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Zaitsev KV, Poleshchuk OK, Churakov AV. Oligoorganogermanes: Interplay between Aryl and Trimethylsilyl Substituents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072147. [PMID: 35408545 PMCID: PMC9000802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of main group elements containing element-element bonds are characterized by unique properties due to σ-conjugation, which is an attractive subject for investigation. A novel series of digermanes, Ar3Ge-Ge(SiMe3)3, containing aryl (Ar = p-C6H4Me (1), p-C6H4F (2), C6F5 (3)) and trimethylsilyl substituents, was synthesized by the reaction of germyl potassium salt, [(Me3Si)3GeK*THF], with triarylchlorogermanes, Ar3GeCl. The optical and electronic properties of such substituted oligoorganogermanes were investigated spectroscopically by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy and theoretically by DFT calculations. The molecular structures of compounds 1 and 2 were studied by XRD analysis. Conjugation between all structural fragments (Ge-Ge, Ge-Si, Ge-Ar, where Ar is an electron-donating or withdrawing group) was found to affect the properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Zaitsev
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospekt 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-3887
| | - Oleg Kh. Poleshchuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Department of Chemistry, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Kievskaya Street 60, 634061 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospekt 31, 117901 Moscow, Russia;
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2
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Kanazawa Y, Tsuji H, Ehara M, Fukuda R, Casher DL, Tamao K, Nakatsuji H, Michl J. Electronic Transitions in Conformationally Controlled Peralkylated Hexasilanes. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3010-3022. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanazawa
- SOKENDAI The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki 444–8585 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science and Research Center for Computational Science, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki 444–8585 Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuji
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS) Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Kanagawa University 2946 Tsuchiya Hiratsuka Kanagawa 259–1293 Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- SOKENDAI The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki 444–8585 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science and Research Center for Computational Science, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki 444–8585 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University Kyoto 615–8520 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fukuda
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University Kyoto 615–8520 Japan
| | - Deborah L. Casher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309-0215 USA
| | - Kohei Tamao
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS) Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakatsuji
- Quantum Chemistry Research Institute Goryo Oohara 1–36, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8245 Japan
| | - Josef Michl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309-0215 USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
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The structure and phase transitions of crystalline polydimethylsilane [Me2Si] n revisited. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hlina J, Zitz R, Wagner H, Stella F, Baumgartner J, Marschner C. σ-Bond electron delocalization of branched oligogermanes and germanium containing oligosilanes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014; 422:120-133. [PMID: 25431502 PMCID: PMC4236089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligogermanes and germaoligosilanes isostructural to oligosilanes were synthesized. UV absorption data and X-ray diffraction revealed only marginal differences. Conformational flexibility is directly reflected in the UV absorption spectrum.
In order to evaluate the influence of germanium atoms in oligo- and polysilanes, a number of oligosilane compounds were prepared where two or more silicon atoms were replaced by germanium. While it can be expected that the structural features of thus altered molecules do not change much, the more interesting question is, whether this modification would have a profound influence on the electronic structure, in particular on the property of σ-bond electron delocalization. The UV-spectroscopic comparison of the oligosilanes with germanium enriched oligosilanes and also with oligogermanes showed a remarkable uniform picture. The expected bathochromic shift for oligogermanes and Ge-enriched oligosilanes was observed but its extent was very small. For the low energy absorption band the bathochromic shift from a hexasilane chain (256 nm) to a hexagermane chain with identical substituent patterns (259 nm) amounts to a mere 3 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Hlina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Zitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Filippo Stella
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Bowers DJ, Wright BD, Scionti V, Schultz A, Panzner MJ, Twum EB, Li LL, Katzenmeyer BC, Thome BS, Rinaldi PL, Wesdemiotis C, Youngs WJ, Tessier CA. Structure and conformation of the medium-sized chlorophosphazene rings. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8874-86. [PMID: 25111009 DOI: 10.1021/ic500272b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medium-sized cyclic oligomeric phosphazenes [PCl2N]m (where m = 5-9) that were prepared from the reaction of PCl5 and NH4Cl in refluxing chlorobenzene have been isolated by a combination of sublimation/extraction and column chromatography from the predominant products [PCl2N]3 and [PCl2N]4. The medium-sized rings [PCl2N]m have been characterized by electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), their (31)P chemical shifts have been reassigned, and their T1 relaxation times have been obtained. Crystallographic data has been recollected for [PCl2N]5, and the crystal structures of [PCl2N]6, and [PCl2N]8 are reported. Halogen-bonding interactions were observed in all the crystal structures of cyclic [PCl2N]m (m = 3-5, 6, 8). The crystal structures of [P(OPh)2N]7 and [P(OPh)2N]8, which are derivatives of the respective [PCl2N]m, are also reported. Comparisons of the intermolecular forces and torsion angles of [PCl2N]8 and [P(OPh)2N]8 with those of three other octameric rings are described. The comparisons show that chlorophosphazenes should not be considered prototypical, in terms of solid-state structure, because of the strong influence of halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bowers
- University of Akron , Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
