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Jansen I, Cahalane R, Hengst R, Akyildiz A, Farrell E, Gijsen F, Aikawa E, van der Heiden K, Wissing T. The interplay of collagen, macrophages, and microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaque cap rupture mechanics. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:193-213. [PMID: 38329498 PMCID: PMC11008085 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque cap overlying a lipid pool and/or necrotic core can lead to thrombotic cardiovascular events. In essence, the rupture of the plaque cap is a mechanical event, which occurs when the local stress exceeds the local tissue strength. However, due to inter- and intra-cap heterogeneity, the resulting ultimate cap strength varies, causing proper assessment of the plaque at risk of rupture to be lacking. Important players involved in tissue strength include the load-bearing collagenous matrix, macrophages, as major promoters of extracellular matrix degradation, and microcalcifications, deposits that can exacerbate local stress, increasing tissue propensity for rupture. This review summarizes the role of these components individually in tissue mechanics, along with the interplay between them. We argue that to be able to improve risk assessment, a better understanding of the effect of these individual components, as well as their reciprocal relationships on cap mechanics, is required. Finally, we discuss potential future steps, including a holistic multidisciplinary approach, multifactorial 3D in vitro model systems, and advancements in imaging techniques. The obtained knowledge will ultimately serve as input to help diagnose, prevent, and treat atherosclerotic cap rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cahalane
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ranmadusha Hengst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Akyildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Wissing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Qiang S, Lu C, Xu F. Disrupting Effects of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Mutations Could Be Predicted by Local Hydrogen Bonding Energy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081104. [PMID: 36008998 PMCID: PMC9405839 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta(OI) is a disease caused by substitution in glycine residues with different amino acids in type I collagen (Gly-Xaa-Yaa)n. Collagen model peptides can capture the thermal stability loss of the helix after Gly mutations, most of which are homotrimers. However, a majority of natural collagen exists in heterotrimers. To investigate the effects of chain specific mutations in the natural state of collagen more accurately, here we introduce various lengths of side-chain amino acids into ABC-type heterotrimers. The disruptive effects of the mutations were characterized both experimentally and computationally. We found the stability decrease in the mutants was mainly caused by the disruption of backbone hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, we found a threshold value of local hydrogen bonding energy that could predict triple helix folding or unfolding. Val caused the unfolding of triple helices, whereas Ser with a similar side-chain length did not. Structural details suggested that the side-chain hydroxyl group in Ser forms hydrogen bonds with the backbone, thereby compensating for the mutants’ decreased stability. Our study contributes to a better understanding of how OI mutations destabilize collagen triple helices and the molecular mechanisms underlying OI.
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Ita ME, Singh S, Troche HR, Welch RL, Winkelstein BA. Intra-articular MMP-1 in the spinal facet joint induces sustained pain and neuronal dysregulation in the DRG and spinal cord, and alters ligament kinematics under tensile loading. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:926675. [PMID: 35992346 PMCID: PMC9382200 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.926675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic joint pain is a major healthcare challenge with a staggering socioeconomic burden. Pain from synovial joints is mediated by the innervated collagenous capsular ligament that surrounds the joint and encodes nociceptive signals. The interstitial collagenase MMP-1 is elevated in painful joint pathologies and has many roles in collagen regulation and signal transduction. Yet, the role of MMP-1 in mediating nociception in painful joints remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine whether exogenous intra-articular MMP-1 induces pain in the spinal facet joint and to investigate effects of MMP-1 on mediating the capsular ligament’s collagen network, biomechanical response, and neuronal regulation. Intra-articular MMP-1 was administered into the cervical C6/C7 facet joints of rats. Mechanical hyperalgesia quantified behavioral sensitivity before, and for 28 days after, injection. On day 28, joint tissue structure was assessed using histology. Multiscale ligament kinematics were defined under tensile loading along with microstructural changes in the collagen network. The amount of degraded collagen in ligaments was quantified and substance P expression assayed in neural tissue since it is a regulatory of nociceptive signaling. Intra-articular MMP-1 induces behavioral sensitivity that is sustained for 28 days (p < 0.01), absent any significant effects on the structure of joint tissues. Yet, there are changes in the ligament’s biomechanical and microstructural behavior under load. Ligaments from joints injected with MMP-1 exhibit greater displacement at yield (p = 0.04) and a step-like increase in the number of anomalous reorganization events of the collagen fibers during loading (p ≤ 0.02). Collagen hybridizing peptide, a metric of damaged collagen, is positively correlated with the spread of collagen fibers in the unloaded state after MMP-1 (p = 0.01) and that correlation is maintained throughout the sub-failure regime (p ≤ 0.03). MMP-1 injection increases substance P expression in dorsal root ganglia (p < 0.01) and spinal cord (p < 0.01) neurons. These findings suggest that MMP-1 is a likely mediator of neuronal signaling in joint pain and that MMP-1 presence in the joint space may predispose the capsular ligament to altered responses to loading. MMP-1-mediated pathways may be relevant targets for treating degenerative joint pain in cases with subtle or no evidence of structural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E. Ita
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sagar Singh
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Harrison R. Troche
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel L. Welch
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Beth A. Winkelstein,
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Tissue-engineered collagenous fibrous cap models to systematically elucidate atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5434. [PMID: 35361847 PMCID: PMC8971478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of vascular thrombotic events are associated with rupture of the fibrous cap that overlie atherosclerotic plaques. Cap rupture is however difficult to predict due to the heterogenous composition of the plaque, unknown material properties, and the stochastic nature of the event. Here, we aim to create tissue engineered human fibrous cap models with a variable but controllable collagen composition, suitable for mechanical testing, to scrutinize the reciprocal relationships between composition and mechanical properties. Myofibroblasts were cultured in 1 × 1.5 cm-sized fibrin-based constrained gels for 21 days according to established (dynamic) culture protocols (i.e. static, intermittent or continuous loading) to vary collagen composition (e.g. amount, type and organization). At day 7, a soft 2 mm ∅ fibrin inclusion was introduced in the centre of each tissue to mimic the soft lipid core, simulating the heterogeneity of a plaque. Results demonstrate reproducible collagenous tissues, that mimic the bulk mechanical properties of human caps and vary in collagen composition due to the presence of a successfully integrated soft inclusion and the culture protocol applied. The models can be deployed to assess tissue mechanics, evolution and failure of fibrous caps or complex heterogeneous tissues in general.
