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Errbii M, Ernst UR, Lajmi A, Privman E, Gadau J, Schrader L. Evolutionary genomics of socially polymorphic populations of Pogonomyrmex californicus. BMC Biol 2024; 22:109. [PMID: 38735942 PMCID: PMC11089791 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social insects vary considerably in their social organization both between and within species. In the California harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex californicus (Buckley 1867), colonies are commonly founded and headed by a single queen (haplometrosis, primary monogyny). However, in some populations in California (USA), unrelated queens cooperate not only during founding (pleometrosis) but also throughout the life of the colony (primary polygyny). The genetic architecture and evolutionary dynamics of this complex social niche polymorphism (haplometrosis vs pleometrosis) have remained unknown. RESULTS We provide a first analysis of its genomic basis and evolutionary history using population genomics comparing individuals from a haplometrotic population to those from a pleometrotic population. We discovered a recently evolved (< 200 k years), 8-Mb non-recombining region segregating with the observed social niche polymorphism. This region shares several characteristics with supergenes underlying social polymorphisms in other socially polymorphic ant species. However, we also find remarkable differences from previously described social supergenes. Particularly, four additional genomic regions not in linkage with the supergene show signatures of a selective sweep in the pleometrotic population. Within these regions, we find for example genes crucial for epigenetic regulation via histone modification (chameau) and DNA methylation (Dnmt1). CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results suggest that social morph in this species is a polygenic trait involving a potential young supergene. Further studies targeting haplo- and pleometrotic individuals from a single population are however required to conclusively resolve whether these genetic differences underlie the alternative social phenotypes or have emerged through genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Errbii
- Molecular Evolution and Sociobiology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, Münster, DE-48149, Germany
| | - Ulrich R Ernst
- Molecular Evolution and Sociobiology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, Münster, DE-48149, Germany
- Present Address: Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Erna-Hruschka-Weg 6, Stuttgart, DE-70599, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy (KomBioTa), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, DE-70599, Germany
| | - Aparna Lajmi
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Privman
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jürgen Gadau
- Molecular Evolution and Sociobiology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, Münster, DE-48149, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schrader
- Molecular Evolution and Sociobiology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, Münster, DE-48149, Germany.
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2
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Teng D, Zhang W. The diversification of butterfly wing patterns: progress and prospects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 61:101137. [PMID: 37922984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Butterfly wings display rich phenotypic diversity and are associated with complex biological functions, thus serving as an important evolutionary system to address the genetic basis and evolution of phenotypic diversification. We review recent butterfly studies that revealed complex functions underlying diversified wing patterns and describe the genetic and environmental factors involved in wing pattern determinations. These factors lead to inter-specific divergence, genetic polymorphism, and phenotypic plasticity, which in many cases are decided by several key genes. We also summarize the research advances on gene co-option as an important origin of functional complexity and evolutionary novelty. These findings reveal a pattern of evolutionary innovation within a constrained developmental framework during butterfly wing morphogenesis, but further research is required to gain a systematic and comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequn Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Medog Biodiversity Observation and Research Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi 860711, China.
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3
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VanKuren NW, Sheikh SI, Massardo D, Lu W, Kronforst MR. Supergene evolution via gain of auto-regulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.09.574839. [PMID: 38260248 PMCID: PMC10802445 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The development of complex phenotypes requires the coordinated action of many genes across space and time, yet many species have evolved the ability to develop multiple discrete, alternate phenotypes1-3. Such polymorphisms are often controlled by supergenes, sets of tightly-linked mutations in one or more loci that function together to produce a complex phenotype4. Although theories of supergene evolution are well-established, the mutations that cause functional differences between supergene alleles remain essentially unknown. doublesex is the master regulator of insect sexual differentiation but functions as a supergene in multiple Papilio swallowtail butterflies, where divergent dsx alleles control development of discrete non-mimetic or mimetic female wing color patterns5-7. Here we demonstrate that the functional elements of the mimetic allele in Papilio alphenor are six new cis-regulatory elements (CREs) spread across 150 kb that are bound by DSX itself. Our findings provide experimental support to classic supergene theory and suggest that the evolution of auto-regulation may provide a simple route to supergene origination and to the co-option of pleiotropic genes into new developmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia I. Sheikh
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
| | - Darli Massardo
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
| | - Marcus R. Kronforst
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
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4
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Charlesworth D, Qiu S, Bergero R, Gardner J, Keegan K, Yong L, Hastings A, Konczal M. Has recombination changed during the recent evolution of the guppy Y chromosome? Genetics 2024; 226:iyad198. [PMID: 37956094 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing and genetic mapping of molecular markers have demonstrated nearly complete Y-linkage across much of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) XY chromosome pair. Predominant Y-linkage of factors controlling visible male-specific coloration traits also suggested that these polymorphisms are sexually antagonistic (SA). However, occasional exchanges with the X are detected, and recombination patterns also appear to differ between natural guppy populations, suggesting ongoing evolution of recombination suppression under selection created by partially sex-linked SA polymorphisms. We used molecular markers to directly estimate genetic maps in sires from 4 guppy populations. The maps are very similar, suggesting that their crossover patterns have not recently changed. Our maps are consistent with population genomic results showing that variants within the terminal 5 Mb of the 26.5 Mb sex chromosome, chromosome 12, are most clearly associated with the maleness factor, albeit incompletely. We also confirmed occasional crossovers proximal to the male-determining region, defining a second, rarely recombining, pseudo-autosomal region, PAR2. This fish species may therefore have no completely male-specific region (MSY) more extensive than the male-determining factor. The positions of the few crossover events suggest a location for the male-determining factor within a physically small repetitive region. A sex-reversed XX male had few crossovers in PAR2, suggesting that this region's low crossover rate depends on the phenotypic, not the genetic, sex. Thus, rare individuals whose phenotypic and genetic sexes differ, and/or occasional PAR2 crossovers in males can explain the failure to detect fully Y-linked variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charlesworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LF, UK
| | - Suo Qiu
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LF, UK
| | - Roberta Bergero
- Scottish Rural Agricultural College, Peter Wilson Building, King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Jim Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LF, UK
| | - Karen Keegan
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LF, UK
| | - Lengxob Yong
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 12559 Charleston, SC 29422-2559, USA
| | - Abigail Hastings
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LF, UK
| | - Mateusz Konczal
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-614 Poznań, Poland
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5
