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González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Genis-Mendoza AD, Juárez-Rojop IE, Nicolini H, López-Narváez ML, Martínez-Magaña JJ. Identification of gene ontology and pathways implicated in suicide behavior: Systematic review and enrichment analysis of GWAS studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:320-329. [PMID: 31045331 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple large-scale studies such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to identify genetic contributors to suicidal behaviors (SB). We aimed to summarize and analyze the information obtained in SB GWAS, to explore the biological process gene ontology (GO) of genes associated with SB from GWAS, and to determine the possible implications of the genes associated with SB in Kyoto encyclopedias of genes and genomes (KEGG) biological pathways. The articles included in the analysis were obtained from PubMed and Scopus databases. Enrichment analyses were performed in Enrichr to evaluate the KEGG pathways and GO of the genes associated with SB of GWAS. The findings of biological process GO analysis showed 924 GO involved in genes related with SB; of those, the regulation of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus, regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane, positive regulation of endopeptidase activity, heterotypic cell-cell adhesion, regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction, positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane, and positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery biological process GO showed significant statistical association. Furthermore, we obtained 130 KEGG pathways involved in genes related with SB, which Aldosterone synthesis and secretion, Rap1 signaling pathway and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy pathways showed a significant statistical association. These findings give a better perspective of the biological participation of genes associated with SB, which will be important to perform adequate strategies to prevent and treat SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma B González-Castro
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico.,Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Health Sciences, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Tovilla-Zárate
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Comalcalco, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Alma D Genis-Mendoza
- Secretary of Health, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), City of Mexico, Mexico.,Secretary of Health, Children's Psychiatric Hospital "Dr. Juan N. Navarro", City of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Isela E Juárez-Rojop
- Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Comalcalco, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Secretary of Health, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), City of Mexico, Mexico.,Secretary of Health, Children's Psychiatric Hospital "Dr. Juan N. Navarro", City of Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - José J Martínez-Magaña
- Secretary of Health, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), City of Mexico, Mexico
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Long-term moderate exercise enhances specific proteins that constitute neurotrophin signaling pathway: A TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of rat plasma. J Proteomics 2018; 185:39-50. [PMID: 29953961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise has been reported to increase neurotrophin in brain tissues as hippocampus as well as increased neurotrophic level peripherally in blood plasma and might have an effect on/or affect molecular processes of energy metabolism (and homeostasis). In this study, using quantitative proteomic analysis, we obtained a plasma protein profile from the rat with long-term moderate exercise. A total of 752 proteins were identified in the plasma. Among them, 54 proteins were significant up-regulated and 47 proteins were down-regulated in the plasma of exercise group compared with the control group. Bioinformatic analyses showed that these altered proteins are widely involved in multiple biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components, which connect with 11 signaling pathways. Interestingly, 5 up-regulated proteins Rap1b, PTPN11, ARHGDIA, Cdc42 and YWHAE, confirmed by Western blots, are involved in the neurotrophin signaling pathway which shows the lowest P value among the identified pathways. Further analyses showed that the 5 neurotrophin-signaling-pathway-related proteins participate in two important protein-protein interaction networks associated to cell survival and apoptosis, axonal development, synapse formation and plasticity. This study provides an exercise-induced plasma protein profile, suggesting that long-term exercise enhances the proteins involved in neurotrophin signaling pathway which may contribute to health benefit. SIGNIFICANCE Physical activity contributes to myriad benefits on body health across the lifespan. The changes in plasma proteins after chronic moderate exercise may be used as biomarkers for health and may also play important roles in increase of cardiovascular fitness, enhancement of immune competence, prevention of obesity, decrease of risk for neurological disorders, cancer, stroke, diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Using a TMT-based proteomic method, this study identified 101 altered proteins in the plasma of rats after long-term moderate treadmill running, which may provide novel biomarkers for further investigation of the underlying mechanism of physical exercise. We confirmed that exercise enhances 5 proteins of the neurotrophin signaling pathway that may contribute to health benefits.