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Mechanistic Insight into the Fragmentation of Type I Collagen Fibers into Peptides and Amino Acids by a Vibrio Collagenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0167721. [PMID: 35285716 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01677-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio collagenases of the M9A subfamily are closely related to Vibrio pathogenesis for their role in collagen degradation during host invasion. Although some Vibrio collagenases have been characterized, the collagen degradation mechanism of Vibrio collagenase is still largely unknown. Here, an M9A collagenase, VP397, from marine Vibrio pomeroyi strain 12613 was characterized, and its fragmentation pattern on insoluble type I collagen fibers was studied. VP397 is a typical Vibrio collagenase composed of a catalytic module featuring a peptidase M9N domain and a peptidase M9 domain and two accessory bacterial prepeptidase C-terminal domains (PPC domains). It can hydrolyze various collagenous substrates, including fish collagen, mammalian collagens of types I to V, triple-helical peptide [(POG)10]3, gelatin, and 4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-o-Arg (Pz-peptide). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation and biochemical analyses revealed that VP397 first assaults the C-telopeptide region to dismantle the compact structure of collagen and dissociate tropocollagen fragments, which are further digested into peptides and amino acids by VP397 mainly at the Y-Gly bonds in the repeating Gly-X-Y triplets. In addition, domain deletion mutagenesis showed that the catalytic module of VP397 alone is capable of hydrolyzing type I collagen fibers and that its C-terminal PPC2 domain functions as a collagen-binding domain during collagenolysis. Based on our results, a model for the collagenolytic mechanism of VP397 is proposed. This study sheds light on the mechanism of collagen degradation by Vibrio collagenase, offering a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Vibrio and helping in developing the potential applications of Vibrio collagenase in industrial and medical areas. IMPORTANCE Many Vibrio species are pathogens and cause serious diseases in humans and aquatic animals. The collagenases produced by pathogenic Vibrio species have been regarded as important virulence factors, which occasionally exhibit direct pathogenicity to the infected host or facilitate other toxins' diffusion through the digestion of host collagen. However, our knowledge concerning the collagen degradation mechanism of Vibrio collagenase is still limited. This study reveals the degradation strategy of Vibrio collagenase VP397 on type I collagen. VP397 binds on collagen fibrils via its C-terminal PPC2 domain, and its catalytic module first assaults the C-telopeptide region and then attacks the Y-Gly bonds in the dissociated tropocollagen fragments to release peptides and amino acids. This study offers new knowledge regarding the collagenolytic mechanism of Vibrio collagenase, which is helpful for better understanding the role of collagenase in Vibrio pathogenesis and for developing its industrial and medical applications.
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Hiew SH, Wang JK, Koh K, Yang H, Bacha A, Lin J, Yip YS, Vos MIG, Chen L, Sobota RM, Tan NS, Tay CY, Miserez A. Bioinspired short peptide hydrogel for versatile encapsulation and controlled release of growth factor therapeutics. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:111-123. [PMID: 34551327 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A short bioinspired octapeptide, GV8, can self-assemble under mild conditions into biodegradable supramolecular physical hydrogels with high storage modulus and good biocompatibility. GV8 hydrogels can encapsulate both single or multiple macromolecular protein-based therapeutics in a simple one-pot formulation manner, making it a promising candidate to address challenges faced by existing synthetic polymer or peptide hydrogels with complex gelation and drug-encapsulation processes. Alongside its versatility, the hydrogel exhibits concentration-dependent storage modulus and controlled drug-release action. We demonstrate that GV8 hydrogels loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) secretome remain mechanically robust, and exhibit promising potential for wound healing applications by preserving secretome activity while maintaining a constant supply of ADMSC secretome to promote epithelial cell migration. Overall, our work highlights the potential of GV8 peptide hydrogel as a versatile and safe carrier for encapsulation and delivery of macromolecular therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Supramolecular peptide hydrogels are a popular choice for protein-based macromolecular therapeutics delivery; however, despite the development of abundant hydrogel systems, several challenges limit their adaptability and practical applications. GV8 short peptide hydrogel circumvents these drawbacks and demonstrates the ability to function as a versatile growth factor (GF) encapsulant. It can encapsulate precise concentrations of complex adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells secretome mixtures with a one-pot formulation approach and perform controlled release of GFs with preserved activity without compromising the self-assembly and mechanical properties of the hydrogel's supramolecular network. The significance of GV8 hydrogel lies in its gelation simplicity and versatility to encapsulate and deliver macromolecular therapeutics, thus representing a promising biomaterial for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hui Hiew
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798.
| | - Jun Kit Wang
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Kenrick Koh
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798; NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637335
| | - Haibo Yang
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Abbas Bacha
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Junquan Lin
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Yun Sheng Yip
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232
| | | | - Liyan Chen
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, 138673
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, 138673; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, 138671
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551; Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Singapore, 637141.
| | - Ali Miserez
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551.
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8
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Holwerda AM, van Loon LJC. The impact of collagen protein ingestion on musculoskeletal connective tissue remodeling: a narrative review. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1497-1514. [PMID: 34605901 PMCID: PMC9086765 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the central structural component of extracellular connective tissue, which provides elastic qualities to tissues. For skeletal muscle, extracellular connective tissue transmits contractile force to the tendons and bones. Connective tissue proteins are in a constant state of remodeling and have been shown to express a high level of plasticity. Dietary-protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. High-quality, rapidly digestible proteins are generally considered the preferred protein source to maximally stimulate myofibrillar (contractile) protein synthesis rates. In contrast, recent evidence demonstrates that protein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis. The absence of an increase in muscle connective tissue protein synthesis after protein ingestion may be explained by insufficient provision of glycine and/or proline. Dietary collagen contains large amounts of glycine and proline and, therefore, has been proposed to provide the precursors required to facilitate connective tissue protein synthesis. This literature review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current knowledge on the proposed benefits of dietary collagen consumption to stimulate connective tissue remodeling to improve health and functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Al-Shaer A, Lyons A, Ishikawa Y, Hudson BG, Boudko SP, Forde NR. Sequence-dependent mechanics of collagen reflect its structural and functional organization. Biophys J 2021; 120:4013-4028. [PMID: 34390685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix mechanics influence diverse cellular functions, yet surprisingly little is known about the mechanical properties of their constituent collagen proteins. In particular, network-forming collagen IV, an integral component of basement membranes, has been far less studied than fibril-forming collagens. A key feature of collagen IV is the presence of interruptions in the triple-helix-defining (Gly-X-Y) sequence along its collagenous domain. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to determine the impact of sequence heterogeneity on the local flexibility of collagen IV and of the fibril-forming collagen III. Our extracted flexibility profile of collagen IV reveals that it possesses highly heterogeneous mechanics, ranging from semiflexible regions as found for fibril-forming collagens to a lengthy region of high flexibility toward its N-terminus. A simple model in which flexibility is dictated only by the presence of interruptions fit the extracted profile reasonably well, providing insight into the alignment of chains and demonstrating that interruptions, particularly when coinciding in multiple chains, significantly enhance local flexibility. To a lesser extent, sequence variations within the triple helix lead to variable flexibility, as seen along the continuously triple-helical collagen III. We found this fibril-forming collagen to possess a high-flexibility region around its matrix-metalloprotease binding site, suggesting a unique mechanical fingerprint of this region that is key for matrix remodeling. Surprisingly, proline content did not correlate with local flexibility in either collagen type. We also found that physiologically relevant changes in pH and chloride concentration did not alter the flexibility of collagen IV, indicating such environmental changes are unlikely to control its compaction during secretion. Although extracellular chloride ions play a role in triggering collagen IV network formation, they do not appear to modulate the structure of its collagenous domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Al-Shaer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron Lyons
- Department of Physics, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sergei P Boudko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nancy R Forde
