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Huttala O, Loreth D, Staff S, Tanner M, Wikman H, Ylikomi T. Decellularized In Vitro Capillaries for Studies of Metastatic Tendency and Selection of Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020271. [PMID: 35203480 PMCID: PMC8869401 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularization plays an important role in the microenvironment of the tumor. Therefore, it should be a key element to be considered in the development of in vitro cancer assays. In this study, we decellularized in vitro capillaries to remove genetic material and optimized the medium used to increase the robustness and versatility of applications. The growth pattern and drug responses of cancer cell lines and patient-derived primary cells were studied on decellularized capillaries. Interestingly, two distinct growth patterns were seen when cancer cells were grown on decellularized capillaries: “network” and “cluster”. Network formation correlated with the metastatic properties of the cells and cluster formation was observed in non-metastatic cells. Drug responses of patient-derived cells correlated better with clinical findings when cells were cultured on decellularized capillaries compared with those cultured on plastic. Decellularized capillaries provide a novel method for cancer cell culture applications. It bridges the gap between complex 3D culture methods and traditional 2D culture methods by providing the ease and robustness of 2D culture as well as an in vivo-like microenvironment and scaffolding for 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Huttala
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-401909721
| | - Desiree Loreth
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Synnöve Staff
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Tanner
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Timo Ylikomi
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.S.); (M.T.)
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In Vitro Vascular Network Modified to Function as Culture Platform and Angiogenic Induction Potential Test for Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051833. [PMID: 32155897 PMCID: PMC7084873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug treatments have been designed to inhibit tumor angiogenesis in hope of stopping tumor growth. However, not all tumor types respond to this type of treatment. A screening method which identifies angiogenesis inducing cancer types would help predict the efficacy of angiogenesis-inhibiting drugs for the patients. Our goal is to develop (1) a cell assay to assess the angiogenic induction potential of patient-derived tumor cells, and (2) a protocol for culturing cancer cells on a vascular platform. We optimized the media composition and seeding density of cells (hASC, HUVEC, and cancer cells) to 48-, 96-, and even 384-well plate sizes to allow vascular formation and cancer cell proliferation and subsequent analysis with high throughput. The angiogenic induction potential of patient-derived cancer cells was investigated by quantifying the formation of tubular structures and the drug response of cancer cells grown on a vascular platform was evaluated using gene expression and cell viability (WST-1) assay. Immunocytochemistry was performed with von Willebrand factor, collagen IV, CD44, cytokeratin 19 and ALDH1A1. The angiogenic induction potential test was shown to be responsive to the induction of angiogenesis by cancer cells. The responses of cancer cells were different when grown on a vascular platform or on plastic, seen in gene expression level and viability results. These two protocols are promising novel tools for aiding the selection of efficient cancer drugs for personalized medicine and as an alternative cancer cell culture platform.
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Jayaraman A, Kumar P, Marin S, de Atauri P, Mateo F, M. Thomson T, J. Centelles J, F. Graham S, Cascante M. Untargeted metabolomics reveals distinct metabolic reprogramming in endothelial cells co-cultured with CSC and non-CSC prostate cancer cell subpopulations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192175. [PMID: 29466368 PMCID: PMC5821452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour angiogenesis is an important hallmark of cancer and the study of its metabolic adaptations, downstream to any cellular change, can reveal attractive targets for inhibiting cancer growth. In the tumour microenvironment, endothelial cells (ECs) interact with heterogeneous tumour cell types that drive angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study we aim to characterize the metabolic alterations in ECs influenced by the presence of tumour cells with extreme metastatic abilities. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to different microenvironmental conditions, such as the presence of highly metastatic PC-3M and highly invasive PC-3S prostate cancer cell lines, in addition to the angiogenic activator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), under normoxia. Untargeted high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolomics revealed significant metabolite differences among the various conditions and a total of 25 significantly altered metabolites were identified including acetyl L-carnitine, NAD+, hypoxanthine, guanine and oleamide, with profile changes unique to each of the experimental conditions. Biochemical pathway analysis revealed the importance of fatty acid oxidation and nucleotide salvage pathways. These results provide a global metabolic preview that could help in selectively targeting the ECs aiding in either cancer cell invasion or metastasis in the heterogeneous tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Beaumont Health System, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro de Atauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Mateo
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy M. Thomson
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep J. Centelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stewart F. Graham