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Saxena A, Scaini G, Bavaresco DV, Leite C, Valvassori SS, Carvalho AF, Quevedo J. Role of Protein Kinase C in Bipolar Disorder: A Review of the Current Literature. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 3:108-124. [PMID: 29230399 DOI: 10.1159/000480349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major health problem. It causes significant morbidity and imposes a burden on the society. Available treatments help a substantial proportion of patients but are not beneficial for an estimated 40-50%. Thus, there is a great need to further our understanding the pathophysiology of BD to identify new therapeutic avenues. The preponderance of evidence pointed towards a role of protein kinase C (PKC) in BD. We reviewed the literature pertinent to the role of PKC in BD. We present recent advances from preclinical and clinical studies that further support the role of PKC. Moreover, we discuss the role of PKC on synaptogenesis and neuroplasticity in the context of BD. The recent development of animal models of BD, such as stimulant-treated and paradoxical sleep deprivation, and the ability to intervene pharmacologically provide further insights into the involvement of PKC in BD. In addition, the effect of PKC inhibitors, such as tamoxifen, in the resolution of manic symptoms in patients with BD further points in that direction. Furthermore, a wide variety of growth factors influence neurotransmission through several molecular pathways that involve downstream effects of PKC. Our current understanding identifies the PKC pathway as a potential therapeutic avenue for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Saxena
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniela V Bavaresco
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Camila Leite
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - André F Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Dwivedi Y, Pandey GN. Elucidating biological risk factors in suicide: role of protein kinase A. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:831-41. [PMID: 20817068 PMCID: PMC3026860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is a major public health concern. Although there have been several studies of suicidal behavior that focused on the roles of psychosocial and sociocultural factors, these factors are of too little predictive value to be clinically useful. Therefore, research on the biological perspective of suicide has gained a stronghold and appears to provide a promising approach to identify biological risk factors associated with suicidal behavior. Recent studies demonstrate that an alteration in synaptic and structural plasticity is key to affective illnesses and suicide. Signal transduction molecules play an important role in such plastic events. Protein kinase A (PKA) is a crucial enzyme in the adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathway and is involved in regulating gene transcription, cell survival, and plasticity. In this review, we critically and comprehensively discuss the role of PKA in suicidal behavior. Because stress is an important component of suicide, we also discuss whether stress affects PKA and how this may be associated with suicidal behavior. In addition, we also discuss the functional significance of the findings regarding PKA by describing the role of important PKA substrates (i.e., Rap1, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein, and target gene brain-derived neurotrophic factor). These studies suggest the interesting possibility that PKA and related signaling molecules may serve as important neurobiological factors in suicide and may be relevant in target-specific therapeutic interventions for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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5
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Serafini G, Pompili M, Innamorati M, Giordano G, Tatarelli R, Lester D, Girardi P, Dwivedi Y. Glycosides, depression and suicidal behaviour: the role of glycoside-linked proteins. Molecules 2011; 16:2688-713. [PMID: 21441870 PMCID: PMC6259655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays depression and suicide are two of the most important worldwide public health problems. Although their specific molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown, glycosides can play a fundamental role in their pathogenesis. These molecules act presumably through the up-regulation of plasticity-related proteins: probably they can have a presynaptic facilitatory effect, through the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways that include molecules like protein kinase A, Rap-1, cAMP, cADPR and G proteins. These proteins take part in a myriad of brain functions such as cell survival and synaptic plasticity. In depressed suicide victims, it has been found that their activity is strongly decreased, primarily in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. These studies suggest that glycosides can regulate neuroprotection through Rap-1 and other molecules, and may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression and suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Functions, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Via Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