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physics, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Hu T, Lo ACY. Collagen-Alginate Composite Hydrogel: Application in Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Sciences. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1852. [PMID: 34199641 PMCID: PMC8199729 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate (ALG), a polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed, has been extensively investigated as a biomaterial not only in tissue engineering but also for numerous biomedical sciences owing to its wide availability, good compatibility, weak cytotoxicity, low cost, and ease of gelation. Nevertheless, alginate lacks cell-binding sites, limiting long-term cell survival and viability in 3D culture. Collagen (Col), a major component protein found in the extracellular matrix (ECM), exhibits excellent biocompatibility and weak immunogenicity. Furthermore, collagen contains cell-binding motifs, which facilitate cell attachment, interaction, and spreading, consequently maintaining cell viability and promoting cell proliferation. Recently, there has been a growing body of investigations into collagen-based hydrogel trying to overcome the poor mechanical properties of collagen. In particular, collagen-alginate composite (CAC) hydrogel has attracted much attention due to its excellent biocompatibility, gelling under mild conditions, low cytotoxicity, controllable mechanic properties, wider availability as well as ease of incorporation of other biomaterials and bioactive agents. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of alginate and collagen. Moreover, the application of CAC hydrogel in tissue engineering and biomedical sciences is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy C. Y. Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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11
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Manka SW, Brew K. Thermodynamic and Mechanistic Insights into Coupled Binding and Unwinding of Collagen by Matrix Metalloproteinase 1. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5985-5993. [PMID: 33058879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Local unwinding of the collagen triple helix is a necessary step for initiating the collagen degradation cascade in extracellular matrices. A few matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to support this key process, but its energetic aspects remain unknown. Here, we captured the thermodynamics of the triple helix unwinding by monitoring interactions between a collagen peptide and MMP-1(E200A) - an active-site mutant of an archetypal vertebrate collagenase - at increasing temperatures, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Coupled binding and unwinding manifests as a curved relationship between the total enthalpy change and temperature of the reaction, producing increasingly negative heat capacity change (ΔΔCp ≈ -36.3 kcal/molK2). A specially designed solid-phase binding and cleavage assay (SPBCA) reported strain in the catalytically relevant unwound state, suggesting that this state is distinct from the horizon of sampled conformations of the collagenase-susceptible site. MMP-1 appears to blend selected fit with induced fit mechanisms to catalyse collagen unwinding prior to cleavage of individual collagen chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon W Manka
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Keith Brew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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12
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Kirkness MWH, Lehmann K, Forde NR. Mechanics and structural stability of the collagen triple helix. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Cerofolini L, Fragai M, Luchinat C. Mechanism and Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2609-2633. [PMID: 29589527 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180326163523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases hydrolyze proteins and glycoproteins forming the extracellular matrix, cytokines and growth factors released in the extracellular space, and membrane-bound receptors on the outer cell membrane. The pathological relevance of MMPs has prompted the structural and functional characterization of these enzymes and the development of synthetic inhibitors as possible drug candidates. Recent studies have provided a better understanding of the substrate preference of the different members of the family, and structural data on the mechanism by which these enzymes hydrolyze the substrates. Here, we report the recent advancements in the understanding of the mechanism of collagenolysis and elastolysis, and we discuss the perspectives of new therapeutic strategies for targeting MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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14
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Tension in fibrils suppresses their enzymatic degradation - A molecular mechanism for 'use it or lose it'. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:34-46. [PMID: 31201857 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis depends on a balance of synthesis and degradation of constituent proteins, with turnover of a given protein potentially regulated by its use. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is predominantly composed of fibrillar collagens that exhibit tension-sensitive degradation, which we review here at different levels of hierarchy. Past experiments and recent proteomics measurements together suggest that mechanical strain stabilizes collagen against enzymatic degradation at the scale of tissues and fibrils whereas isolated collagen molecules exhibit a biphasic behavior that depends on load magnitude. Within a Michaelis-Menten framework, collagenases at constant concentration effectively exhibit a low activity on substrate fibrils when the fibrils are strained by tension. Mechanisms of such mechanosensitive regulation are surveyed together with relevant interactions of collagen fibrils with cells.
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15
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Kirkness MWH, Forde NR. Single-Molecule Assay for Proteolytic Susceptibility: Force-Induced Collagen Destabilization. Biophys J 2019; 114:570-576. [PMID: 29414702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Force plays a key role in regulating dynamics of biomolecular structure and interactions, yet techniques are lacking to manipulate and continuously read out this response with high throughput. We present an enzymatic assay for force-dependent accessibility of structure that makes use of a wireless mini-radio centrifuge force microscope to provide a real-time readout of kinetics. The microscope is designed for ease of use, fits in a standard centrifuge bucket, and offers high-throughput, video-rate readout of individual proteolytic cleavage events. Proteolysis measurements on thousands of tethered collagen molecules show a load-enhanced trypsin sensitivity, indicating destabilization of the triple helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W H Kirkness
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy R Forde
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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16
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Sorushanova A, Delgado LM, Wu Z, Shologu N, Kshirsagar A, Raghunath R, Mullen AM, Bayon Y, Pandit A, Raghunath M, Zeugolis DI. The Collagen Suprafamily: From Biosynthesis to Advanced Biomaterial Development. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801651. [PMID: 30126066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein that has found many applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. First, an overview of the family of collagens and their respective structures, conformation, and biosynthesis is provided. The advances and shortfalls of various collagen preparations (e.g., mammalian/marine extracted collagen, cell-produced collagens, recombinant collagens, and collagen-like peptides) and crosslinking technologies (e.g., chemical, physical, and biological) are then critically discussed. Subsequently, an array of structural, thermal, mechanical, biochemical, and biological assays is examined, which are developed to analyze and characterize collagenous structures. Lastly, a comprehensive review is provided on how advances in engineering, chemistry, and biology have enabled the development of bioactive, 3D structures (e.g., tissue grafts, biomaterials, cell-assembled tissue equivalents) that closely imitate native supramolecular assemblies and have the capacity to deliver in a localized and sustained manner viable cell populations and/or bioactive/therapeutic molecules. Clearly, collagens have a long history in both evolution and biotechnology and continue to offer both challenges and exciting opportunities in regenerative medicine as nature's biomaterial of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sorushanova
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Luis M Delgado
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Zhuning Wu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Naledi Shologu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Aniket Kshirsagar
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Rufus Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Bayon
- Sofradim Production-A Medtronic Company, Trevoux, France
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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17
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Selvaraj S, Duraipandy N, Kiran MS, Fathima NN. Anti-oxidant enriched hybrid nanofibers: Effect on mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:209-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Que RA, Crakes DR, Abdulhadi F, Niu C, Da Silva NA, Wang S. Tailoring Collagen to Engineer the Cellular Microenvironment. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800140. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Que
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Dale R. Crakes
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Faten Abdulhadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Chun‐Hao Niu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Nancy A. Da Silva
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Szu‐Wen Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
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19
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Shao Y, Qin Z, Alexander Wilks J, Balimunkwe RM, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ, Quan T. Physical properties of the photodamaged human skin dermis: Rougher collagen surface and stiffer/harder mechanical properties. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:914-921. [PMID: 29957839 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation of collagen fibrils and aberrant elastic material (solar elastosis) in the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) is among the most prominent features of photodamaged human skin. These alterations impair the structural integrity and create a dermal microenvironment prone to skin disorders. The objective of this study was to determine the physical properties (surface roughness, stiffness and hardness) of the dermal ECM in photodamaged and subject-matched sun-protected human skin. Skin samples were sectioned and analysed by histology, atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. Dermal ECM collagen fibrils were more disorganized (ie, rougher surface), and the dermal ECM was stiffer and harder, in photodamaged forearm, compared to sun-protected underarm skin. Cleavage of collagen fibrils in sun-protected underarm dermis by recombinant human matrix metalloproteinase-1 resulted in rougher collagen fibril surface and reduced dermal stiffness and hardness. Degradation of elastotic material in photodamaged skin by treatment with purified neutrophil elastase reduced stiffness and hardness, without altering collagen fibril surface roughness. Additionally, expression of two members of the lysyl oxidase gene family, which insert cross-links that stiffen and harden collagen fibrils, was elevated in photodamaged forearm dermis. These data elucidate the contributions of fragmented collagen fibrils, solar elastosis and elevated collagen cross-linking to the physical properties of the dermal ECM in photodamaged human skin. This new knowledge extends current understanding of the impact of photodamage on the dermal ECM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhaoping Qin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James Alexander Wilks