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Tsuji H, Fogarty HA, Ehara M, Fukuda R, Casher DL, Tamao K, Nakatsuji H, Michl J. Electronic transitions in conformationally controlled tetrasilanes with a wide range of SiSiSiSi dihedral angles. Chemistry 2014; 20:9431-41. [PMID: 25043859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unlike π-electron chromophores, the peralkylated n-tetrasilane σ-electron chromophore resembles a chameleon in that its electronic spectrum changes dramatically as its silicon backbone is twisted almost effortlessly from the syn to the anti conformation (changing the SiSiSiSi dihedral angle ω from 0 to 180°). A combination of UV absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and linear dichroism (LD) spectroscopy on conformationally controlled tetrasilanes 1-9, which cover fairly evenly the full range of angles ω, permitted a construction of an experimental correlation diagram for three to four lowest valence electronic states. The free chain tetrasilane n-Si4 Me10 (10), normally present as a mixture of three enantiomeric conformer pairs of widely different angles ω, has also been included in our study. The spectral trends are interpreted in terms of avoided crossings of 1B with 2B and 2A with 3A states, in agreement with SAC-CI calculations on the excited states of 1-7 and conformers of 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tsuji
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 (Japan); Present address: Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
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Kern T, Fischer R, Flock M, Hassler K. Synthesis and Solid-State Molecular Structure of Bi(silacyclohexyls) C5H10SiX-XSiC5H10 with X = H, PH, F, CL, BR, and I. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.723655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kern
- a Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Roland Fischer
- a Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Michaela Flock
- a Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Karl Hassler
- a Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Technology , Graz , Austria
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Bukalov SS, Aisin RR, Leites LA. On the conformation of ethyl groups in diethylsilane molecules. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Naito M, Nobusawa K, Onouchi H, Nakamura M, Yasui KI, Ikeda A, Fujiki M. Stiffness- and Conformation-Dependent Polymer Wrapping onto Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16697-703. [DOI: 10.1021/ja806109z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Naito
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nobusawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hisanari Onouchi
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Yasui
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Effect of the Chiral Center Position of an Optically Active Terminal Group on the Induction of Optical Activity in Polysilanes. Polym Bull (Berl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-007-0758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Dzambaski A, Baumgartner J, Flock M, Tekautz G, Hassler K, Hassler W. Unusual conformational properties of 1,3-dimethyl-1,1,3,3-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)trisilane: A preparative, X-ray, Raman spectroscopic and ab initio study. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tekautz G, Binter A, Hassler K, Flock M. Chair, Boat and Twist Conformation of Dodecamethylcyclohexasilane and Undecamethylcyclohexasilane: A Combined DFT and Raman Spectroscopic Study. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:421-9. [PMID: 16411262 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The conformations of dodecamethylcyclohexasilane Si6Me12 and undecamethylcyclohexasilane Si6Me11H have been investigated by ab initio calculations employing the B3LYP density functional with a 6-31+G(d) basis set. Local minima as well as transition structures were calculated with imposed symmetry constraints. For Si6Me12, three unique minima, which correspond to the chair, twist and boat conformations were located with relative zero-point-vibration-corrected energies of 0.0, 7.8 and 11.4 kJ mol(-1). A half-chair conformation with four coplanar silicon atoms connects the chair and twisted minima via an energy barrier of 16.0 and 8.2 kJ mol(-1), respectively. A second transition structure with a barrier of 3.9/0.3 kJ mol(-1) connects the twist with the boat structure. Solution Raman spectra of Si6(CH3)12 and Si6(CD3)12 fully corroborate these results. Below -40 degrees C, the symmetric SiSi ring breathing vibration is a single line, which develops a shoulder (originating from the twist conformer) at longer wavelengths whose intensity increases with increasing temperature. From a Van't Hoff plot, the chair/twist enthalpy difference is 6.6+/-1.5 kJ mol(-1) for Si6(CH3)12 and 6.0+/-1.5 kJ mol(-1) for Si6(CD3)12, which is in reasonable agreement with the ab initio results. Due to the low barrier, the boat conformation cannot be observed, because either the lowest torsional vibration level lies above it or a rapid interconversion between the twist and boat conformations occurs, resulting in averaged Raman spectra. For Si6Me11H, six local minima were located. The chair with the hydrogen atom in the axial position (axial chair) is the global minimum, followed by the equatorial chair (+1.9 kJ mol(-1)) and the three twist conformers (+5.3, +8.0 and +8.1 kJ mol(-1)). The highest local minimum (+11.9 kJ mol(-1)) is a C(s) symmetric boat with the hydrogen atom in the equatorial position. Two possible pathways for the chair-to-chair interconversion with barriers of 13.9 and 14.5 kJ mol(-1) have been investigated. The solution Raman spectra in the SiSi ring breathing region clearly show that below -50 degrees C only the axial and equatorial chairs are present, with an experimental deltaH-value of 0.46 kJ mol(-1). With increasing temperature a shoulder develops which is attributed to the combined twist conformers. The experimental deltaH-value is 6.9 kJ mol(-1), in good agreement with the ab initio results. Due to the low interconversion barriers, the various twist conformers cannot be detected separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Tekautz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16, 8010 Graz (Austria)
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Baumgartner J, Fischer R, Fischer J, Wallner A, Marschner C, Flörke U. Structural Aspects of Trimethylsilylated Branched Group 14 Compounds. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050835o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Wallner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Flörke
- Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Baumgartner J, Frank D, Kayser C, Marschner C. Comparative Study of Structural Aspects of Branched Oligosilanes. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om049130x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dieter Frank
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Kayser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Krempner C, Chtchian S, Reinke H. First synthesis of a dihydrido functionalized double-cored oligosilane dendrimer. Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sanji T, Takase K, Sakurai H. The Induction of a Helical Conformation in Polysilanes with an Optically Active Terminal Group. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tsuji H, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi S, Toshimitsu A, Tamao K. all-anti-Pentasilane: Conformation Control of Oligosilanes Based on the Bis(tetramethylene)-Tethered Trisilane Unit. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049695t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tsuji
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akio Toshimitsu
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kohei Tamao
- International Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Tsuji H, Michl J, Tamao K. Recent experimental and theoretical aspects of the conformational dependence of UV absorption of short chain peralkylated oligosilanes. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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