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Gawryluk JW, Young LT. Signal transduction pathways in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:139-165. [PMID: 25236554 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways and genes associated with cellular life and death have received much attention in bipolar disorder (BPD) and provide scientists with molecular targets for understanding the biological basis of BPD. In this chapter, we describe the signal transduction pathways involved in the molecular biology of BPD and the indications for the mechanisms of disease and treatment. We discuss the BPD literature with respect to the disease itself and the effects of mood stabilizer treatment on cellular receptors, including G-protein-coupled receptors, glutamate receptors, and tyrosine receptor kinase. We also discuss the intracellular alterations observed in BPD to second messenger systems, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A, phosphoinositide pathways, glycogen synthase kinase-3, protein kinase B, Wnt, and arachidonic acid. We describe how receptor activation and modulation of second messengers occurs, and how transcription factors are activated and altered in this disease (e.g., the transcription factors ?-catenin, cAMP response element binding protein, heat shock transcription factor-1, and activator protein-1). Abnormalities in intracellular signal transduction pathways could generate a functional discrepancy in numerous neurotransmitter systems, which may explain the varied clinical symptoms observed in BPD. The influence of mood stabilizers on transcription factors may be important in connecting the regulation of gene expression to neuroplasticity and cellular resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Gawryluk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A1,
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Giannaccini G, Betti L, Palego L, Schmid L, Fabbrini L, Pelosini C, Gargini C, Da Valle Y, Lanza M, Marsili A, Maffei M, Santini F, Vitti P, Pinchera A, Lucacchini A. Human serotonin transporter expression during megakaryocytic differentiation of MEG-01 cells. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:628-35. [PMID: 20041293 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) has been found altered in platelets of patients with genetically complex disorders, including mood-anxiety, pain and eating disorders. In this study, we used cell cultures of platelet precursors as models of investigation on mechanisms of SERT regulation: SERT expression was appraised during megakaryocytic differentiation of human megakaryoblastic MEG-01 cells. Cells were cultured for 8 days with 10(-7)M 4-beta-12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (beta-TPA) in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and SERT was assessed by real time PCR, immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blot and [(3)H]5-HT re-uptake. Results revealed that SERT is present in control-untreated MEG-01 cells. beta-TPA-differentiating MEG-01 cells showed a redistribution of SERT fluorescence, diffuse to cell bodies and blebs along with a 3-fold SERT mRNA increase and a moderate raise in SERT protein (1.5/1.4-fold) by immunoblot and re-uptake assays. In summary, we have shown herein that control megakaryoblasts express the SERT protein. SERT is modulated by differentiation events, implying that SERT density in platelets is under the control of megakaryocytopoiesis stages. Differentiation of MEG-01 cells can provide considerable insight into interactions between SERT genetics, transmitter-hormonal/homeostatic mechanisms and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Dwivedi Y, Pandey GN. Adenylyl cyclase-cyclicAMP signaling in mood disorders: role of the crucial phosphorylating enzyme protein kinase A. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:161-76. [PMID: 18728821 PMCID: PMC2515915 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are among the most prevalent and recurrent forms of psychiatric illnesses. In the last decade, there has been increased understanding of the biological basis of mood disorders. In fact, novel mechanistic concepts of the neurobiology of unipolar and bipolar disorders are evolving based on recent pre-clinical and clinical studies, most of which now focus on the role of signal transduction mechanisms in these psychiatric illnesses. Particular investigative emphasis has been given to the role of phosphorylating enzymes, which are crucial in regulating gene expression and neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Among the most important phosphorylating enzyme is protein kinase A (PKA), a component of adenylyl cyclase-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AC-cAMP) signaling system. In this review, we critically and comprehensively discuss the role of various components of AC-cAMP signaling in mood disorders, with a special focus on PKA, because of the interesting observation that have been made about its involvement in unipolar and bipolar disorders. We also discuss the functional significance of the findings regarding PKA by discussing the role of important PKA substrates, namely, Rap-1, cyclicAMP-response element binding protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These studies suggest the interesting possibility that PKA and related signaling molecules may serve as important neurobiological factors in mood disorders and may be relevant in target-specific therapeutic interventions for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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9
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Gurguis GN. Psychiatric Disorders. Platelets 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369367-9/50806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Frey BN, Fonseca MMRD, Machado-Vieira R, Soares JC, Kapczinski F. [Neuropatological and neurochemical abnormalities in bipolar disorder]. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2004; 26:180-8. [PMID: 15645064 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462004000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postmortem, pharmacological, neuroimaging, and animal model studies have demonstrated a possible association of intracellular signaling mechanisms in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. The objective of this paper is to review the findings in neuropathology and cellular biochemistry. METHODS We performed a MEDLINE research, between 1980-2003, using bipolar disorder, signaling, second messengers, and postmortem as keywords, and cross-references. RESULTS Neuropathological studies reported a decrease in neuronal and glial cells, mainly in the prefrontal cortex of bipolar patients. Neurochemical studies reported dysfunction in cAMP, phosphoinositide, Wnt/GSK-3b, and intracellular Ca++ pathways in these patients. CONCLUSION The neuropathological and neurochemical abnormalities demonstrated in BD may be related to the pathophysiology of this disorder and the effects of mood stabilizers. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of the intracellular signaling cascade in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benício Noronha Frey