- Beaumont Health System, Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Bersani F, Lee J, Yu M, Morris R, Desai R, Ramaswamy S, Toner M, Haber DA, Parekkadan B. Bioengineered implantable scaffolds as a tool to study stromal-derived factors in metastatic cancer models. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7229-38. [PMID: 25339351 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modeling the hematogenous spread of cancer cells to distant organs poses one of the greatest challenges in the study of human metastasis. Both tumor cell-intrinsic properties as well as interactions with reactive stromal cells contribute to this process, but identification of relevant stromal signals has been hampered by the lack of models allowing characterization of the metastatic niche. Here, we describe an implantable bioengineered scaffold, amenable to in vivo imaging, ex vivo manipulation, and serial transplantation for the continuous study of human metastasis in mice. Orthotopic or systemic inoculation of tagged human cancer cells into the mouse leads to the release of circulating tumor cells into the vasculature, which seed the scaffold, initiating a metastatic tumor focus. Mouse stromal cells can be readily recovered and profiled, revealing differential expression of cytokines, such as IL1β, from tumor-bearing versus unseeded scaffolds. Finally, this platform can be used to test the effect of drugs on suppressing initiation of metastatic lesions. This generalizable model to study cancer metastasis may thus identify key stromal-derived factors with important implications for basic and translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bersani
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Min Yu
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Robert Morris
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Rushil Desai
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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The zebrafish/tumor xenograft angiogenesis assay as a tool for screening anti-angiogenic miRNAs. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:969-75. [PMID: 24947063 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish/tumor xenograft angiogenesis assay is used to approach tumor angiogenesis, a pivotal step in cancer progression and target for anti-tumor therapies. Here, we evaluated whether the assay could allow the identification of microRNAs having an anti-angiogenic potential. For that, we transfected DU-145 prostate cancer cells with four microRNAs (miR-125a, miR-320, miR-487b, miR-492) responsive to both anti- and pro-angiogenic stimuli applied to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. After transfection, DU-145 cells were injected close to the developing subintestinal vessels of transgenic Tg(Kdrl:eGFP)s843 zebrafish embryos that express green fluorescent protein under the control of Kdrl promoter. At 72 h post-fertilization, we observed that green fluorescent protein-positive neo-vessels infiltrated the graft of DU-145 transfected with miR-125a, miR-320, and miR-487b. Vice versa, neo-vessel formation and tumor cell infiltration were inhibited when DU-145 cells transfected with miR-492 were used. These results indicated that the zebrafish/tumor xenograft assay was adequate to identify microRNAs able to suppress the release of angiogenic growth factors by angiogenic tumor cells.
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Darrington E, Zhong M, Vo BH, Khan SA. Vascular endothelial growth factor A, secreted in response to transforming growth factor-β1 under hypoxic conditions, induces autocrine effects on migration of prostate cancer cells. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:745-51. [PMID: 22705563 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) increase vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression in a number of malignancies. This effect of hypoxia and TGF-β1 might be responsible for tumor progression and metastasis of advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, TGF-β1 was shown to induce VEGFA(165) secretion from both normal cell lines (HPV7 and RWPE1) and prostate cancer cell lines (DU145 and PC3). Conversely, hypoxia-stimulated VEGFA(165) secretion was observed only in prostate cancer cell lines. Hypoxia induced TGF-β1 expression in PC3 prostate cancer cells, and the TGF-β type I receptor (ALK5) kinase inhibitor partially blocked hypoxia-mediated VEGFA(165) secretion. This effect of hypoxia provides a novel mechanism to increase VEGFA expression in prostate cancer cells. Although autocrine signaling of VEGFA has been implicated in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, the associated mechanism is poorly characterized. VEGFA activity is mediated via VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 (Flt-1) and 2 (Flk-1/KDR). Whereas VEGFR-1 mRNA was detected in normal prostate epithelial cells, VEGFR-2 mRNA and VEGFR protein were expressed only in PC3 cells. VEGFA(165) treatment induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in PC3 cells but not in HPV7 cells, suggesting that the autocrine function of VEGFA may be uniquely associated with prostate cancer. Activation of VEGFR-2 by VEGFA(165) was shown to enhance migration of PC3 cells. A similar effect was also observed with endogenous VEGFA induced by TGF-β1 and hypoxia. These findings illustrate that an autocrine loop of VEGFA via VEGFR-2 is critical for the tumorigenic effects of TGF-β1 and hypoxia on metastatic prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Darrington
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
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Inhibition of tumor growth and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by overexpression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 17:171-9. [PMID: 19798124 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The destruction of extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases is a key event in cancer progression. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases can restrain tumor growth by inhibiting these enzymes. We sought to determine whether overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) could suppress the malignant phenotype of human prostate cancer cell line PC-3M. Stable overexpression of TIMP-3 inhibited cell proliferation significantly by MTT assay. Both early and late apoptosis were observed in TIMP-3 overexpressing cells, and flow cytometry analysis showed S-phase blocking of the cell cycle. Monolayer invasion assay and transwell invasion assay showed significantly decreased invasive potential in TIMP-3 overexpressing cells compared with control cells. Cell adhesion and motility were also lower after TIMP-3 was overexpressed. In vivo, cells stably overexpressing TIMP-3 completely lost the ability to form tumors after injection into nude mice. Transfection of TIMP-3 into established tumors by electroporation also had a significant antitumor effect. TIMP-3-treated tumor tissues had significant apoptosis by TUNEL assay. These results showed that overexpression of TIMP-3 inhibits invasion and proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. The experiments suggest a potential use for TIMP-3 in the gene therapy of prostate cancer.
