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and metabolically biotinylates the secretory protein as it passes through the ER. An engineered antibody fragment, a diabody with specificity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was fused to the biotin acceptor domain (123 amino acid) of Propionibacterium shermanii. Coexpression of the fusion protein with ER retained biotin ligase showed higher biotinylation efficiency than biotinylation by co-secreted ligase. Biotinylation of the anti-CEA diabody tagged with a short (15 amino acid, Biotin Avitag) biotin acceptor peptide was also successful. Utilization of ER retained biotin ligase for biotinylation of protein is an attractive alternative for efficiently producing uniformly biotinylated recombinant proteins for a variety of avidin-biotin technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Barat
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Anna M. Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Sheikholvaezin A, Eriksson D, Riklund K, Stigbrand T. Construction and Purification of a Covalently Linked Divalent Tandem Single-Chain Fv Antibody Against Placental Alkaline Phosphatase. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2006; 25:255-63. [PMID: 17044780 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.25.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multivalency is a recognized means to increase the functional affinity of single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs) for optimizing tumor uptake at radioimmunotargeting. A unique divalent tandem single-chain Fv antibody [sc(Fv)2], based on the variable regions of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) H7, has now been generated. The antibody differs from other dimeric single-chain constructs in that a linker sequence (L) is introduced between the repeats of VL and VH domains (VL-L-VH-L-VL-L-VH). This construct was expressed as a His-tagged TrxA fusion protein in the Escherichia coli strain Origami B. Following cleavage with AcTev protease, the antibody was obtained in soluble and active form in E. coli and could be purified by Ni-NTA and cation-exchange chromatography. Purity and immunochemical properties were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and Biacore analyses. The [sc(Fv)2] displayed proper stability and could be purified to homogeneity. This antibody also maintained immunoreactivity at 42 degrees C with only slight decrease at 52 degrees C. The high affinity displayed by the original antibody H7, 6.7 x 10(9) M(-1), was only slightly decreased to 1.2 x 10(9) M(-1) as determined by Biacore. The generation of such a divalent single-chain Fv with a molecular weight around 60 kd would be of value for clinical applications such as radioimmunolocalization and radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sheikholvaezin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Xu HY, Xu L, Gao JH, Yang JJ, Li KZ, Dou KF. Prokaryotic expression of anti-carcinoembryonic single-chain variable fragment and its value in detection of gastric carcinoma cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1780-1784. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i18.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the prokaryotic expression of the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody T84.66 and its specific affinity to gastric cancer cell lines and tissues.
METHODS: The cDNA of anti-CEA scFv antibody was inserted into pCANTAB5E to obtain phage vector T84.66-scFv-pCANTAB5E, and then the vector was transferred into E. coli HB2151. Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was used to induce the expression of anti-CEA scFv antibody. SDS-PAGE and Western blot were used identify the anti-CEA scFv antibody. Human gastric cancer cells were cultured, and CEA was determined with the obtained scFv by immunohistochemistry in the cells and paraffin-embedded gastric carcinoma tissues.
RESULTS: SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the anti-CEA scFv antibody T84.66 was successfully expressed. T84.66 could bind to gastric carcinoma cell lines KATOⅢ, MKN45 and HGC-27, but not to SGC7901, GC803 and BGC823, suggesting that KATOⅢ, MKN45 and HGC-27 cells expressed CEA. For the 42 cases gastric carcinoma tissues, the positive rate of CEA in the early and progressive stage was 55% (6/11) and 61% (19/31), respectively, but no CEA expression was found in the 10 normal cases. CEA expression was significantly different between gastric cancer and normal tissues (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The prokaryotic expression of anti-CEA scFv antibody T84.66 is successfully achieved, and can be used to identify CEA. CEA is highly expressed in gastric cancer, but not in normal mucosa.
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Abstract
With 18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) products currently on the market and more than 100 in clinical trials, it is clear that engineered antibodies have come of age as biopharmaceuticals. In fact, by 2008, engineered antibodies are predicted to account for >30% of all revenues in the biotechnology market. Smaller recombinant antibody fragments (for example, classic monovalent antibody fragments (Fab, scFv)) and engineered variants (diabodies, triabodies, minibodies and single-domain antibodies) are now emerging as credible alternatives. These fragments retain the targeting specificity of whole mAbs but can be produced more economically and possess other unique and superior properties for a range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Antibody fragments have been forged into multivalent and multi-specific reagents, linked to therapeutic payloads (such as radionuclides, toxins, enzymes, liposomes and viruses) and engineered for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Recently, single antibody domains have been engineered and selected as targeting reagents against hitherto immunosilent cavities in enzymes, receptors and infectious agents. Single-domain antibodies are anticipated to significantly expand the repertoire of antibody-based reagents against the vast range of novel biomarkers being discovered through proteomics. As this review aims to show, there is tremendous potential for all antibody fragments either as robust diagnostic reagents (for example in biosensors), or as nonimmunogenic in vivo biopharmaceuticals with superior biodistribution and blood clearance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holliger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kufer
- Micromet AG, Staffelseestrasse 2, 81477 Munich, Germany.
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