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Berns GS, Nemeroff CB. The neurobiology of bipolar disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2004; 123C:76-84. [PMID: 14601039 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiology of bipolar disorder is reviewed. Bipolar disorder is associated with alterations in central nervous system (CNS) function from the level of large-scale brain circuits to intracellular signal transduction mechanisms. Because of the broad spectrum over which these abnormalities appear, the causative effects are most likely present in the lowest common denominator of all of these systems. Current evidence points to subtle alterations in signal transduction that reverberate downstream both intra- and extracellularly to produce the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Berns
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory Universitiy School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Karege F, Schwald M, Papadimitriou P, Lachausse C, Cissé M. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in lymphoblast cells of bipolar affective disorder. J Affect Disord 2004; 79:187-92. [PMID: 15023493 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2002] [Revised: 11/13/2002] [Accepted: 11/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in cAMP signaling and altered expression of downstream targets such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been postulated in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS The PKA activity and levels of (3)H-cAMP binding to PKA R regulatory subunits were measured in lymphoblasts from 10 BD and 10 control subjects. In addition, the possibility that BDNF expression could be altered in these cells has been explored. RESULTS Results indicate that PKA activity significantly increased (t-test; P<0.01), whereas the (3)H-cAMP binding to PKA R subunits decreased in cells from BD (t-test; P<0.02). The presence of 10 microM Sp-cAMP in culture 24 h before cell harvesting induced an increase in enzyme activity and a decrease in (3)H-cAMP binding sites (t-test; P<0.01), with a significant difference between BD and controls (t-test; P<0.01). This presence of Sp-cAMP also results in increased BDNF expression (t-test, P<0.01), but neither in resting cells, nor in stimulated cells, was any difference observed in BDNF expression between BD and controls (t-test, NS). LIMITATIONS This study was conducted on a peripheral model cell, whose importance of BDNF is unknown. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the upregulation of cAMP signaling observed in BD patients results in the normalization of the BDNF expression. Studies on signal transduction, gene expression and pathologies have implications for development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Karege
- Geneva University Hospitals, Division of Neuropsychiatry, ch. Petit Bel. Air, 2; CH-1225 Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that affective disorders are associated with dysfunction of neurotransmitter postsynaptic transduction pathways and that chronic treatment with clinically active drugs results in adaptive modification of these pathways. Despite the close dependence of signal transduction on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, the changes in energy metabolism in affective disorders are largely unknown. This question has been indirectly dealt with through functional imaging studies (PET, SPECT, MRS). Despite some inconsistencies, PET and SPECT studies suggest low activity in cortical (especially frontal) regions in depressed patients, both unipolar and bipolar, and normal or increased activity in the manic pole. Preliminary MRS studies indicate some alterations in brain metabolism, with reduced creatine phosphate and ATP levels in the brain of patients with affective disorders. However, the involvement of the energy metabolism in affective disorders is still debated. We propose direct neurochemical investigations on mitochondrial functional parameters of energy transduction, such as the activities of (a) the enzymatic systems of oxidative metabolic cycle (Kreb's cycle); (b) the electron transfer chain; (c) oxidative phosphorylation, and (d) the enzyme activities of ATP-requiring ATPases. These processes should be studied in affective disorders and in animals treated with antidepressant drugs or lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moretti
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiological-Pharmacological Cellular-Molecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Biotechnologies, University of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Perez J, Tardito D. The interface between depression and cerebrovascular disease--some hope but no hype. Clin Exp Hypertens 2002; 24:639-46. [PMID: 12450239 DOI: 10.1081/ceh-120015340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Medical complications after stroke are an important problem not only for patients, but also for their families and the clinicians who take care of them, thus representing a major public health problem. Among medical illnessess complicating stroke, in the last several years much efforts has been directed to determine the role of affective disorders. Although depression coexisting with stroke has been shown to increase levels of functional disability and reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation, we still have much to learn about the clinical interface between such disorders. This review focuses on the data concerning the potential relationship between depression and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and the emerging insights which may be relevant to provide directions for the development of novel research strategies on the pathogenesis and treatment of post-stroke depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Perez
- Istituto Scientifico H. San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, Milan, Italy.