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Huang G, Wu W, Chen Y, Zhi X, Zou P, Ning Z, Fan Q, Liu Y, Deng S, Zeng K, Zhou R. Balancing selection on an MYB transcription factor maintains the twig trichome color variation in Melastoma normale. BMC Biol 2023; 21:122. [PMID: 37226197 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors that maintain phenotypic and genetic variation within a population have received long-term attention in evolutionary biology. Here the genetic basis and evolution of the geographically widespread variation in twig trichome color (from red to white) in a shrub Melastoma normale was investigated using Pool-seq and evolutionary analyses. RESULTS The results show that the twig trichome coloration is under selection in different light environments and that a 6-kb region containing an R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene is the major region of divergence between the extreme red and white morphs. This gene has two highly divergent groups of alleles, one of which likely originated from introgression from another species in this genus and has risen to high frequency (> 0.6) within each of the three populations under investigation. In contrast, polymorphisms in other regions of the genome show no sign of differentiation between the two morphs, suggesting that genomic patterns of diversity have been shaped by homogenizing gene flow. Population genetics analysis reveals signals of balancing selection acting on this gene, and it is suggested that spatially varying selection is the most likely mechanism of balancing selection in this case. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrate that polymorphisms on a single transcription factor gene largely confer the twig trichome color variation in M. normale, while also explaining how adaptive divergence can occur and be maintained in the face of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Xueke Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peishan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zulin Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shulin Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Renchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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6
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Villoutreix R, de Carvalho CF, Feder JL, Gompert Z, Nosil P. Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in Timema stick insects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabm8157. [PMID: 37000882 PMCID: PMC10065444 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A major unresolved issue in biology is why phenotypic and genetic variation is sometimes continuous, yet other times packaged into discrete units of diversity, such as morphs, ecotypes, and species. In theory, ecological discontinuities can impose strong disruptive selection that promotes the evolution of discrete forms, but direct tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Here, we show that Timema stick insects exhibit genetically determined color morphs that range from weakly to strongly discontinuous. Color data from nature and a manipulative field experiment demonstrate that greater morph differentiation is associated with shifts from host plants exhibiting more continuous color variation to those exhibiting greater coloration distance between green leaves and brown stems, the latter of which generates strong disruptive selection. Our results show how ecological factors can promote discrete variation, and we further present results on how this can have variable effects on the genetic differentiation that promotes speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarissa F. de Carvalho
- CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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7
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Komata S, Yoda S, KonDo Y, Shinozaki S, Tamai K, Fujiwara H. Functional unit of supergene in female-limited Batesian mimicry of Papilio polytes. Genetics 2023; 223:iyac177. [PMID: 36454671 PMCID: PMC9910408 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Supergenes are sets of genes and genetic elements that are inherited like a single gene and control complex adaptive traits, but their functional roles and units are poorly understood. In Papilio polytes, female-limited Batesian mimicry is thought to be regulated by a ∼130 kb inversion region (highly diversified region: HDR) containing 3 genes, UXT, U3X, and doublesex (dsx) which switches non-mimetic and mimetic types. To determine the functional unit, we here performed electroporation-mediated RNAi analyses (and further Crispr/Cas9 for UXT) of genes within and flanking the HDR in pupal hindwings. We first clarified that non-mimetic dsx-h had a function to form the non-mimetic trait in female and only dsx-H isoform 3 had an important function in the formation of mimetic traits. Next, we found that UXT was involved in making mimetic-type pale-yellow spots and adjacent gene sir2 in making red spots in hindwings, both of which refine more elaborate mimicry. Furthermore, downstream gene networks of dsx, U3X, and UXT screened by RNA sequencing showed that U3X upregulated dsx-H expression and repressed UXT expression. These findings demonstrate that a set of multiple genes, not only inside but also flanking HDR, can function as supergene members, which extends the definition of supergene unit than we considered before. Also, our results indicate that dsx functions as the switching gene and some other genes such as UXT and sir2 within the supergene unit work as the modifier gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Komata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoda
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yûsuke KonDo
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Souta Shinozaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kouki Tamai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fujiwara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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8
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Schuldiner‐Harpaz T, Merrill RM, Jiggins CD. Evolution of physical linkage between loci controlling ecological traits and mating preferences. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1537-1547. [PMID: 36196988 PMCID: PMC9827829 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of multiple barriers to gene-flow, such as divergent local adaptation and reproductive isolation, facilitates speciation. However, alleles at loci that contribute to barrier effects can be dissociated by recombination. Models of linkage between diverging alleles often consider elements that reduce recombination, such as chromosomal inversions and alleles that modify recombination rate between existing loci. In contrast, here, we consider the evolution of linkage due to the close proximity of loci on the same chromosome. Examples of such physical linkage exist in several species, but in other cases, strong associations are maintained without physical linkage. We use an individual-based model to study the conditions under which the physical linkage between loci controlling ecological traits and mating preferences might be expected to evolve. We modelled a single locus controlling an ecological trait that acts also as a mating cue. Mating preferences are controlled by multiple loci, formed by mutations that are randomly placed in the "genome", within varying distances from the ecological trait locus, allowing us to examine which genomic architectures spread across the population. Our model reveals that stronger physical linkage is favoured when mating preferences and selection are weaker. Under such conditions mating among divergent phenotypes is more frequent, and matching ecological trait and mating preference alleles are more likely to become dissociated by recombination, favouring the evolution of genetic linkage. While most theoretical studies on clustering of divergent loci focus on how physical linkage influences speciation, we show how physical linkage itself can arise, establishing conditions that can favour speciation.
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9
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Abstract
Some of the most striking polymorphisms in nature are regulated by “supergenes,” which are clusters of tightly linked genes that coordinately control complex phenotypes. Here, we study the evolutionary history of a supergene regulating colony social organization in fire ants. We show that the three inversions constituting the social supergene emerged sequentially during the separation of the ancestral lineages of Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri. Once completely assembled in S. richteri, the supergene introgressed into multiple closely related species despite recent hybridization being uncommon between several of the species. These findings provide a rare and striking example of how introgression can lead to the rapid spread of a novel variant controlling complex traits. Supergenes are clusters of tightly linked genes that jointly produce complex phenotypes. Although widespread in nature, how such genomic elements are formed and how they spread are in most cases unclear. In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta and closely related species, a “social supergene controls whether a colony maintains one or multiple queens. Here, we show that the three inversions constituting the Social b (Sb) supergene emerged sequentially during the separation of the ancestral lineages of S. invicta and Solenopsis richteri. The two first inversions arose in the ancestral population of both species, while the third one arose in the S. richteri lineage. Once completely assembled in the S. richteri lineage, the supergene first introgressed into S. invicta, and from there into the other species of the socially polymorphic group of South American fire ant species. Surprisingly, the introgression of this large and important genomic element occurred despite recent hybridization being uncommon between several of the species. These results highlight how supergenes can readily move across species boundaries, possibly because of fitness benefits they provide and/or expression of selfish properties favoring their transmission.