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Gary J Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John J Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Taihao Quan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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20
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Makareeva E, Sun G, Mirigian LS, Mertz EL, Vera JC, Espinoza NA, Yang K, Chen D, Klein TE, Byers PH, Leikin S. Substitutions for arginine at position 780 in triple helical domain of the α1(I) chain alter folding of the type I procollagen molecule and cause osteogenesis imperfecta. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200264. [PMID: 29990383 PMCID: PMC6039012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OI is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by bone fragility. More than 90% of patients are heterozygous for mutations in type I collagen genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2, and a common mutation is substitution for an obligatory glycine in the triple helical Gly-X-Y repeats. Few non-glycine substitutions in the triple helical domain have been reported; most result in Y-position substitutions of arginine by cysteine. Here, we investigated leucine and cysteine substitutions for one Y-position arginine, p.Arg958 (Arg780 in the triple helical domain) of proα1(I) chains that cause mild OI. We compared their effects with two substitutions for glycine located in close proximity. Like substitutions for glycine, those for arginine reduced the denaturation temperature of the whole molecule and caused asymmetric posttranslational overmodification of the chains. Circular dichroism and increased susceptibility to cleavage by MMP1, MMP2 and catalytic domain of MMP1 revealed significant destabilization of the triple helix near the collagenase cleavage site. On a cellular level, we observed slower triple helix folding and intracellular collagen retention, which disturbed the Endoplasmic Reticulum function and affected matrix deposition. Molecular dynamic modeling suggested that Arg780 substitutions disrupt the triple helix structure and folding by eliminating hydrogen bonds of arginine side chains, in addition to preventing HSP47 binding. The pathogenic effects of these non-glycine substitutions in bone are probably caused mostly by procollagen misfolding and its downstream effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Makareeva
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guoli Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lynn S. Mirigian
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward L. Mertz
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Vera
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nydea A. Espinoza
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Diana Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Teri E. Klein
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Peter H. Byers
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sergey Leikin
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Mekkat A, Poppleton E, An B, Visse R, Nagase H, Kaplan DL, Brodsky B, Lin YS. Effects of flexibility of the α2 chain of type I collagen on collagenase cleavage. J Struct Biol 2018; 203:247-254. [PMID: 29763735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of collagen by collagenases such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) is a key step in development, tissue remodeling, and tumor proliferation. The abundant heterotrimeric type I collagen composed of two α1(I) chains and one α2(I) chain is efficiently cleaved by MMP-1 at a unique site in the triple helix, a process which may be initiated by local unfolding within the peptide chains. Atypical homotrimers of the α1(I) chain, found in embryonic and cancer tissues, are very resistant to MMP cleavage. To investigate MMP-1 cleavage, recombinant homotrimers were constructed with sequences from the MMP cleavage regions of human collagen chains inserted into a host bacterial collagen protein system. All triple-helical constructs were cleaved by MMP-1, with α2(I) homotrimers cleaved efficiently at a rate similar to that seen for α1(II) and α1(III) homotrimers, while α1(I) homotrimers were cleaved at a much slower rate. The introduction of destabilizing Gly to Ser mutations within the human collagenase susceptible region of the α2(I) chain did not interfere with MMP-1 cleavage. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated a greater degree of transient hydrogen bond breaking in α2(I) homotrimers compared with α1(I) homotrimers at the MMP-1 cleavage site, and showed an extensive disruption of hydrogen bonding in the presence of a Gly to Ser mutation, consistent with chymotrypsin digestion results. This study indicates that α2(I) homotrimers are susceptible to MMP-1, proves that the presence of an α1(I) chain is not a requirement for α2(I) cleavage, and supports the importance of local unfolding of α2(I) in collagenase cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Mekkat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Erik Poppleton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bo An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Robert Visse
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Brodsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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22
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Delsuc N, Uchinomiya S, Ojida A, Hamachi I. A host-guest system based on collagen-like triple-helix hybridization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6856-6859. [PMID: 28604910 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A strategy inspired by tweezer receptors has been employed to develop a new host-guest system. The hybridization into a collagen-like triple helix is the driving force for the recognition that occurs with high affinity and selectivity. Several systems have been screened to find the best host-guest pair and this strategy may be implemented for tag fused protein recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Delsuc
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
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23
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Amar S, Smith L, Fields GB. Matrix metalloproteinase collagenolysis in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1940-1951. [PMID: 28456643 PMCID: PMC5605394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of collagen (collagenolysis) is critical in development and homeostasis, but also contributes to numerous pathologies. Mammalian interstitial collagenolytic enzymes include members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family and cathepsin K. While MMPs have long been recognized for their ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of collagen, the roles of individual MMPs in physiological and pathological collagenolysis are less defined. The use of knockout and mutant animal models, which reflect human diseases, has revealed distinct collagenolytic roles for MT1-MMP and MMP-13. A better understanding of temporal and spatial collagen processing, along with the knowledge of the specific MMP involved, will ultimately lead to more effective treatments for cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular conditions, and infectious diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Amar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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24
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25
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Zitnay JL, Li Y, Qin Z, San BH, Depalle B, Reese SP, Buehler MJ, Yu SM, Weiss JA. Molecular level detection and localization of mechanical damage in collagen enabled by collagen hybridizing peptides. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14913. [PMID: 28327610 PMCID: PMC5364439 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical injury to connective tissue causes changes in collagen structure and material behaviour, but the role and mechanisms of molecular damage have not been established. In the case of mechanical subfailure damage, no apparent macroscale damage can be detected, yet this damage initiates and potentiates in pathological processes. Here, we utilize collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP), which binds unfolded collagen by triple helix formation, to detect molecular level subfailure damage to collagen in mechanically stretched rat tail tendon fascicle. Our results directly reveal that collagen triple helix unfolding occurs during tensile loading of collagenous tissues and thus is an important damage mechanism. Steered molecular dynamics simulations suggest that a likely mechanism for triple helix unfolding is intermolecular shearing of collagen α-chains. Our results elucidate a probable molecular failure mechanism associated with subfailure injuries, and demonstrate the potential of CHP targeting for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of tissue disease and injury. Collagen denaturation is thought to occur during tissue mechanical damage, but its role in damage initiation is still unclear. Here, the authors use a collagen hybridizing peptide to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms leading to collagen unfolding during tendon mechanical stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L Zitnay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.,Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Boi Hoa San
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Baptiste Depalle
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shawn P Reese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.,Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Michael Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.,Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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26
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Karabencheva-Christova TG, Christov CZ, Fields GB. Collagenolytic Matrix Metalloproteinase Structure–Function Relationships: Insights From Molecular Dynamics Studies. STRUCTURAL AND MECHANISTIC ENZYMOLOGY 2017; 109:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Internal strain drives spontaneous periodic buckling in collagen and regulates remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8436-41. [PMID: 27402741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523228113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar collagen, an essential structural component of the extracellular matrix, is remarkably resistant to proteolysis, requiring specialized matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to initiate its remodeling. In the context of native fibrils, remodeling is poorly understood; MMPs have limited access to cleavage sites and are inhibited by tension on the fibril. Here, single-molecule recordings of fluorescently labeled MMPs reveal cleavage-vulnerable binding regions arrayed periodically at ∼1-µm intervals along collagen fibrils. Binding regions remain periodic even as they migrate on the fibril, indicating a collective process of thermally activated and self-healing defect formation. An internal strain relief model involving reversible structural rearrangements quantitatively reproduces the observed spatial patterning and fluctuations of defects and provides a mechanism for tension-dependent stabilization of fibrillar collagen. This work identifies internal-strain-driven defects that may have general and widespread regulatory functions in self-assembled biological filaments.
