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Van Bost G, Van Damme S, Crombez G. Goal adjustment and well-being after an acquired brain injury: the role of cognitive flexibility and personality traits. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13531. [PMID: 35669954 PMCID: PMC9165594 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The tendency to flexibly adjust goals that are hindered by chronic illness is related to indicators of wellbeing. However, cognitive flexibility is often impaired in persons with an acquired brain injury (ABI), possibly affecting the ability to flexibly adjust goals. In this study we examined whether cognitive flexibility is positively related with the ability to disengage from goals to reengage with goals in persons with ABI. Second, we explored whether goal adjustment abilities are predictive of a unique proportion of the variance inabilities are predictive of quality of life and life satisfaction after controlling for personality traits. Method Seventy-eight persons with an ABI completed a set of questionnaires. Goal disengagement and goal reengagement were assessed using the Wrosch Goal Adjustment Scale (GAS). Indicators of wellbeing were measured with the European Brain Injury Questionnaire (EBIQ) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The percentage of perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was used as an indicator of cognitive inflexibility. Big Five personality traits were assessed via the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Four hierarchical multiple regression analyses were then conducted. The first two analyses tested the effect of cognitive flexibility on goal adjustment tendencies. The second two analyses tested whether goal adjustment has a predictive value for life satisfaction and QOL beyond personality. Results Cognitive flexibility was positively related to goal reengagement, but not to goal disengagement. Goal reengagement was positively associated with both quality of life and life satisfaction after controlling for demographic, illness characteristics and personality factors. Goal disengagement was negatively related to life satisfaction. Conclusion Flexible goal adjustment abilities have a unique explanatory value for indicators of wellbeing, beyond personality traits. The findings indicate that in persons with lower cognitive flexibility, goal reengagement ability might be negatively affected, and should be taking into account during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Van Bost
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium,Unit Acquired Brain Injury, Centrum voor Ambulante Revalidatie Ter Kouter, Deinze, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Van Damme
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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Svensson F, Much A, Exner C. Personality changes after acquired brain injury and their effects on rehabilitation outcomes. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2021; 33:305-324. [PMID: 34913399 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2021.2011749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is often associated with personality changes. Pre- as well as post-injury personality traits are related to rehabilitation outcomes. However, it largely remains unclear whether post-injury personality shows any associations with rehabilitation outcomes over and above pre-injury personality. Using a case-control design, this study investigated (1) personality changes after ABI from patients' and significant others' perspective, and (2) relations of pre- and post-ABI personality traits to rehabilitation outcomes in the short- and long-term. 40 patients with ABI (85% stroke, 15% traumatic brain injury), 46 healthy controls and their significant others participated. Personality was assessed with NEO-FFI, rehabilitation outcomes (activities, participation, depression) were measured at two and ten months after ABI. Patient-ratings indicated decreases in extraversion and a trend towards reduced conscientiousness. Significant others reported increases in patients' neuroticism. Pre- as well as post-injury personality traits were associated with depression and activities at both short- and long-term timepoints after ABI. The association was strongest for long-term depressive symptoms where personality trait variables accounted for 49% of variance (Radjusted2). Our results confirm that ABI patients and significant others perceive personality changes, albeit in different dimensions. Pre- and post-ABI personality traits showed associations with rehabilitation outcomes, especially with emotional adjustment after the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Svensson
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Much
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Exner
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Zirbes C, Jones A, Manzel K, Denburg N, Barrash J. Assessing the Effects of Healthy and Neuropathological Aging on Personality with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change. Dev Neuropsychol 2021; 46:393-408. [PMID: 34283684 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2021.1956500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Personality changes in older adults with brain disease may be confounded by effects of normal aging. In this cross-sectional study, ratings with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change for 62 healthy older adults (OA-H, aged 60+) were compared to matched older adults with brain diseases (OA-BD). OA-H did not show any significant personality changes from middle age to older adulthood. However, between 10% and 20% of OA-H developed a disturbance in Lack of Stamina, Inflexibility, Lability, and Lack of Insight. Otherwise, the pattern of findings suggesting normal aging effects on personality disturbances in clinical groups are generally minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zirbes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Kenneth Manzel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Natalie Denburg
- Departments of Neurology and Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Joseph Barrash
- Departments of Neurology and Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