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10
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Wang S, Teng D, Li X, Yang P, Da W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu G, Zhang X, Wan W, Dong Z, Wang D, Huang S, Jiang Z, Wang Q, Lohman DJ, Wu Y, Zhang L, Jia F, Westerman E, Zhang L, Wang W, Zhang W. The evolution and diversification of oakleaf butterflies. Cell 2022; 185:3138-3152.e20. [PMID: 35926506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Oakleaf butterflies in the genus Kallima have a polymorphic wing phenotype, enabling these insects to masquerade as dead leaves. This iconic example of protective resemblance provides an interesting evolutionary paradigm that can be employed to study biodiversity. We integrated multi-omic data analyses and functional validation to infer the evolutionary history of Kallima species and investigate the genetic basis of their variable leaf wing patterns. We find that Kallima butterflies diversified in the eastern Himalayas and dispersed to East and Southeast Asia. Moreover, we find that leaf wing polymorphism is controlled by the wing patterning gene cortex, which has been maintained in Kallima by long-term balancing selection. Our results provide macroevolutionary and microevolutionary insights into a model species originating from a mountain ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dequn Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Peiwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wa Da
- Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, Lhasa, Tibet 850001, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guichun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | | | - Wenting Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; National Teaching Center for Experimental Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingyi Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - David J Lohman
- Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA; Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fenghai Jia
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Erica Westerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute for Tibetan Plateau Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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11
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Komata S, Kajitani R, Itoh T, Fujiwara H. Genomic architecture and functional unit of mimicry supergene in female limited Batesian mimic Papilio butterflies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210198. [PMID: 35694751 PMCID: PMC9189499 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been suggested that dimorphic female-limited Batesian mimicry of two closely related Papilio butterflies, Papilio memnon and Papilio polytes, is controlled by supergenes. Whole-genome sequencing, genome-wide association studies and functional analyses have recently identified mimicry supergenes, including the doublesex (dsx) gene. Although supergenes of both the species are composed of highly divergent regions between mimetic and non-mimetic alleles and are located at the same chromosomal locus, they show critical differences in genomic architecture, particularly with or without an inversion: P. polytes has an inversion, but P. memnon does not. This review introduces and compares the detailed genomic structure of mimicry supergenes in two Papilio species, including gene composition, repetitive sequence composition, breakpoint/boundary site structure, chromosomal inversion and linkage disequilibrium. Expression patterns and functional analyses of the respective genes within or flanking the supergene suggest that dsx and other genes are involved in mimetic traits. In addition, structural comparison of the corresponding region for the mimicry supergene among further Papilio species suggests three scenarios for the evolution of the mimicry supergene between the two Papilio species. The structural features revealed in the Papilio mimicry supergene provide insight into the formation, maintenance and evolution of supergenes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Komata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Rei Kajitani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fujiwara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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12
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Li Q, Lindtke D, Rodríguez-Ramírez C, Kakioka R, Takahashi H, Toyoda A, Kitano J, Ehrlich RL, Chang Mell J, Yeaman S. Local Adaptation and the Evolution of Genome Architecture in Threespine Stickleback. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6589818. [PMID: 35594844 PMCID: PMC9178229 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that local adaptation should favor the evolution of a concentrated genetic architecture, where the alleles driving adaptive divergence are tightly clustered on chromosomes. Adaptation to marine versus freshwater environments in threespine stickleback has resulted in an architecture that seems consistent with this prediction: divergence among populations is mainly driven by a few genomic regions harboring multiple quantitative trait loci for environmentally adapted traits, as well as candidate genes with well-established phenotypic effects. One theory for the evolution of these "genomic islands" is that rearrangements remodel the genome to bring causal loci into tight proximity, but this has not been studied explicitly. We tested this theory using synteny analysis to identify micro- and macro-rearrangements in the stickleback genome and assess their potential involvement in the evolution of genomic islands. To identify rearrangements, we conducted a de novo assembly of the closely related tubesnout (Aulorhyncus flavidus) genome and compared this to the genomes of threespine stickleback and two other closely related species. We found that small rearrangements, within-chromosome duplications, and lineage-specific genes (LSGs) were enriched around genomic islands, and that all three chromosomes harboring large genomic islands have experienced macro-rearrangements. We also found that duplicates and micro-rearrangements are 9.9× and 2.9× more likely to involve genes differentially expressed between marine and freshwater genotypes. While not conclusive, these results are consistent with the explanation that strong divergent selection on candidate genes drove the recruitment of rearrangements to yield clusters of locally adaptive loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Dorothea Lindtke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Rachel L Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia 19102, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Chang Mell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia 19102, PA, USA
| | - Sam Yeaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada T2N 1N4
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13
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Navarro-Dominguez B, Chang CH, Brand CL, Muirhead CA, Presgraves DC, Larracuente AM. Epistatic selection on a selfish Segregation Distorter supergene - drive, recombination, and genetic load. eLife 2022; 11:e78981. [PMID: 35486424 PMCID: PMC9122502 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic drive supergenes are complexes of alleles at linked loci that together subvert Mendelian segregation resulting in preferential transmission. In males, the most common mechanism of drive involves the disruption of sperm bearing one of a pair of alternative alleles. While at least two loci are important for male drive-the driver and the target-linked modifiers can enhance drive, creating selection pressure to suppress recombination. In this work, we investigate the evolution and genomic consequences of an autosomal, multilocus, male meiotic drive system, Segregation Distorter (SD) in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In African populations, the predominant SD chromosome variant, SD-Mal, is characterized by two overlapping, paracentric inversions on chromosome arm 2R and nearly perfect (~100%) transmission. We study the SD-Mal system in detail, exploring its components, chromosomal structure, and evolutionary history. Our findings reveal a recent chromosome-scale selective sweep mediated by strong epistatic selection for haplotypes carrying Sd, the main driving allele, and one or more factors within the double inversion. While most SD-Mal chromosomes are homozygous lethal, SD-Mal haplotypes can recombine with other, complementing haplotypes via crossing over, and with wildtype chromosomes via gene conversion. SD-Mal chromosomes have nevertheless accumulated lethal mutations, excess non-synonymous mutations, and excess transposable element insertions. Therefore, SD-Mal haplotypes evolve as a small, semi-isolated subpopulation with a history of strong selection. These results may explain the evolutionary turnover of SD haplotypes in different populations around the world and have implications for supergene evolution broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ching-Ho Chang
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Cara L Brand
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Christina A Muirhead
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Ronin InstituteMontclairUnited States
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14
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Supergenes, supergenomes, and complex social traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118971118. [PMID: 34987104 PMCID: PMC8764664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118971118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Gutiérrez-Valencia J, Hughes PW, Berdan EL, Slotte T. The Genomic Architecture and Evolutionary Fates of Supergenes. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6178796. [PMID: 33739390 PMCID: PMC8160319 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supergenes are genomic regions containing sets of tightly linked loci that control multi-trait phenotypic polymorphisms under balancing selection. Recent advances in genomics have uncovered significant variation in both the genomic architecture as well as the mode of origin of supergenes across diverse organismal systems. Although the role of genomic architecture for the origin of supergenes has been much discussed, differences in the genomic architecture also subsequently affect the evolutionary trajectory of supergenes and the rate of degeneration of supergene haplotypes. In this review, we synthesize recent genomic work and historical models of supergene evolution, highlighting how the genomic architecture of supergenes affects their evolutionary fate. We discuss how recent findings on classic supergenes involved in governing ant colony social form, mimicry in butterflies, and heterostyly in flowering plants relate to theoretical expectations. Furthermore, we use forward simulations to demonstrate that differences in genomic architecture affect the degeneration of supergenes. Finally, we discuss implications of the evolution of supergene haplotypes for the long-term fate of balanced polymorphisms governed by supergenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - P William Hughes
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Emma L Berdan
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Tanja Slotte
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden
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16
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Wright SI. Deborah Charlesworth, winner of the society for the study of evolution's inaugural lifetime achievement award: Evolutionary biology for the genomics era. Evolution 2021; 75:566-568. [PMID: 33592116 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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17
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Cox CL, Bowers J, Obialo C, Curlis JD, Streicher JW. Spatial and temporal dynamics of exuberant colour polymorphism in the southern cricket frog. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1842536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L. Cox
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Institute for the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Bowers
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Chinonye Obialo
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - John David Curlis
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Mutation load at a mimicry supergene sheds new light on the evolution of inversion polymorphisms. Nat Genet 2021; 53:288-293. [PMID: 33495598 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions are ubiquitous in genomes and often coordinate complex phenotypes, such as the covariation of behavior and morphology in many birds, fishes, insects or mammals1-11. However, why and how inversions become associated with polymorphic traits remains obscure. Here we show that despite a strong selective advantage when they form, inversions accumulate recessive deleterious mutations that generate frequency-dependent selection and promote their maintenance at intermediate frequency. Combining genomics and in vivo fitness analyses in a model butterfly for wing-pattern polymorphism, Heliconius numata, we reveal that three ecologically advantageous inversions have built up a heavy mutational load from the sequential accumulation of deleterious mutations and transposable elements. Inversions associate with sharply reduced viability when homozygous, which prevents them from replacing ancestral chromosome arrangements. Our results suggest that other complex polymorphisms, rather than representing adaptations to competing ecological optima, could evolve because chromosomal rearrangements are intrinsically prone to carrying recessive harmful mutations.