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8
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Abstract
C17orf37/MGC14832, a novel gene located on human chromosome 17q12 in the ERBB2 amplicon, is abundantly expressed in breast cancer. C17orf37 expression has been reported to positively correlate with grade and stage of cancer progression; however the functional significance of C17orf37 overexpression in cancer biology is not known. Here, we show that C17orf37 is highly expressed in prostate cancer cell lines and tumors, compared to minimal expression in normal prostate cells and tissues. Cellular localization studies by confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy revealed predominant expression of C17orf37 in the cytosol with intense staining in the membrane of prostate cancer cells. RNA-interference-mediated downregulation of C17orf37 resulted in decreased migration and invasion of DU-145 prostate cancer cells, and suppressed the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor resulting in reduced expression of downstream target genes matrix metalloproteinase 9, urokinase plasminogen activator and vascular endothelial growth factor. Phosphorylation of PKB/Akt was also reduced upon C17orf37 downregulation, suggesting C17orf37 acts as a signaling molecule that increases invasive potential of prostate cancer cells by NF-kappaB-mediated downstream target genes. Our data strongly suggest C17orf37 overexpression in prostate cancer functionally enhances migration and invasion of tumor cells, and is an important target for cancer therapy.
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Ohara S, Oue N, Matsubara A, Mita K, Hasegawa Y, Hayashi T, Usui T, Amatya VJ, Takeshima Y, Kuniyasu H, Yasui W. Reg IV is an independent prognostic factor for relapse in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1570-7. [PMID: 18754868 PMCID: PMC11158611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived family, member 4 (REG4, which encodes Reg IV) is a candidate marker for cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated the potential prognostic role of Reg IV immunostaining in clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa) after radical prostatectomy. Immunohistochemical staining of Reg IV was performed in 98 clinically localized PCa tumors obtained during curative radical prostatectomy. Intestinal and neuroendocrine differentiation was investigated by MUC2 and chromogranin A immunostaining, respectively. The prognostic significance of immunohistochemical staining for these factors on prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-associated recurrence was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox regression model. Phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by Reg IV was analyzed by Western blot. In total, 14 (14%) of the 98 PCa cases were positive for Reg IV staining. Reg IV positivity was observed frequently in association with MUC2 (P = 0.0182) and chromogranin A positivity (P = 0.0012). Univariate analysis revealed that Reg IV staining (P = 0.0004), chromogranin A staining (P = 0.0494), Gleason score (P < 0.0001) and preoperative PSA concentration (P = 0.0167) were significant prognostic factors for relapse-free survival. Multivariate analysis indicated that Reg IV staining (P = 0.0312), Gleason score (P = 0.0014) and preoperative PSA concentration (P = 0.0357) were independent predictors of relapse-free survival. In the LNCaP cell line, EGFR phosphorylation was induced by the addition of Reg IV-conditioned medium. These results suggest that Reg IV expression is an independent prognostic indicator of relapse after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Yin J, Pollock C, Tracy K, Chock M, Martin P, Oberst M, Kelly K. Activation of the RalGEF/Ral pathway promotes prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7538-50. [PMID: 17709381 PMCID: PMC2169046 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00955-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of metastasis is organ specificity; however, little is known about the underlying signaling pathways responsible for the colonization and growth of tumor cells in target organs. Since tyrosine kinase receptor activation is frequently associated with prostate cancer progression, we have investigated the role of a common signaling intermediary, activated Ras, in prostate cancer metastasis. Three effector pathways downstream of Ras, Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RalGEFs), were assayed for their ability to promote the metastasis of a tumorigenic, nonmetastatic human prostate cancer cell line, DU145. Oncogenic Ras promoted the metastasis of DU145 to multiple organs, including bone and brain. Activation of the Raf/ERK pathway stimulated metastatic colonization of the brain, while activation of the RalGEF pathway led to bone metastases, the most common organ site for prostate cancer metastasis. In addition, loss of RalA in the metastatic PC3 cell line inhibited bone metastasis but did not affect subcutaneous tumor growth. Loss of Ral appeared to suppress expansive growth of prostate cancer cells in bone, whereas homing and initial colonization were less affected. These data extend our understanding of the functional roles of the Ral pathway and begin to identify signaling pathways relevant for organ-specific metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuanJuan Yin