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Gauffin E, Willebrand M, Ekselius L, Öster C. Stability in Personality After Physical Trauma. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:415-419. [PMID: 33027526 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Personality trait stability may be influenced by several factors, there among different life events such as psychological trauma. However, little is known regarding trait stability after physical trauma. Therefore, our primary aim was to assess the extent of stability in personality in burn patients during the first year after injury. Eighty-four burn patients, admitted to a national burn center, were assessed with the Swedish universities Scales of Personality during acute care and 12 months postburn. Personality domain scores remained stable between acute care and 12 months postburn. On the trait level, the only change was seen in personality trait Stress Susceptibility, where burn patients' scores were lower compared with norm scores during acute care but then increased, and normalized, at 12 months postburn. To conclude, personality scores remained relatively stable during the first year after burn trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Gauffin
- Department of Neuroscience Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Mimmie Willebrand
- Department of Neuroscience Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Lisa Ekselius
- Department of Neuroscience Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Caisa Öster
- Department of Neuroscience Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
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Personality Traits and Social Supports in Adolescents With Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 37:E71-E79. [PMID: 33782351 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether adolescents with persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS) differ from healthy peers in their personality traits and social supports. SETTING Specialty Concussion Clinic and Primary Care Clinic affiliated with an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-seven adolescents (42 with PPCS, 55 healthy peers; age: 15 ± 2 years). DESIGN Participants completed a web-based survey that included medical and demographic characteristics, mechanisms of concussion, 10-item Big Five Inventory, and Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale. A Student's 2-tailed t test with multiple testing corrections was used to compare the youths with PPCS to healthy peers. MAIN MEASURES The primary outcome was PPCS, defined by the presence of 2 or more concussion-related symptoms on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), lasting for more than 4 weeks after initial injury. The secondary outcome was perceived personality traits and social support, based on the 10-item Big Five Inventory and the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale, respectively. RESULTS The PPCS group had higher neuroticism scores on their Big Five Inventory than healthy peers. They also reported less social support from teachers and classmates than healthy peers. CONCLUSION Youths with PPCS report specific personality and social support characteristics that differ from their peers. These findings suggest that individual personality and school-based social supports may influence concussion recovery.
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Weddell RA, Wood RL. Perceived personality change after traumatic brain injury II: comparing participant and informant perspectives. Brain Inj 2018; 32:442-452. [PMID: 29364001 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1429657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper was to correlate informant personality change (PC) judgements following moderate-severe traumatic brain injury with quantitative neurobehavioural measures and to contrast the neurobehavioural correlates of informant and participant judgements of PC. PARTICIPANTS Informant-participant pairs were recruited from a medico-legal clinic passing effort tests (N = 31) and a National Health Service clinic (N = 40). MEASURES Participants were assessed on Wechsler tests of general ability, tests of executive functioning (Zoo Map and Fluency) and emotional distress (Beck Depression Inventory-FastScreen, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-II). Informants' expressed emotion towards participants was assessed with the family questionnaire. Both completed the DEX, the Frontal and Social Behavior Questionnaire and PC ratings. RESULTS The correlates of participant and informant ratings of participant PC partially overlapped. For example, participant self-reported PC was associated with self-reported dysexecutive symptoms and emotional distress. In contrast, informant report of participant PC was associated with lower perceived emotional recognition and empathy, informant report of dysexecutive symptoms and high informant expressed emotion. CONCLUSIONS It is argued that whilst researchers aim to exhaustively quantify specific neurobehavioural changes and their clusters, partially overlapping subsets of these changes evoke the PC judgements of participants and informants. The clinical implications of this are briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger A Weddell
- a Neuropsychology Department , Morriston Hospital , Swansea , UK.,b Brain Injury Research Group , Swansea University , Swansea , UK
| | - Rodger Ll Wood
- b Brain Injury Research Group , Swansea University , Swansea , UK
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Weddell RA, Wood RL. Exploration of correlates of self-reported personality change after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2016; 30:1362-1371. [PMID: 27541376 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1195921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often express concern that their personality has changed. Factors generating that conclusion are rarely explored quantitatively. Accordingly, this study examines neurobehavioural correlates of self-reported personality change. METHODS Seventy-one participants and informants were interviewed M = 57.9 (SD = 46.9) months after a moderate-severe TBI. The degree of self-reported personality change was correlated with scores on measures of general cognitive functioning, executive functioning, olfaction, social-emotional behaviour, emotional distress and the Expressed Emotion close informants directed towards them. RESULTS As expected, self-reported personality change correlated with dysexecutive symptoms and depression. Although anosmia (a putative index of ventral frontal damage) correlated with reduced self-reported emotional recognition and empathy, against prediction, the latter measures did not correlate with self-reported personality change. Neither were the predicted positive correlations found between high Expressed Emotion (criticism and emotional over-involvement) and self-reported personality change. DISCUSSION These findings are discussed in the context of previous work. A need to replicate and extend the present findings is suggested. A strategy to further clarify the relationships perceived personality change have with (a) self-reported change in specific behaviours and (b) identity change is advocated. Implications for intervention are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger A Weddell