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19
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McMillan WO, Livraghi L, Concha C, Hanly JJ. From Patterning Genes to Process: Unraveling the Gene Regulatory Networks That Pattern Heliconius Wings. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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20
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Massey JH, Rice GR, Firdaus AS, Chen CY, Yeh SD, Stern DL, Wittkopp PJ. Co-evolving wing spots and mating displays are genetically separable traits in Drosophila. Evolution 2020; 74:1098-1111. [PMID: 32363590 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of sexual traits often involves correlated changes in morphology and behavior. For example, in Drosophila, divergent mating displays are often accompanied by divergent pigment patterns. To better understand how such traits co-evolve, we investigated the genetic basis of correlated divergence in wing pigmentation and mating display between the sibling species Drosophila elegans and Drosophila gunungcola. Drosophila elegans males have an area of black pigment on their wings known as a wing spot and appear to display this spot to females by extending their wings laterally during courtship. By contrast, D. gunungcola lost both of these traits. Using Multiplexed Shotgun Genotyping (MSG), we identified a ∼440 kb region on the X chromosome that behaves like a genetic switch controlling the presence or absence of male-specific wing spots. This region includes the candidate gene optomotor-blind (omb), which plays a critical role in patterning the Drosophila wing. The genetic basis of divergent wing display is more complex, with at least two loci on the X chromosome and two loci on autosomes contributing to its evolution. Introgressing the X-linked region affecting wing spot development from D. gunungcola into D. elegans reduced pigmentation in the wing spots but did not affect the wing display, indicating that these are genetically separable traits. Consistent with this observation, broader sampling of wild D. gunungcola populations confirmed that the wing spot and wing display are evolving independently: some D. gunungcola males performed wing displays similar to D. elegans despite lacking wing spots. These data suggest that correlated selection pressures rather than physical linkage or pleiotropy are responsible for the coevolution of these morphological and behavioral traits. They also suggest that the change in morphology evolved prior to the change in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Massey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, 20147
| | - Gavin R Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
| | - Anggun S Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Dan Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - David L Stern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, 20147
| | - Patricia J Wittkopp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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21
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Timmermans MJTN, Srivathsan A, Collins S, Meier R, Vogler AP. Mimicry diversification in Papilio dardanus via a genomic inversion in the regulatory region of engrailed- invected. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200443. [PMID: 32345166 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic Batesian mimics exhibit multiple protective morphs that each mimic a different noxious model. Here, we study the genomic transitions leading to the evolution of different mimetic wing patterns in the polymorphic Mocker Swallowtail Papilio dardanus. We generated a draft genome (231 Mb over 30 chromosomes) and re-sequenced individuals of three morphs. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed elevated linkage disequilibrium and divergence between morphs in the regulatory region of engrailed, a developmental gene previously implicated in the mimicry switch. The diverged region exhibits a discrete chromosomal inversion (of 40 kb) relative to the ancestral orientation that is associated with the cenea morph, but not with the bottom-recessive hippocoonides morph or with non-mimetic allopatric populations. The functional role of this inversion in the expression of the novel phenotype is currently unknown, but by preventing recombination, it allows the stable inheritance of divergent alleles enabling geographic spread and local coexistence of multiple adaptive morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J T N Timmermans
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK.,Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Amrita Srivathsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
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22
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Yan Z, Martin SH, Gotzek D, Arsenault SV, Duchen P, Helleu Q, Riba-Grognuz O, Hunt BG, Salamin N, Shoemaker D, Ross KG, Keller L. Evolution of a supergene that regulates a trans-species social polymorphism. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:240-249. [PMID: 31959939 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Supergenes are clusters of linked genetic loci that jointly affect the expression of complex phenotypes, such as social organization. Little is known about the origin and evolution of these intriguing genomic elements. Here we analyse whole-genome sequences of males from native populations of six fire ant species and show that variation in social organization is under the control of a novel supergene haplotype (termed Sb), which evolved by sequential incorporation of three inversions spanning half of a 'social chromosome'. Two of the inversions interrupt protein-coding genes, resulting in the increased expression of one gene and modest truncation in the primary protein structure of another. All six socially polymorphic species studied harbour the same three inversions, with the single origin of the supergene in their common ancestor inferred by phylogenomic analyses to have occurred half a million years ago. The persistence of Sb along with the ancestral SB haplotype through multiple speciation events provides a striking example of a functionally important trans-species social polymorphism presumably maintained by balancing selection. We found that while recombination between the Sb and SB haplotypes is severely restricted in all species, a low level of gene flux between the haplotypes has occurred following the appearance of the inversions, potentially mitigating the evolutionary degeneration expected at genomic regions that cannot freely recombine. These results provide a detailed picture of the structural genomic innovations involved in the formation of a supergene controlling a complex social phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon H Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dietrich Gotzek
- Department of Entomology and Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Pablo Duchen
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Helleu
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Riba-Grognuz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brendan G Hunt
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - DeWayne Shoemaker
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kenneth G Ross
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Koenig D, Hagmann J, Li R, Bemm F, Slotte T, Neuffer B, Wright SI, Weigel D. Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella. eLife 2019; 8:e43606. [PMID: 30806624 PMCID: PMC6426441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic drift is expected to remove polymorphism from populations over long periods of time, with the rate of polymorphism loss being accelerated when species experience strong reductions in population size. Adaptive forces that maintain genetic variation in populations, or balancing selection, might counteract this process. To understand the extent to which natural selection can drive the retention of genetic diversity, we document genomic variability after two parallel species-wide bottlenecks in the genus Capsella. We find that ancestral variation preferentially persists at immunity related loci, and that the same collection of alleles has been maintained in different lineages that have been separated for several million years. By reconstructing the evolution of the disease-related locus MLO2b, we find that divergence between ancient haplotypes can be obscured by referenced based re-sequencing methods, and that trans-specific alleles can encode substantially diverged protein sequences. Our data point to long-term balancing selection as an important factor shaping the genetics of immune systems in plants and as the predominant driver of genomic variability after a population bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koenig
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Jörg Hagmann
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Rachel Li
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Felix Bemm
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Tanja Slotte
- Department of Ecology,Environment, and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Barbara Neuffer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
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24
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Discrete or indiscrete? Redefining the colour polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:162-175. [PMID: 30804571 PMCID: PMC6629550 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologists have long tried to describe and name the different phenotypes that make up the shell polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis. Traditionally, the view is that the ground colour of the shell is one of a few major colour classes, either yellow, pink or brown, but in practise it is frequently difficult to distinguish the colours, and define different shades of the same colour. To understand whether colour variation is in reality continuous, and to investigate how the variation may be perceived by an avian predator, we applied psychophysical models of colour vision to shell reflectance measures. We found that both achromatic and chromatic variation are indiscrete in Cepaea nemoralis, being continuously distributed over many perceptual units. Nonetheless, clustering analysis based on the density of the distribution did reveal three groups, roughly corresponding to human-perceived yellow, pink and brown shells. We also found large-scale geographic variation in the frequency of these groups across Europe, and some covariance between shell colour and banding patterns. Although further studies are necessary, the observation of continuous variation in colour is intriguing because the traditional theory is that the underlying supergene that determines colour has evolved to prevent phenotypes from “dissolving” into continuous trait distributions. The findings thus have significance for understanding the Cepaea polymorphism, and the nature of the selection that acts upon it, as well as more generally highlighting the need to measure colour objectively in other systems.