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28
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Nash A, Birch HL, de Leeuw NH. Mapping intermolecular interactions and active site conformations: from human MMP-1 crystal structure to molecular dynamics free energy calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:564-573. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1153521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nash
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen L. Birch
- Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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29
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Prior SH, Byrne TS, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Fields GB, Van Doren SR. Path to Collagenolysis: COLLAGEN V TRIPLE-HELIX MODEL BOUND PRODUCTIVELY AND IN ENCOUNTERS BY MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-12. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7888-901. [PMID: 26887942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.703124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagenolysis is essential in extracellular matrix homeostasis, but its structural basis has long been shrouded in mystery. We have developed a novel docking strategy guided by paramagnetic NMR that positions a triple-helical collagen V mimic (synthesized with nitroxide spin labels) in the active site of the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12 or macrophage metalloelastase) primed for catalysis. The collagenolytically productive complex forms by utilizing seven distinct subsites that traverse the entire length of the active site. These subsites bury ∼1,080 Å(2)of surface area, over half of which is contributed by the trailing strand of the synthetic collagen V mimic, which also appears to ligate the catalytic zinc through the glycine carbonyl oxygen of its scissile G∼VV triplet. Notably, the middle strand also occupies the full length of the active site where it contributes extensive interfacial contacts with five subsites. This work identifies, for the first time, the productive and specific interactions of a collagen triple helix with an MMP catalytic site. The results uniquely demonstrate that the active site of the MMPs is wide enough to accommodate two strands from collagen triple helices. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancements also reveal an extensive array of encounter complexes that form over a large part of the catalytic domain. These transient complexes could possibly facilitate the formation of collagenolytically active complexes via directional Brownian tumbling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Prior
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Todd S Byrne
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and
| | - Gregg B Fields
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and the Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211,
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30
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Abstract
We study the elasticity of DNA based on local principal axes of bending identified from over 0.9-μs all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of DNA oligos. The calculated order parameters describe motion of DNA as an elastic rod. In 10 possible dinucleotide steps, bending about the two principal axes is anisotropic yet linearly elastic. Twist about the centroid axis is largely decoupled from bending, but DNA tends to overtwist for unbending beyond the typical range of thermal motion, which is consistent with experimentally observed twist-stretch coupling. The calculated elastic stiffness of dinucleotide steps yield sequence-dependent persistence lengths consistent with previous single-molecule experiments, which is further analyzed by performing coarse-grained simulations of DNA. Flexibility maps of oligos constructed from simulation also match with those from the precalculated stiffness of dinucleotide steps. These support the premise that base pair interaction at the dinucleotide-level is mainly responsible for the elasticity of DNA. Furthermore, we analyze 1381 crystal structures of protein-DNA complexes. In most structures, DNAs are mildly deformed and twist takes the highest portion of the total elastic energy. By contrast, in structures with the elastic energy per dinucleotide step greater than about 4.16 kBT (kBT: thermal energy), the major bending becomes dominant. The extensional energy of dinucleotide steps takes at most 35% of the total elastic energy except for structures containing highly deformed DNAs where linear elasticity breaks down. Such partitioning between different deformational modes provides quantitative insights into the conformational dynamics of DNA as well as its interaction with other molecules and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Teng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study , Seoul, Korea 02455
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31
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Luczak M, Krzeszowiec-Jeleń W, Konopka-Postupolska D, Wojtaszek P. Collagenase as a useful tool for the analysis of plant cellular peripheries. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:195-209. [PMID: 25435175 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A technique for the selective loosening of the cell wall structure and the isolation of proteins permanently knotted in the cell walls was elaborated. Following treatment with collagenase, some proteins, such as calreticulin (CRT) and auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) were released from purified cell walls, most probably through destruction of respective interacting proteins. The results were confirmed by the immunolocalization of the ABP1 and CRT with confocal and electron microscopy. On the other hand, potential substrates of collagenase, among them annexin 1 have been recognized. Mass spectra of annexin 1 obtained after collagenase digestion and results from analysis of potential cleavage sites suggested that the mechanism of enzyme cleavage might not depend on the amino acid sequence. Summarizing, collagenase was found to be a very useful tool for exploring molecules involved in the functioning of cellular peripheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Luczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | | - Przemysław Wojtaszek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
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32
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Matrix metalloproteinase interactions with collagen and elastin. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:224-31. [PMID: 25599938 PMCID: PMC4466143 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most abundant in the extracellular matrix are collagens, joined by elastin that confers elastic recoil to the lung, aorta, and skin. These fibrils are highly resistant to proteolysis but can succumb to a minority of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Considerable inroads to understanding how such MMPs move to the susceptible sites in collagen and then unwind the triple helix of collagen monomers have been gained. The essential role in unwinding of the hemopexin-like domain of interstitial collagenases or the collagen binding domain of gelatinases is highlighted. Elastolysis is also facilitated by the collagen binding domain in the cases of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and remote exosites of the catalytic domain in the case of MMP-12.