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Perez J, Tardito D, Racagni G, Smeraldi E, Zanardi R. cAMP signaling pathway in depressed patients with psychotic features. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:208-12. [PMID: 11840314 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Revised: 07/13/2001] [Accepted: 07/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in protein kinase A (PKA) and Rap1 have recently been reported in depressed patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of these proteins in platelets from untreated unipolar and bipolar depressed patients with psychotic features. The levels PKA and Rap1 were assessed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining in 37 drug-free patients and 29 healthy subjects. Both unipolar and bipolar patients with psychotic depression have significantly lower levels of platelet regulatory type I and higher levels of catalytic subunits of PKA than controls, whereas the levels of regulatory type II were higher only in psychotic unipolar patients. No significant differences were found in the immunolabeling of both Rap1 and actin among groups. These findings support the idea that besides nonpsychotic depression, abnormalities of PKA could be linked, albeit in a somewhat different way, with psychotic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perez
- Istituto Scientifico HSR, Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy.
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Lenox RH, Gould TD, Manji HK. Endophenotypes in bipolar disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:391-406. [PMID: 11992561 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The search for genes in bipolar disorder has provided numerous genetic loci that have been linked to susceptibility to developing the disorder. However, because of the genetic heterogeneity inherent in bipolar disorder, additional strategies may need to be employed to fully dissect the genetic underpinnings. One such strategy involves reducing complex behaviors into their component parts (endophenotypes). Abnormal neurophysiological, biochemical, endocrinological, neuroanatomical, cognitive, and neuropsychological findings are characteristics that often accompany psychiatric illness. It is possible that some of these may eventually be useful in subdefining complex genetic disorders, allowing for improvements in diagnostic assessment, genetic linkage studies, and development of animal models. Findings in patients with bipolar disorder that may eventually be useful as endophenotypes include abnormal regulation of circadian rhythms (the sleep/wake cycle, hormonal rhythms, etc.), response to sleep deprivation, P300 event-related potentials, behavioral responses to psychostimulants and other medications, response to cholinergics, increase in white matter hyperintensities (WHIs), and biochemical observations in peripheral mononuclear cells. Targeting circadian rhythm abnormalities may be a particularly useful strategy because circadian cycles appear to be an inherent evolutionarily conserved function in all organisms and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, lithium has been shown to regulate circadian cycles in diverse species, including humans, possibly through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3beta), a known target of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lenox
- Neuropsychopharmacology Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Marcourakis T, Gorenstein C, Brandão de Almeida Prado E, Ramos RT, Glezer I, Bernardes CS, Kawamoto EM, Scavone C. Panic disorder patients have reduced cyclic AMP in platelets. J Psychiatr Res 2002; 36:105-10. [PMID: 11777499 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the intracellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD). Abnormalities in the cyclic AMP system have been described in several psychiatric disorders but there are no studies in panic patients. We evaluated not only the levels of platelet cyclic AMP, but also cyclic GMP and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in patients with PD at baseline and after treatment with clomipramine and in healthy volunteers. Platelet cyclic AMP was determined by enzymeimmunoassay, cyclic GMP by radioimmunoassay and NOS activity by the conversion of (3)H-arginine to (3)H-citruline in 17 PD patients before treatment with clomipramine, after remission of panic attacks and in 22 healthy volunteers. Average baseline cyclic AMP of PD patients was lower than after remission of panic attacks (P<0.005) and lower than in healthy volunteers (P<0.005). Average cyclic AMP after remission of panic attacks was not significantly different than in healthy volunteers. There were no significant differences in cyclic GMP and NOS analysis. Our results suggest that PD patients without treatment have lower platelets cyclic AMP levels than healthy volunteers and that this decrease may be corrected by clomipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Marcourakis
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bezchlibnyk Y, Young LT. The neurobiology of bipolar disorder: focus on signal transduction pathways and the regulation of gene expression. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2002; 47:135-48. [PMID: 11926075 DOI: 10.1177/070674370204700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents an overview of signal transduction pathways and reviews the research undertaken to study these systems in clinically relevant samples from patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD We reviewed the published findings from studies of postmortem brain tissue and blood samples from patients with BD. RESULTS Although the exact biochemical abnormalities have yet to be identified, the presented findings strongly suggest that BD may be due, at least in part, to abnormalities in signal transduction mechanisms. In particular, altered levels or function, or both, of G-protein alpha subunits and effector molecules such as protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) have consistently been associated with BD both in peripheral cells and in postmortem brain tissue, while more recent studies implicate disruption in novel second-messenger cascades, such as the ERK/MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Despite the difficulties inherent in biochemical studies of clinically relevant tissue samples, numerous investigations have illuminated the signal transduction mechanisms in patients with BD. These studies also suggest that BD may be due to the interaction of many abnormalities. In this context, novel techniques enabling the study of gene expression promise to assist in untangling these complex interactions, through visualizing the end result of these changes at the level of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarema Bezchlibnyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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Tardito D, Maina G, Tura GB, Bogetto F, Pioli R, Ravizza L, Racagni G, Perez J. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate Rap1 in platelets from patients with obsessive compulsive disorder or schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11:221-5. [PMID: 11418282 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and one of its substrates, namely Rap1, are altered in patients with affective disorders. Abnormalities in the cAMP-dependent protein kinase have also been reported in platelets of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder and schizophrenia. However, it remains to be determined whether abnormalities in Rap1 are specifically related to affective disorders or may also be present in schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder. Thus, we investigated Rap1 in platelets from 12 drug-free patients with obsessive compulsive disorder, ten drug-free patients with schizophrenia, and 20 healthy subjects. While no difference was observed in the levels of Rap1 between groups, the phosphorylation state of Rap1 was significantly lower in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder than in schizophrenic patients and controls. These data further support the idea that abnormalities of cAMP signalling pathway could be associated, albeit in a somewhat different way, with several psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tardito
- Center of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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20
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Perez J, Tardito D. Implications of the cAMP signaling pathway in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review of the evidence. CNS Spectr 2001; 6:294-305. [PMID: 16113628 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900022008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a shift in the theoretical framework addressing the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. During this period, research endeavors have been directed toward investigating the biochemical mechanisms involved in the transduction of information from the cell surface to the cell interior. The emerging picture, supported by growing evidence, is that in addition to neurotransmitters and their receptors, various signal transduction pathways may be linked to the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders. In this review, the role of one such pathway--the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway--will be highlighted. We review data suggesting the involvement of the upstream and downstream components of this system in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perez
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, Instituto Scientifico H. San Raffaele, University Vita e Salute, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Perez J, Tardito D, Racagni G, Smeraldi E, Zanardi R. Protein kinase A and Rap1 levels in platelets of untreated patients with major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:44-9. [PMID: 11244484 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported altered levels of protein kinase A and Rap1 in patients with bipolar disorder. The purpose of the current investigation was to assess the levels of these proteins in platelets from untreated euthymic and depressed patients with major unipolar depression. Platelets were collected from 45 drug-free unipolar patients (13 euthymic and 32 depressed) and 45 healthy subjects. The levels of protein kinase A and Rap1 were assessed by Western blot analysis, immunostaining and computer-assisted imaging. The immunolabeling of the regulatory subunit type II of protein kinase A and that of Rap1 was significantly lower in untreated depressed patients compared with untreated euthymic patients and healthy subjects. No significant differences were found in the immunolabeling of both the regulatory type I and the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A among groups. Levels of the regulatory subunit type II of protein kinase A and Rap1 are altered in platelets of unipolar depressive patients. These findings may provide new insight about the relationship between components of cAMP signaling and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perez
- Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
Clinical studies over the years have provided evidence that monoamine signaling and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disruption are integral to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. A full understanding of the pathophysiology from a molecular to a systems level must await the identification of the susceptibility and protective genes driving the underlying neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the complexity of the unique biology of this affective disorder, which includes the predisposition to episodic and often progressive mood disturbance, and the dynamic nature of compensatory processes in the brain, coupled with limitations in experimental design, have hindered our progress to date. Imaging studies in patient populations have provided evidence of a role for anterior cingulate, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. More recent research strategies designed to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying our pharmacologic treatments and their interaction in the regulation of signal transduction as well as more advanced brain imaging studies remain promising approaches. This experimental strategy provides data derived from the physiologic response of the system in affected individuals and addresses the critical dynamic interaction with pharmacologic agents that effectively modify the clinical expression of the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Manji
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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