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25
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Palmer DH, Tan YQ, Finkbeiner SD, Briscoe AD, Monteiro A, Kronforst MR. Experimental field tests of Batesian mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polytes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7657-7666. [PMID: 30151179 PMCID: PMC6106175 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The swallowtail butterfly Papilio polytes is known for its striking resemblance in wing pattern to the toxic butterfly Pachliopta aristolochiae and is a focal system for the study of mimicry evolution. Papilio polytes females are polymorphic in wing pattern, with mimetic and nonmimetic forms, while males are monomorphic and nonmimetic. Past work invokes selection for mimicry as the driving force behind wing pattern evolution in P. polytes. However, the mimetic relationship between P. polytes and P. aristolochiae is not well understood. In order to test the mimicry hypothesis, we constructed paper replicas of mimetic and nonmimetic P. polytes and P. aristolochiae, placed them in their natural habitat, and measured bird predation on replicas. In initial trials with stationary replicas and plasticine bodies, overall predation was low and we found no differences in predation between replica types. In later trials with replicas mounted on springs and with live mealworms standing in for the butterfly's body, we found less predation on mimetic P. polytes replicas compared to nonmimetic P. polytes replicas, consistent with the predator avoidance benefits of mimicry. While our results are mixed, they generally lend support to the mimicry hypothesis as well as the idea that behavioral differences between the sexes contributed to the evolution of sexually dimorphic mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela H. Palmer
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Yue Qian Tan
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Susan D. Finkbeiner
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Adriana D. Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Marcus R. Kronforst
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
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26
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Supergene Evolution Triggered by the Introgression of a Chromosomal Inversion. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1839-1845.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Connallon T, Hall MD. Genetic constraints on adaptation: a theoretical primer for the genomics era. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1422:65-87. [PMID: 29363779 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic constraints are features of inheritance systems that slow or prohibit adaptation. Several population genetic mechanisms of constraint have received sustained attention within the field since they were first articulated in the early 20th century. This attention is now reflected in a rich, and still growing, theoretical literature on the genetic limits to adaptive change. In turn, empirical research on constraints has seen a rapid expansion over the last two decades in response to changing interests of evolutionary biologists, along with new technologies, expanding data sets, and creative analytical approaches that blend mathematical modeling with genomics. Indeed, one of the most notable and exciting features of recent progress in genetic constraints is the close connection between theoretical and empirical research. In this review, we discuss five major population genetic contexts of genetic constraint: genetic dominance, pleiotropy, fitness trade-offs between types of individuals of a population, sign epistasis, and genetic linkage between loci. For each, we outline historical antecedents of the theory, specific contexts where constraints manifest, and their quantitative consequences for adaptation. From each of these theoretical foundations, we discuss recent empirical approaches for identifying and characterizing genetic constraints, each grounded and motivated by this theory, and outline promising areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew D Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Gulisija D, Plotkin JB. Phenotypic plasticity promotes recombination and gene clustering in periodic environments. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2041. [PMID: 29229921 PMCID: PMC5725583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While theory offers clear predictions for when recombination will evolve in changing environments, it is unclear what natural scenarios can generate the necessary conditions. The Red Queen hypothesis provides one such scenario, but it requires antagonistic host-parasite interactions. Here we present a novel scenario for the evolution of recombination in finite populations: the genomic storage effect due to phenotypic plasticity. Using analytic approximations and Monte-Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that balanced polymorphism and recombination evolve between a target locus that codes for a seasonally selected trait and a plasticity modifier locus that modulates the effects of target-locus alleles. Furthermore, we show that selection suppresses recombination among multiple co-modulated target loci, in the absence of epistasis among them, which produces a cluster of linked selected loci. These results provide a novel biological scenario for the evolution of recombination and supergenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davorka Gulisija
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Joshua B Plotkin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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29
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Deshmukh R, Baral S, Gandhimathi A, Kuwalekar M, Kunte K. Mimicry in butterflies: co-option and a bag of magnificent developmental genetic tricks. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 28913870 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Butterfly wing patterns are key adaptations that are controlled by remarkable developmental and genetic mechanisms that facilitate rapid evolutionary change. With swift advancements in the fields of genomics and genetic manipulations, identifying the regulators of wing development and mimetic wing patterns has become feasible even in nonmodel organisms such as butterflies. Recent mapping and gene expression studies have identified single switch loci of major effects such as transcription factors and supergenes as the main drivers of adaptive evolution of mimetic and polymorphic butterfly wing patterns. We highlight several of these examples, with emphasis on doublesex, optix, WntA and other dynamic, yet essential, master regulators that control critical color variation and sex-specific traits. Co-option emerges as a predominant theme, where typically embryonic and other early-stage developmental genes and networks have been rewired to regulate polymorphic and sex-limited mimetic wing patterns in iconic butterfly adaptations. Drawing comparisons from our knowledge of wing development in Drosophila, we illustrate the functional space of genes that have been recruited to regulate butterfly wing patterns. We also propose a developmental pathway that potentially results in dorsoventral mismatch in butterfly wing patterns. Such dorsoventrally mismatched color patterns modulate signal components of butterfly wings that are used in intra- and inter-specific communication. Recent advances-fuelled by RNAi-mediated knockdowns and CRISPR/Cas9-based genomic edits-in the developmental genetics of butterfly wing patterns, and the underlying biological diversity and complexity of wing coloration, are pushing butterflies as an emerging model system in ecological genetics and evolutionary developmental biology. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e291. doi: 10.1002/wdev.291 This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Baral
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - A Gandhimathi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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30
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Lindtke D, Lucek K, Soria-Carrasco V, Villoutreix R, Farkas TE, Riesch R, Dennis SR, Gompert Z, Nosil P. Long-term balancing selection on chromosomal variants associated with crypsis in a stick insect. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6189-6205. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Lindtke
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Romain Villoutreix
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Timothy E. Farkas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT USA
| | - Rüdiger Riesch
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway; University of London; Egham UK
| | - Stuart R. Dennis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Zach Gompert
- Department of Biology; Utah State University; Logan UT USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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31
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Charlesworth B, Lande R, Slatkin M. A NEO-DARWINIAN COMMENTARY ON MACROEVOLUTION. Evolution 2017; 36:474-498. [PMID: 28568049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1981] [Revised: 10/28/1981] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Charlesworth
- Population Biology Group,-School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, England
| | - Russell Lande
- Department of Biophysics and Theoretical Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Montgomery Slatkin
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