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33
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Chen L, Cai S, Lim J, Lee SS, Lee SG. Elucidating pH-Dependent Collagen Triple Helix Formation through Interstrand Hydroxyproline-Glutamic Acid Interactions. Chembiochem 2014; 16:407-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Qin Z, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ, Quan T. Age-associated reduction of cellular spreading/mechanical force up-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression and collagen fibril fragmentation via c-Jun/AP-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. Aging Cell 2014; 13:1028-37. [PMID: 25201474 PMCID: PMC4326925 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dermal compartment of human skin is largely composed of dense collagen-rich fibrils, which provide structural and mechanical support. Skin dermal fibroblasts, the major collagen-producing cells, are interact with collagen fibrils to maintain cell spreading and mechanical force for function. A characteristic feature of aged human skin is fragmentation of collagen fibrils, which is initiated by matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1). Fragmentation impairs fibroblast attachment and thereby reduces spreading. Here, we investigated the relationship among fibroblast spreading, mechanical force, MMP-1 expression, and collagen fibril fragmentation. Reduced fibroblast spreading due to cytoskeletal disruption was associated with reduced cellular mechanical force, as determined by atomic force microscopy. These reductions substantially induced MMP-1 expression, which led to collagen fibril fragmentation and disorganization in three-dimensional collagen lattices. Constraining fibroblast size by culturing on slides coated with collagen micropatterns also significantly induced MMP-1 expression. Reduced spreading/mechanical force induced transcription factor c-Jun and its binding to a canonical AP-1 binding site in the MMP-1 proximal promoter. Blocking c-Jun function with dominant negative mutant c-Jun significantly reduced induction of MMP-1 expression in response to reduced spreading/mechanical force. Furthermore, restoration of fibroblast spreading/mechanical force led to decline of c-Jun and MMP-1 levels and eliminated collagen fibril fragmentation and disorganization. These data reveal a novel mechanism by which alteration of fibroblast shape/mechanical force regulates c-Jun/AP-1-dependent expression of MMP-1 and consequent collagen fibril fragmentation. This mechanism provides a foundation for understanding the cellular and molecular basis of age-related collagen fragmentation in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Qin
- Department of Dermatology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - John J. Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Gary J. Fisher
- Department of Dermatology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Taihao Quan
- Department of Dermatology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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35
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Chattopadhyay S, Raines RT. Review collagen-based biomaterials for wound healing. Biopolymers 2014; 101:821-33. [PMID: 24633807 PMCID: PMC4203321 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With its wide distribution in soft and hard connective tissues, collagen is the most abundant of animal proteins. In vitro, natural collagen can be formed into highly organized, three-dimensional scaffolds that are intrinsically biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic upon exogenous application, and endowed with high tensile strength. These attributes make collagen the material of choice for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. In this article, we review the structure and molecular interactions of collagen in vivo; the recent use of natural collagen in sponges, injectables, films and membranes, dressings, and skin grafts; and the on-going development of synthetic collagen mimetic peptides as pylons to anchor cytoactive agents in wound beds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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36
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Howes JM, Bihan D, Slatter DA, Hamaia SW, Packman LC, Knauper V, Visse R, Farndale RW. The recognition of collagen and triple-helical toolkit peptides by MMP-13: sequence specificity for binding and cleavage. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24091-101. [PMID: 25008319 PMCID: PMC4148842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of collagen by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is crucial to tissue homeostasis and repair. MMP-13 is a collagenase with a substrate preference for collagen II over collagens I and III. It recognizes a specific, well-known site in the tropocollagen molecule where its binding locally perturbs the triple helix, allowing the catalytic domain of the active enzyme to cleave the collagen α chains sequentially, at Gly775–Leu776 in collagen II. However, the specific residues upon which collagen recognition depends within and surrounding this locus have not been systematically mapped. Using our triple-helical peptide Collagen Toolkit libraries in solid-phase binding assays, we found that MMP-13 shows little affinity for Collagen Toolkit III, but binds selectively to two triple-helical peptides of Toolkit II. We have identified the residues required for the adhesion of both proMMP-13 and MMP-13 to one of these, Toolkit peptide II-44, which contains the canonical collagenase cleavage site. MMP-13 was unable to bind to a linear peptide of the same sequence as II-44. We also discovered a second binding site near the N terminus of collagen II (starting at helix residue 127) in Toolkit peptide II-8. The pattern of binding of the free hemopexin domain of MMP-13 was similar to that of the full-length enzyme, but the free catalytic subunit bound none of our peptides. The susceptibility of Toolkit peptides to proteolysis in solution was independent of the very specific recognition of immobilized peptides by MMP-13; the enzyme proved able to cleave a range of dissolved collagen peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna-Marie Howes
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Bihan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - David A Slatter
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Samir W Hamaia
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Len C Packman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Knauper
- the Cardiff University Dental School, Dental Drive, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Robert Visse
- the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Farndale
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom,
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37
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Abstract
Degradation of fibrillar collagen is critical for tissue maintenance. Yet, understanding collagen catabolism has been challenging partly due to a lack of atomistic picture for its load-dependent conformational dynamics, as both mechanical load and local unfolding of collagen affect its cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). We use molecular dynamics simulation to find the most cleavage-prone arrangement of α chains in a collagen triple helix and find amino acids that modulate stability of the MMP cleavage domain depending on the chain registry within the molecule. The native-like state is mechanically inhomogeneous, where the cleavage site interfaces a stiff region and a locally unfolded and flexible region along the molecule. In contrast, a triple helix made of the stable glycine-proline-hydroxyproline motif is uniformly flexible and is dynamically stabilized by short-lived, low-occupancy hydrogen bonds. These results provide an atomistic basis for the mechanics, conformation, and stability of collagen that affect catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Teng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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38
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Lauer JL, Bhowmick M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Lin Y, Van Doren SR, Fields GB. The role of collagen charge clusters in the modulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:1981-92. [PMID: 24297171 PMCID: PMC3900948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family selectively cleave collagens in vivo. Several substrate structural features that direct MMP collagenolysis have been identified. The present study evaluated the role of charged residue clusters in the regulation of MMP collagenolysis. A series of 10 triple-helical peptide (THP) substrates were constructed in which either Lys-Gly-Asp or Gly-Asp-Lys motifs replaced Gly-Pro-Hyp (where Hyp is 4-hydroxy-L-proline) repeats. The stabilities of THPs containing the two different motifs were analyzed, and kinetic parameters for substrate hydrolysis by six MMPs were determined. A general trend for virtually all enzymes was that, as Gly-Asp-Lys motifs were moved from the extreme N and C termini to the interior next to the cleavage site sequence, kcat/Km values increased. Additionally, all Gly-Asp-Lys THPs were as good or better substrates than the parent THP in which Gly-Asp-Lys was not present. In turn, the Lys-Gly-Asp THPs were also always better substrates than the parent THP, but the magnitude of the difference was considerably less compared with the Gly-Asp-Lys series. Of the MMPs tested, MMP-2 and MMP-9 most greatly favored the presence of charged residues with preference for the Gly-Asp-Lys series. Lys-Gly-(Asp/Glu) motifs are more commonly found near potential MMP cleavage sites than Gly-(Asp/Glu)-Lys motifs. As Lys-Gly-Asp is not as favored by MMPs as Gly-Asp-Lys, the Lys-Gly-Asp motif appears advantageous over the Gly-Asp-Lys motif by preventing unwanted MMP hydrolysis. More specifically, the lack of Gly-Asp-Lys clusters may diminish potential MMP-2 and MMP-9 collagenolytic activity. The present study indicates that MMPs have interactions spanning the P23-P23' subsites of collagenous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L. Lauer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manishabrata Bhowmick
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
| | - Yan Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Steven R. Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
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39
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Stura EA, Visse R, Cuniasse P, Dive V, Nagase H. Crystal structure of full-length human collagenase 3 (MMP-13) with peptides in the active site defines exosites in the catalytic domain. FASEB J 2013; 27:4395-405. [PMID: 23913860 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 is one of the mammalian collagenases that play key roles in tissue remodelling and repair and in progression of diseases such as cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. For collagenase to cleave triple helical collagens, the triple helical structure has to be locally unwound before hydrolysis, but this process is not well understood. We report crystal structures of catalytically inactive full-length human MMP-13(E223A) in complex with peptides of 14-26 aa derived from the cleaved prodomain during activation. Peptides are bound to the active site of the enzyme by forming an extended β-strand with Glu(40) or Tyr(46) inserted into the S1' specificity pocket. The structure of the N-terminal part of the peptides is variable and interacts with different parts of the catalytic domain. Those areas are designated substrate-dependent exosites, in that they accommodate different peptide structures, whereas the precise positioning of the substrate backbone is maintained in the active site. These modes of peptide-MMP-13 interactions have led us to propose how triple helical collagen strands fit into the active site cleft of the collagenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico A Stura
- 2H.N., Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.