- a Neuropsychology Department , Morriston Hospital , Swansea , UK.,b Brain Injury Research Group , Swansea University , Swansea , UK
| | - Rodger L Wood
- b Brain Injury Research Group , Swansea University , Swansea , UK
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9
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Leonhardt A, Schmukle SC, Exner C. Evidence of Big-Five personality changes following acquired brain injury from a prospective longitudinal investigation. J Psychosom Res 2016; 82:17-23. [PMID: 26944394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies using different assessment methods have reported personality changes after acquired brain injury (ABI). However, to our knowledge, no prospective study has yet been conducted to examine whether previous cross-sectional and retrospective results can be replicated in a longitudinal prospective design. Further, because clinical control groups were only rarely used, it remains debatable if the personality changes found are unique to patients with ABI or if they also affect patients with other disabilities. METHODS This study examined personality change in 114 participants with different kinds of ABI, 1321 matched controls (general control, GC), and 746 matched participants with restrictive impairments other than brain injury (clinical control, CC) in a prospective longitudinal design using data from the panel survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). RESULTS Participants with ABI showed significantly larger declines in Extraversion and Conscientiousness compared with the GC group. When the ABI participants were compared with the CC group, only the difference in Conscientiousness remained significant. CONCLUSION Our prospective data corroborate evidence from previous cross-sectional studies that patients with ABI experience larger declines in Extraversion and Conscientiousness than the general population. Whereas the effect on Conscientiousness was unique to patients with ABI, the decline in Extraversion was also observed in participants with other impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leonhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, D-04081 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stefan C Schmukle
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, D-04081 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Exner
- Department of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, D-04081 Leipzig, Germany
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Mendez MF, Owens EM, Jimenez EE, Peppers D, Licht EA. Changes in personality after mild traumatic brain injury from primary blast vs. blunt forces. Brain Inj 2013; 27:10-8. [PMID: 23252434 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2012.722252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injuries from explosive devices can cause blast-force injuries, including mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). OBJECTIVE This study investigated changes in personality from blast-force mTBI in comparison to blunt-force mTBI. METHODS Clinicians and significant others assessed US veterans who sustained pure blast-force mTBI (n = 12), as compared to those who sustained pure blunt-force mTBI (n = 12). Inclusion criteria included absence of any mixed blast-blunt trauma and absence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Measures included the Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy (IM-P), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), the Interpersonal Adjectives Scale (IAS) and the Frontal Systems Behaviour Scale (FrSBe). RESULTS There were no group differences on demographic or TBI-related variables. Compared to the Blunt Group, the Blast Group had more psychopathy on the IM-P, with anger, frustration, toughness and boundary violations and tended to more neuroticism on the BFI. When pre-TBI and post-TBI assessments were compared on the IAS and FrSBe, only the patients with blast force mTBI had become more cold-hearted, aloof-introverted and apathetic. CONCLUSION These results suggest that blast forces alone can cause negativistic behavioural changes when evaluated with selected measures of personality. Further research on isolated blast-force mTBI should focus on these personality changes and their relationship to blast over-pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA.
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Ruocco AC, Swirsky-Sacchetti T, Choca JP. Assessing personality and psychopathology after traumatic brain injury with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III. Brain Inj 2009; 21:1233-44. [DOI: 10.1080/02699050701716919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Weddell RA, Leggett JA. Factors triggering relatives’ judgements of personality change after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2009; 20:1221-34. [PMID: 17132545 DOI: 10.1080/02699050601049783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses neuropsychological and psychosocial determinants of judgements of personality change (PC) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN Cross-sectional data from 87 participants with TBI analysed using hierarchical binary regression. METHODS Interview of participants assessed, injury severity (post-traumatic amnesia), degree of cognitive impairment (IQ and memory), presence of orbitofrontal and/or medial temporal damage (olfaction) and emotional reactions (anger, depression and anxiety questionnaires). Separate interview of relatives assessed their own response to the injury (emotional reactions and critical comments from the Expressed Emotion index) and their judgements of participants' behavioural change. RESULTS As expected, memory loss and impaired olfaction predicted relatives' PC judgements. However, the most striking and novel result was that social-emotional factors (participants' and relatives' reactions) predicted PC judgements best. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the need (a) for future studies measuring social behaviours (e.g. impulsivity and emotional perception) (b) to explore the differing determinants of relatives' and participants' PC judgements and (c) to develop and to tailor clinical responses to the various psychosocial determinants of PC.