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32
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Brodie ED. CORRELATIONAL SELECTION FOR COLOR PATTERN AND ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR IN THE GARTER SNAKETHAMNOPHIS ORDINOIDES. Evolution 2017; 46:1284-1298. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/1991] [Accepted: 02/22/1992] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund D. Brodie
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Chicago; Chicago IL 60637 USA
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33
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Simms EL, Rausher MD. PATTERNS OF SELECTION ON PHYTOPHAGE RESISTANCE IN
IPOMOEA PURPUREA. Evolution 2017; 47:970-976. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1992] [Accepted: 12/29/1992] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Simms
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago 1101 East 57th Street Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Mark D. Rausher
- Department of Zoology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
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34
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Williams SM, Sarkar S. ASSORTATIVE MATING AND THE ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPE. Evolution 2017; 48:868-875. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/1993] [Accepted: 08/19/1993] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Williams
- Department of Biology; 5 Cummington Street, Boston University; Boston Massachusetts 02215
| | - Sahotra Sarkar
- Developmental Biology and Genetics Laboratory; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 India
- Dibner Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 38 Memorial Drive Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
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35
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Llaurens V, Whibley A, Joron M. Genetic architecture and balancing selection: the life and death of differentiated variants. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2430-2448. [PMID: 28173627 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Balancing selection describes any form of natural selection, which results in the persistence of multiple variants of a trait at intermediate frequencies within populations. By offering up a snapshot of multiple co-occurring functional variants and their interactions, systems under balancing selection can reveal the evolutionary mechanisms favouring the emergence and persistence of adaptive variation in natural populations. We here focus on the mechanisms by which several functional variants for a given trait can arise, a process typically requiring multiple epistatic mutations. We highlight how balancing selection can favour specific features in the genetic architecture and review the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms shaping this architecture. First, balancing selection affects the number of loci underlying differentiated traits and their respective effects. Control by one or few loci favours the persistence of differentiated functional variants by limiting intergenic recombination, or its impact, and may sometimes lead to the evolution of supergenes. Chromosomal rearrangements, particularly inversions, preventing adaptive combinations from being dissociated are increasingly being noted as features of such systems. Similarly, due to the frequency of heterozygotes maintained by balancing selection, dominance may be a key property of adaptive variants. High heterozygosity and limited recombination also influence associated genetic load, as linked recessive deleterious mutations may be sheltered. The capture of deleterious elements in a locus under balancing selection may reinforce polymorphism by further promoting heterozygotes. Finally, according to recent genomewide scans, balanced polymorphism might be more pervasive than generally thought. We stress the need for both functional and ecological studies to characterize the evolutionary mechanisms operating in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - CP50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Annabel Whibley
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE), 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
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36
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Timmermans MJTN, Thompson MJ, Collins S, Vogler AP. Independent evolution of sexual dimorphism and female-limited mimicry in swallowtail butterflies (Papilio dardanus and Papilio phorcas). Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1273-1284. [PMID: 28100020 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several species of swallowtail butterflies (genus Papilio) are Batesian mimics that express multiple mimetic female forms, while the males are monomorphic and nonmimetic. The evolution of such sex-limited mimicry may involve sexual dimorphism arising first and mimicry subsequently. Such a stepwise scenario through a nonmimetic, sexually dimorphic stage has been proposed for two closely related sexually dimorphic species: Papilio phorcas, a nonmimetic species with two female forms, and Papilio dardanus, a female-limited polymorphic mimetic species. Their close relationship indicates that female-limited polymorphism could be a shared derived character of the two species. Here, we present a phylogenomic analysis of the dardanus group using 3964 nuclear loci and whole mitochondrial genomes, showing that they are not sister species and thus that the sexually dimorphic state has arisen independently in the two species. Nonhomology of the female polymorphism in both species is supported by population genetic analysis of engrailed, the presumed mimicry switch locus in P. dardanus. McDonald-Kreitman tests performed on SNPs in engrailed showed the signature of balancing selection in a polymorphic population of P. dardanus, but not in monomorphic populations, nor in the nonmimetic P. phorcas. Hence, the wing polymorphism does not balance polymorphisms in engrailed in P. phorcas. Equally, unlike in P. dardanus, none of the SNPs in P. phorcas engrailed were associated with either female morph. We conclude that sexual dimorphism due to female polymorphism evolved independently in both species from monomorphic, nonmimetic states. While sexual selection may drive male-female dimorphism in nonmimetic species, in mimetic Papilios, natural selection for protection from predators in females is an alternative route to sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J T N Timmermans
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - M J Thompson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - S Collins
- ABRI, PO Box 14308, Westlands, 0800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
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37
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Booker T, Ness RW, Charlesworth D. Molecular evolution: breakthroughs and mysteries in Batesian mimicry. Curr Biol 2016; 25:R506-8. [PMID: 26079083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies appear to overthrow the hypothesis that, in butterfly species exhibiting Batesian mimicry, a multi-gene complex or 'supergene' controls the multiple differences between mimetic and non-mimetic individuals, suggesting instead that near-perfect mimicry can be produced by a set of changes within a single locus, together with changes in the genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Booker
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Lab. King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Rob W Ness
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Lab. King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Lab. King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
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38
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Davis Rabosky AR, Cox CL, Rabosky DL, Title PO, Holmes IA, Feldman A, McGuire JA. Coral snakes predict the evolution of mimicry across New World snakes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11484. [PMID: 27146100 PMCID: PMC4858746 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Batesian mimicry, in which harmless species (mimics) deter predators by deceitfully imitating the warning signals of noxious species (models), generates striking cases of phenotypic convergence that are classic examples of evolution by natural selection. However, mimicry of venomous coral snakes has remained controversial because of unresolved conflict between the predictions of mimicry theory and empirical patterns in the distribution and abundance of snakes. Here we integrate distributional, phenotypic and phylogenetic data across all New World snake species to demonstrate that shifts to mimetic coloration in nonvenomous snakes are highly correlated with coral snakes in both space and time, providing overwhelming support for Batesian mimicry. We also find that bidirectional transitions between mimetic and cryptic coloration are unexpectedly frequent over both long- and short-time scales, challenging traditional views of mimicry as a stable evolutionary 'end point' and suggesting that insect and snake mimicry may have different evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R. Davis Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian L. Cox
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO Box 8042, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Daniel L. Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Pascal O. Title
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Iris A. Holmes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Anat Feldman