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40
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Abstract
Interstitial collagen mechanical and biological properties are altered by proteases that catalyze the hydrolysis of the collagen triple-helical structure. Collagenolysis is critical in development and homeostasis but also contributes to numerous pathologies. Mammalian collagenolytic enzymes include matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin K, and neutrophil elastase, and a variety of invertebrates and pathogens possess collagenolytic enzymes. Components of the mechanism of action for the collagenolytic enzyme MMP-1 have been defined experimentally, and insights into other collagenolytic mechanisms have been provided. Ancillary biomolecules may modulate the action of collagenolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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41
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Insight into the degradation of type-I collagen fibrils by MMP-8. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1815-25. [PMID: 23399546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have shed light on the mechanism of collagen degradation in solution, the precise mechanism of collagenolysis in the native fibrillar state remains unclear. To gain insight into the mechanism of fibrillar degradation, we calculated the conformational free-energy landscape for unfolding regions of the α2 chain of type-I collagen within the context of the microfibril. Our data suggest that, relatively, imino-rich sequences maintain the canonical triple-helical structure at body temperature. By contrast, the unique MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) cleavage site adopts conformations where the α2 chain is dissociated from the rest of the fibril--behavior that is similar to what was observed in unfolding simulations of isolated collagen-like model peptides in solution. However, the dissociated cleavage site does not fit within the catalytic site of MMP-8, a representative fibrillar collagenase. Additional free-energy simulations suggest that the presence of the catalytic domain leads to a reorientation of the α2 chain such that it adopts a pose that is complementary to the enzyme's active site. These observations argue that, in the fibrillar state, there is a synergy between the normal thermal fluctuations of the substrate when the enzyme is absent and the fluctuations of the substrate when the enzyme is present. More precisely, our findings suggest that thermal fluctuations serve as the driving force for a degradative process that requires both an unfolded cleavage site and the presence of the enzyme.
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42
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Sáez P, Peña E, Ángel Martínez M, Kuhl E. Mathematical modeling of collagen turnover in biological tissue. J Math Biol 2012; 67:1765-93. [PMID: 23129392 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-012-0613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical and computational model for collagen turnover in soft biological tissues. Driven by alterations in the mechanical environment, collagen fiber bundles may undergo important chronic changes, characterized primarily by alterations in collagen synthesis and degradation rates. In particular, hypertension triggers an increase in tropocollagen synthesis and a decrease in collagen degradation, which lead to the well-documented overall increase in collagen content. These changes are the result of a cascade of events, initiated mainly by the endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Here, we represent these events collectively in terms of two internal variables, the concentration of growth factor TGF-β and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP. The upregulation of TGF-β increases the collagen density. The upregulation of TIMP also increases the collagen density through decreasing matrix metalloproteinase MMP. We establish a mathematical theory for mechanically-induced collagen turnover and introduce a computational algorithm for its robust and efficient solution. We demonstrate that our model can accurately predict the experimentally observed collagen increase in response to hypertension reported in literature. Ultimately, the model can serve as a valuable tool to predict the chronic adaptation of collagen content to restore the homeostatic equilibrium state in vessels with arbitrary micro-structure and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sáez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,
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43
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Philominathan STL, Koide T, Matsushita O, Sakon J. Bacterial collagen-binding domain targets undertwisted regions of collagen. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1554-65. [PMID: 22898990 PMCID: PMC3526996 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium histolyticum collagenase causes extensive degradation of collagen in connective tissue that results in gas gangrene. The C-terminal collagen-binding domain (CBD) of these enzymes is the minimal segment required to bind to a collagen fibril. CBD binds unidirectionally to the undertwisted C-terminus of triple helical collagen. Here, we examine whether CBD could also target undertwisted regions even in the middle of the triple helix. Collageneous peptides with an additional undertwisted region were synthesized by introducing a Gly → Ala substitution [(POG)(x) POA(POG)(y)]₃, where x + y = 9 and x > 3). ¹H-¹⁵N heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR) titration studies with ¹⁵N-labeled CBD demonstrated that the minicollagen binds to a 10 Å wide 25 Å long cleft. Six collagenous peptides each labeled with a nitroxide radical were then titrated with ¹⁵N-labeled CBD. CBD binds to either the Gly → Ala substitution site or to the C-terminus of each minicollagen. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements revealed that CBD prefers to bind the Gly → Ala site to the C-terminus. The HSQC NMR spectra of ¹⁵N-labeled minicollagen and minicollagen with undertwisted regions were unaffected by the titration of unlabeled CBD. The results imply that CBD binds to the undertwisted region of the minicollagen but does not actively unwind the triple helix.
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44
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Structural insights into triple-helical collagen cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12461-6. [PMID: 22761315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204991109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagenases of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family play major roles in morphogenesis, tissue repair, and human diseases, but how they recognize and cleave the collagen triple helix is not fully understood. Here, we report temperature-dependent binding of a catalytically inactive MMP-1 mutant (E200A) to collagen through the cooperative action of its catalytic and hemopexin domains. Contact between the two molecules was mapped by screening the Collagen Toolkit peptide library and by hydrogen/deuterium exchange. The crystal structure of MMP-1(E200A) bound to a triple-helical collagen peptide revealed extensive interactions of the 115-Å-long triple helix with both MMP-1 domains. An exosite in the hemopexin domain, which binds the leucine 10 residues C-terminal to the scissile bond, is critical for collagenolysis and represents a unique target for inhibitor development. The scissile bond is not correctly positioned for hydrolysis in the crystallized complex. A productive binding mode is readily modeled, without altering the MMP-1 structure or the exosite interactions, by axial rotation of the collagen homotrimer. Interdomain flexing of the enzyme and a localized excursion of the collagen chain closest to the active site, facilitated by thermal loosening of the substrate, may lead to the first transition state of collagenolysis.