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Obonsawin MC, Jefferis S, Lowe R, Crawford JR, Fernandes J, Holland L, Woldt K, Worthington E, Bowie G. A model of personality change after traumatic brain injury and the development of the Brain Injury Personality Scales. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:1239-47. [PMID: 17259352 PMCID: PMC2117599 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.052654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to develop models of personality change after traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on information provided by the TBI survivor and a significant other (SO), and to compare the models generated from the two different sources of information. METHODS Individuals with and without TBI and an SO were interviewed separately about their current personality. The SOs were also interviewed about the personality of the TBI survivor before the injury. A subset of TBI survivors and their SOs were interviewed twice to assess test-retest reliability. Items which were not associated with personality change after TBI, which could not be measured reliably or which did not contribute to the model, were excluded. RESULTS Of the 123 original items, 29 items from the interview with the survivor and 31 items from the interview with the SO were retained to form the Brain Injury Personality Scales. Separate factor analyses of ratings from each interview (survivor and SO) resulted in seven first order factors. The second order factor analyses for each interview resulted in four factors. Concordance between the information obtained from the two interviews was low. CONCLUSIONS The information obtained from the interviews with the TBI survivors and the SOs produced two models with a similar structure: three superordinate factors of personality items (affective regulation, behavioural regulation and engagement) and one superordinate factor of items relevant to mental state (restlessness and range of thought). Despite the similarity in structure, the content of the information obtained from the two interviews was different.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Obonsawin
- Department of Psychology, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.
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Willebrand M, Andersson G, Kildal M, Gerdin B, Ekselius L. Injury-related fear-avoidance, neuroticism and burn-specific health. Burns 2006; 32:408-15. [PMID: 16621317 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional beliefs such as fear-avoidance (i.e. fear of re-injury) and personality traits such as neuroticism are risk factors for poor health. However, there is little information regarding associations with poor perceived health after severe burn and what level of fear-avoidance is associated with poor health. In this study, we investigated fear-avoidance and neuroticism regarding their associations with post-burn health. Participants were 86 recovered burn patients and data were collected by a postal survey. Post-burn health was assessed with the nine subscales of the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B). In logistic regressions, fear-avoidance was related to poorer health in six subscales assessing both physical and psychosocial problems. Neuroticism was associated with poorer health in three subscales assessing mainly psychosocial problems. Chi-square analyses showed that participants with a moderate or high level of fear-avoidance >or=1.0 (out of 4) were more likely to describe their health as poor and had a longer sick leave than those with a fear-avoidance level of <1.0. In summary, fear-avoidance was associated with poorer health even at moderate levels and was associated with several aspects of post-burn health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Willebrand
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Tate RL. Impact of pre-injury factors on outcome after severe traumatic brain injury: Does post-traumatic personality change represent an exacerbation of premorbid traits? Neuropsychol Rehabil 2003; 13:43-64. [DOI: 10.1080/09602010244000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmie Willebrand
- Department of Neuroscience Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
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Franulic A, Horta E, Maturana R, Scherpenisse J, Carbonell C. Organic personality disorder after traumatic brain injury: cognitive, anatomic and psychosocial factors. A 6 month follow-up. Brain Inj 2000; 14:431-9. [PMID: 10834338 DOI: 10.1080/026990500120538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study is to describe psychosocial adjustment in patients who present Organic Personality Disorder (OPD) after TBI in relation to patients with TBI without OPD. METHOD The group included patients who were admitted as inpatients in the Neurology Service. Exclusion criteria were: previous personality disorders; previous alcohol and drugs addiction, history of head injury and other neurological diseases. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview based on the ICD-10 was applied to the patient or significant other during the 1st or 2nd week after the accident. Selected patients were evaluated with psychological and psychosocial tests and questionnaires 6 months after head injury, among them: WAIS, Benton Test, Rey Osterrieth Test, Wisconsin Cards, Psychosocial Scale and Neurobehavioural Rating Scale (NRS-27). RESULTS No significant differences were observed in relation to demographic characteristics, type of head injury, GCS, or psychometric results. Significant differences were found in the answers to neurobehavioural and psychosocial questionnaires, showing more impairment in patients with OPD. CONCLUSIONS The results show that, in this group, patients with OPD after TBI present more psychosocial adjustment and emotional problems than patients with TBI without OPD diagnosis. The difference found is independent of cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franulic
- Mental Health Service, Hospital del Trabajador, Santiago de Chile.
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