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jimmy A. McGuire
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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39
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Davis Rabosky AR, Cox CL, Rabosky DL. Unlinked Mendelian inheritance of red and black pigmentation in snakes: Implications for Batesian mimicry. Evolution 2016; 70:944-53. [PMID: 26959901 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the genetic basis of mimetic signals is critical to understanding both the origin and dynamics of mimicry over time. For species not amenable to large laboratory breeding studies, widespread color polymorphism across natural populations offers a powerful way to assess the relative likelihood of different genetic systems given observed phenotypic frequencies. We classified color phenotype for 2175 ground snakes (Sonora semiannulata) across the continental United States to analyze morph ratios and test among competing hypotheses about the genetic architecture underlying red and black coloration in coral snake mimics. We found strong support for a two-locus model under simple Mendelian inheritance, with red and black pigmentation being controlled by separate loci. We found no evidence of either linkage disequilibrium between loci or sex linkage. In contrast to Batesian mimicry systems such as butterflies in which all color signal components are linked into a single "supergene," our results suggest that the mimetic signal in colubrid snakes can be disrupted through simple recombination and that color evolution is likely to involve discrete gains and losses of each signal component. Both outcomes are likely to contribute to the exponential increase in rates of color evolution seen in snake mimicry systems over insect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Davis Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109. .,Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720.
| | - Christian L Cox
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO Box 8042, Statesboro, Georgia 30460
| | - Daniel L Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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40
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The functional basis of wing patterning in Heliconius butterflies: the molecules behind mimicry. Genetics 2016; 200:1-19. [PMID: 25953905 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.172387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing-pattern mimicry in butterflies has provided an important example of adaptation since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed evolution by natural selection >150 years ago. The neotropical butterfly genus Heliconius played a central role in the development of mimicry theory and has since been studied extensively in the context of ecology and population biology, behavior, and mimicry genetics. Heliconius species are notable for their diverse color patterns, and previous crossing experiments revealed that much of this variation is controlled by a small number of large-effect, Mendelian switch loci. Recent comparative analyses have shown that the same switch loci control wing-pattern diversity throughout the genus, and a number of these have now been positionally cloned. Using a combination of comparative genetic mapping, association tests, and gene expression analyses, variation in red wing patterning throughout Heliconius has been traced back to the action of the transcription factor optix. Similarly, the signaling ligand WntA has been shown to control variation in melanin patterning across Heliconius and other butterflies. Our understanding of the molecular basis of Heliconius mimicry is now providing important insights into a variety of additional evolutionary phenomena, including the origin of supergenes, the interplay between constraint and evolvability, the genetic basis of convergence, the potential for introgression to facilitate adaptation, the mechanisms of hybrid speciation in animals, and the process of ecological speciation.
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41
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42
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Charlesworth D. The status of supergenes in the 21st century: recombination suppression in Batesian mimicry and sex chromosomes and other complex adaptations. Evol Appl 2015; 9:74-90. [PMID: 27087840 PMCID: PMC4780387 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
I review theoretical models for the evolution of supergenes in the cases of Batesian mimicry in butterflies, distylous plants and sex chromosomes. For each of these systems, I outline the genetic evidence that led to the proposal that they involve multiple genes that interact during ‘complex adaptations’, and at which the mutations involved are not unconditionally advantageous, but show advantages that trade‐off against some disadvantages. I describe recent molecular genetic studies of these systems and questions they raise about the evolution of suppressed recombination. Nonrecombining regions of sex chromosomes have long been known, but it is not yet fully understood why recombination suppression repeatedly evolved in systems in distantly related taxa, but does not always evolve. Recent studies of distylous plants are tending to support the existence of recombination‐suppressed genome regions, which may include modest numbers of genes and resemble recently evolved sex‐linked regions. For Batesian mimicry, however, molecular genetic work in two butterfly species suggests a new supergene scenario, with a single gene mutating to produce initial adaptive phenotypes, perhaps followed by modifiers specifically refining and perfecting the new phenotype.
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43
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Merrill RM, Dasmahapatra KK, Davey JW, Dell'Aglio DD, Hanly JJ, Huber B, Jiggins CD, Joron M, Kozak KM, Llaurens V, Martin SH, Montgomery SH, Morris J, Nadeau NJ, Pinharanda AL, Rosser N, Thompson MJ, Vanjari S, Wallbank RWR, Yu Q. The diversification of Heliconius butterflies: what have we learned in 150 years? J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1417-38. [PMID: 26079599 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research into Heliconius butterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies, covering recent advances and a vast foundation of earlier work. Whereas no single group of organisms can be sufficient for understanding life's diversity, after years of intensive study, research into Heliconius has addressed a wide variety of evolutionary questions. We first discuss evidence for widespread gene flow between Heliconius species and what this reveals about the nature of species. We then address the evolution and diversity of warning patterns, both as the target of selection and with respect to their underlying genetic basis. The identification of major genes involved in mimetic shifts, and homology at these loci between distantly related taxa, has revealed a surprising predictability in the genetic basis of evolution. In the final sections, we consider the evolution of warning patterns, and Heliconius diversity more generally, within a broader context of ecological and sexual selection. We consider how different traits and modes of selection can interact and influence the evolution of reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Merrill
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - J W Davey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D D Dell'Aglio
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J J Hanly
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Huber
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - C D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - M Joron
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
| | - K M Kozak
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - S H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S H Montgomery
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Morris
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - N J Nadeau
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A L Pinharanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - M J Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - S Vanjari
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R W R Wallbank
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
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45
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Abstract
Understanding the molecular underpinnings of evolutionary adaptations is a central focus of modern evolutionary biology. Recent studies have uncovered a panoply of complex phenotypes, including locally adapted ecotypes and cryptic morphs, divergent social behaviours in birds and insects, as well as alternative metabolic pathways in plants and fungi, that are regulated by clusters of tightly linked loci. These 'supergenes' segregate as stable polymorphisms within or between natural populations and influence ecologically relevant traits. Some supergenes may span entire chromosomes, because selection for reduced recombination between a supergene and a nearby locus providing additional benefits can lead to locus expansions with dynamics similar to those known for sex chromosomes. In addition to allowing for the co-segregation of adaptive variation within species, supergenes may facilitate the spread of complex phenotypes across species boundaries. Application of new genomic methods is likely to lead to the discovery of many additional supergenes in a broad range of organisms and reveal similar genetic architectures for convergently evolved phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Romain Libbrecht