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45
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Yu Z, Visse R, Inouye M, Nagase H, Brodsky B. Defining requirements for collagenase cleavage in collagen type III using a bacterial collagen system. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22988-97. [PMID: 22573319 PMCID: PMC3391134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of fibrillar collagens is important in many physiological and pathological events. These collagens are resistant to most proteases due to the tightly packed triple-helical structure, but are readily cleaved at a specific site by collagenases, selected members of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). To investigate the structural requirements for collagenolysis, varying numbers of GXY triplets from human type III collagen around the collagenase cleavage site were inserted between two triple helix domains of the Scl2 bacterial collagen protein. The original bacterial CL domain was not cleaved by MMP-1 (collagenase 1) or MMP-13 (collagenase 3). The minimum type III sequence necessary for cleavage by the two collagenases was 5 GXY triplets, including 4 residues before and 11 residues after the cleavage site (P4-P11′). Cleavage of these chimeric substrates was not achieved by the catalytic domain of MMP-1 or MMP-13, nor by full-length MMP-3. Kinetic analysis of the chimeras indicated that the rate of cleavage by MMP-1 of the chimera containing six triplets (P7-P11′) of collagen III was similar to that of native collagen III. The collagenase-susceptible chimeras were cleaved very slowly by trypsin, a property also seen for native collagen III, supporting a local structural relaxation of the triple helix near the collagenase cleavage site. The recombinant bacterial-human collagen system characterized here is a good model to investigate the specificity and mechanism of action of collagenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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46
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Bertini I, Fragai M, Luchinat C, Melikian M, Toccafondi M, Lauer JL, Fields GB. Structural basis for matrix metalloproteinase 1-catalyzed collagenolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2100-10. [PMID: 22239621 PMCID: PMC3298817 DOI: 10.1021/ja208338j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proteolysis of collagen triple-helical structure (collagenolysis) is a poorly understood yet critical physiological process. Presently, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and collagen triple-helical peptide models have been utilized to characterize the events and calculate the energetics of collagenolysis via NMR spectroscopic analysis of 12 enzyme-substrate complexes. The triple-helix is bound initially by the MMP-1 hemopexin-like (HPX) domain via a four amino acid stretch (analogous to type I collagen residues 782-785). The triple-helix is then presented to the MMP-1 catalytic (CAT) domain in a distinct orientation. The HPX and CAT domains are rotated with respect to one another compared with the X-ray "closed" conformation of MMP-1. Back-rotation of the CAT and HPX domains to the X-ray closed conformation releases one chain out of the triple-helix, and this chain is properly positioned in the CAT domain active site for subsequent hydrolysis. The aforementioned steps provide a detailed, experimentally derived, and energetically favorable collagenolytic mechanism, as well as significant insight into the roles of distinct domains in extracellular protease function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Bertini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maxime Melikian
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mirco Toccafondi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Janelle L. Lauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 USA
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Arnold LH, Butt LE, Prior SH, Read CM, Fields GB, Pickford AR. The interface between catalytic and hemopexin domains in matrix metalloproteinase-1 conceals a collagen binding exosite. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:45073-82. [PMID: 22030392 PMCID: PMC3247971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.285213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is an instigator of collagenolysis, the catabolism of triple helical collagen. Previous studies have implicated its hemopexin (HPX) domain in binding and possibly destabilizing the collagen substrate in preparation for hydrolysis of the polypeptide backbone by the catalytic (CAT) domain. Here, we use biophysical methods to study the complex formed between the MMP-1 HPX domain and a synthetic triple helical peptide (THP) that encompasses the MMP-1 cleavage site of the collagen α1(I) chain. The two components interact with 1:1 stoichiometry and micromolar affinity via a binding site within blades 1 and 2 of the four-bladed HPX domain propeller. Subsequent site-directed mutagenesis and assay implicates blade 1 residues Phe(301), Val(319), and Asp(338) in collagen binding. Intriguingly, Phe(301) is partially masked by the CAT domain in the crystal structure of full-length MMP-1 implying that transient separation of the domains is important in collagen recognition. However, mutation of this residue in the intact enzyme disrupts the CAT-HPX interface resulting in a drastic decrease in binding activity. Thus, a balanced equilibrium between these compact and dislocated states may be an essential feature of MMP-1 collagenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence H. Arnold
- From the Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Butt
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Stephen H. Prior
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christopher M. Read
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- the Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987
| | - Andrew R. Pickford
- the Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom, and
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Understanding biomolecular motion, recognition, and allostery by use of conformational ensembles. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:1339-55. [PMID: 22089251 PMCID: PMC3222826 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We review the role conformational ensembles can play in the analysis of biomolecular dynamics, molecular recognition, and allostery. We introduce currently available methods for generating ensembles of biomolecules and illustrate their application with relevant examples from the literature. We show how, for binding, conformational ensembles provide a way of distinguishing the competing models of induced fit and conformational selection. For allostery we review the classic models and show how conformational ensembles can play a role in unravelling the intricate pathways of communication that enable allostery to occur. Finally, we discuss the limitations of conformational ensembles and highlight some potential applications for the future.
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Yang YH, Aloysius H, Inoyama D, Chen Y, Hu LQ. Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Robichaud TK, Steffensen B, Fields GB. Exosite interactions impact matrix metalloproteinase collagen specificities. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37535-42. [PMID: 21896477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family selectively cleave collagens in vivo. However, the substrate structural determinants that facilitate interaction with specific MMPs are not well defined. We hypothesized that type I-III collagen sequences located N- or C-terminal to the physiological cleavage site mediate substrate selectivity among MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-14/membrane-type 1 (MT1)-MMP. The enzyme kinetics for hydrolysis of three fluorogenic triple-helical peptides (fTHPs) was evaluated herein. The first fTHP contained consensus residues 769-783 from type I-III collagens, the second inserted α1(II) collagen residues 763-768 N-terminal to the consensus sequence, and the third inserted α1(II) collagen residues 784-792 C-terminal to the consensus sequence. Our analyses showed that insertion of the C-terminal residues significantly increased k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) for MMP-1. MMP-13 showed the opposite behavior with a decreased k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) and a greatly improved K(m) in response to the C-terminal residues. Insertion of the N-terminal residues enhanced k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) for MMP-8 and MT1-MMP. For MMP-2, the C-terminal residues enhanced K(m) and dramatically decreased k(cat), resulting in a decrease in the overall activity. These changes in activities and kinetic parameters represented the collagen preferences of MMP-8, MMP-13, and MT1-MMP well. Thus, interactions with secondary binding sites (exosites) helped direct the specificity of these enzymes. However, MMP-1 collagen preferences were not recapitulated by the fTHP studies. The preference of MMP-1 for type III collagen appears to be primarily based on the flexibility of the hydrolysis site of type III collagen compared with types I and II. Further characterization of exosite determinants that govern interactions of MMPs with collagenous substrates should aid the development of pharmacotherapeutics that target individual MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista K Robichaud
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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