- Laboratory of Insect Social Evolution, Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Buechel SD, Wurm Y, Keller L. Social chromosome variants differentially affect queen determination and the survival of workers in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5117-27. [PMID: 25211290 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in social organization is common, yet the underlying causes are rarely known. An exception is the fire ant Solenopsis invicta in which the existence of two distinct forms of social colony organization is under the control of the two variants of a pair of social chromosomes, SB and Sb. Colonies containing exclusively SB/SB workers accept only one single queen and she must be SB/SB. By contrast, when colonies contain more than 10% of SB/Sb workers, they accept several queens but only SB/Sb queens. The variants of the social chromosome are associated with several additional important phenotypic differences, including the size, fecundity and dispersal strategies of queens, aggressiveness of workers, and sperm count in males. However, little is known about whether social chromosome variants affect fitness in other life stages. Here, we perform experiments to determine whether differential selection occurs during development and in adult workers. We find evidence that the Sb variant of the social chromosome increases the likelihood of female brood to develop into queens and that adult SB/Sb workers, the workers that cull SB/SB queens, are overrepresented in comparison to SB/SB workers. This demonstrates that supergenes such as the social chromosome can have complex effects on phenotypes at various stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine D Buechel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Sorge, Le Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Sakai S, Wakoh H. Initial invasion of gametophytic self-incompatibility alleles in the absence of tight linkage between pollen and pistil S alleles. Am Nat 2014; 184:248-57. [PMID: 25058284 DOI: 10.1086/676942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In homomorphic self-incompatibility (SI) systems of plants, the loci controlling the pollen and pistil types are tightly linked, and this prevents the generation of compatible combinations of alleles expressing pollen and pistil types, which would result in self-fertilization. We modeled the initial invasion of the first pollen and pistil alleles in gametophytic SI to determine whether these alleles can stably coexist in a population without tight linkage. We assume pollen and pistil loci each carry an incompatibility allele S and an allele without an incompatibility function N. We assume that pollen with an S allele are incompatible with pistils carrying S alleles, whereas other crosses are compatible. Ovules in pistils carrying an S allele suffer viability costs because recognition consumes resources. We found that the cost of carrying a pistil S allele allows pollen and pistil S alleles to coexist in a stable equilibrium if linkage is partial. This occurs because parents that carry pistil S alleles but are homozygous for pollen N alleles cannot avoid self-fertilization; however, they suffer viability costs. Hence, pollen N alleles are selected again. When pollen and pistil S alleles can coexist in a polymorphic equilibrium, selection will favor tighter linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoki Sakai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Timmermans MJTN, Baxter SW, Clark R, Heckel DG, Vogel H, Collins S, Papanicolaou A, Fukova I, Joron M, Thompson MJ, Jiggins CD, ffrench-Constant RH, Vogler AP. Comparative genomics of the mimicry switch in Papilio dardanus. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:rspb.2014.0465. [PMID: 24920480 PMCID: PMC4071540 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The African Mocker Swallowtail, Papilio dardanus, is a textbook example in evolutionary genetics. Classical breeding experiments have shown that wing pattern variation in this polymorphic Batesian mimic is determined by the polyallelic H locus that controls a set of distinct mimetic phenotypes. Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequencing, recombination analyses and comparative genomics, we show that H co-segregates with an interval of less than 500 kb that is collinear with two other Lepidoptera genomes and contains 24 genes, including the transcription factor genes engrailed (en) and invected (inv). H is located in a region of conserved gene order, which argues against any role for genomic translocations in the evolution of a hypothesized multi-gene mimicry locus. Natural populations of P. dardanus show significant associations of specific morphs with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), centred on en. In addition, SNP variation in the H region reveals evidence of non-neutral molecular evolution in the en gene alone. We find evidence for a duplication potentially driving physical constraints on recombination in the lamborni morph. Absence of perfect linkage disequilibrium between different genes in the other morphs suggests that H is limited to nucleotide positions in the regulatory and coding regions of en. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that a single gene underlies wing pattern variation in P. dardanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J T N Timmermans
- Department of Life Science, Natural History Museum London, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon W Baxter
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Rebecca Clark
- Department of Life Science, Natural History Museum London, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David G Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute, 0800 Westlands, Nairobi 14308, Kenya
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Daphne du Maurier Building, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Iva Fukova
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Daphne du Maurier Building, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7205, CP50, 45 Rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
| | - Martin J Thompson
- Department of Life Science, Natural History Museum London, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Richard H ffrench-Constant
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Daphne du Maurier Building, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Science, Natural History Museum London, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Thompson MJ, Timmermans MJTN. Characterising the phenotypic diversity of Papilio dardanus wing patterns using an extensive museum collection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96815. [PMID: 24837717 PMCID: PMC4023932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of 20th Century evolutionary biology can be followed through the study of mimetic butterflies. From the initial findings of discontinuous polymorphism through the debates regarding the evolution of mimicry and the step-size of evolutionary change, to the studies on supergene evolution and molecular characterisation of butterfly genomes, mimetic butterflies have been at the heart of evolutionary thought for over 100 years. During this time, few species have received as much attention and in-depth study as Papilio dardanus. To assist all aspects of mimicry research, we present a complete data-derived overview of the extent of polymorphism within this species. Using historical samples permanently held by the NHM London, we document the extent of phenotypic variation and characterise the diversity present in each of the subspecies and how it varies across Africa. We also demonstrate an association between “imperfect” mimetic forms and the transitional race formed in the area where Eastern and Western African populations meet around Lake Victoria. We present a novel portal for access to this collection, www.mimeticbutterflies.org, allowing remote access to this unique repository. It is hoped that this online resource can act as a nucleus for the sharing and dissemination of other collections databases and imagery connected with mimetic butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Thompson
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Martijn J. T. N. Timmermans
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Supergenes and their role in evolution. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:1-8. [PMID: 24642887 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation is commonly a multidimensional problem, with changes in multiple traits required to match a complex environment. This is epitomized by balanced polymorphisms in which multiple phenotypes co-exist and are maintained in a population by a balance of selective forces. Consideration of such polymorphisms led to the concept of the supergene, where alternative phenotypes in a balanced polymorphism segregate as if controlled by a single genetic locus, resulting from tight genetic linkage between multiple functional loci. Recently, the molecular basis for several supergenes has been resolved. Thus, major chromosomal inversions have been shown to be associated with polymorphisms in butterflies, ants and birds, offering a mechanism for localised reduction in recombination. In several examples of plant self-incompatibility, the functional role of multiple elements within the supergene architecture has been demonstrated, conclusively showing that balanced polymorphism can be maintained at multiple coadapted and tightly linked elements. Despite recent criticism, we argue that the supergene concept remains relevant and is more testable than ever with modern molecular methods.
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