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Dr., Rm. 1068, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Van Meter T, Dumur C, Hafez N, Garrett C, Fillmore H, Broaddus WC. Microarray analysis of MRI-defined tissue samples in glioblastoma reveals differences in regional expression of therapeutic targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 15:195-205. [PMID: 17122647 DOI: 10.1097/01.pdm.0000213464.06387.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technologies have come into prominence for the assessment of molecular diagnostic profiles in cancer tissue biopsies. To better understand the effect of sampling bias, we paired image-guided stereotactic biopsy and microarray technology to study regional intratumoral differences in tumor periphery and core regions of untreated glioblastoma. RNA was extracted from serial frozen sections using an integral histopathologic scoring approach. Gene expression analysis was performed using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays (22,283 probe sets). A consensus list of 643 genes (784 probe sets) with greater than 2-fold difference between intratumoral periphery and core samples was obtained using Microarray Suite 5.0, model-based expression indexes, and robust multiarray analysis algorithms. Results were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses. Reproducible profiles emerged, in which multiple therapeutic targets significant to glioblastoma [matrix metalloproteinases, AKT1 (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1), epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor] showed significant differences in regional expression that may affect treatment response. This study suggests important intratumoral regional differences in the molecular phenotype of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Van Meter
- Department of Neurosurgery and Harold F. Young Neurosurgical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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12
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Hatziapostolou M, Polytarchou C, Katsoris P, Courty J, Papadimitriou E. Heparin affin regulatory peptide/pleiotrophin mediates fibroblast growth factor 2 stimulatory effects on human prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32217-26. [PMID: 16940294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a pleiotropic growth factor that has been implicated in prostate cancer formation and progression. In the present study we found that exogenous FGF2 significantly increased human prostate cancer LNCaP cell proliferation and migration. Heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) or pleiotrophin seems to be an important mediator of FGF2 stimulatory effects, since the latter had no effect on stably transfected LNCaP cells that did not express HARP. Moreover, FGF2, through FGF receptors (FGFRs), significantly induced HARP expression and secretion by LNCaP cells and increased luciferase activity of a reporter gene vector carrying the full-length promoter of HARP gene. Using a combination of Western blot analyses, as well as genetic and pharmacological inhibitors, we found that activation of FGFR by FGF2 in LNCaP cells leads to NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent hydrogen peroxide production, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, activation of AP-1, increased expression and secretion of HARP, and, finally, increased cell proliferation and migration. These results establish the role and the mode of activity of FGF2 in LNCaP cells and support an interventional role of HARP in FGF2 effects, providing new insights on the interplay among growth factor pathways within prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hatziapostolou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR 26504 Patras, Greece
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13
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Barrett JM, Mangold KA, Jilling T, Kaul KL. Bi-directional interactions of prostate cancer cells and bone marrow endothelial cells in three-dimensional culture. Prostate 2005; 64:75-82. [PMID: 15651029 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer preferentially metastasizes to bone, yet little is known about the cellular and molecular factors that support this growth. Endothelial cells are likely the initial contact for circulating prostate cells entering the bone microenvironment. METHODS Using co-culture and conditioned media experiments, we studied cellular and molecular interactions of prostate cancer cells of varying aggressiveness (PC-3 and LNCaP) with bone marrow endothelial (HBME-1) cells in collagen gels. RESULTS In co-culture, HBME-1 cells stimulated proliferation ( approximately 90% increase) and migration of the more aggressive PC-3 cell line, while having little effect on LNCaP cell proliferation or migration. Concomitantly, HBME-1 cell growth was inhibited by both PC-3 and LNCaP cells and their conditioned media. Additionally, HBME-1 cells underwent significant morphological changes in co-culture, forming large, branching, cord-like structures, which mimic angiogenesis. Prostate cancer cell conditioned media induced a similar effect on HBME-1 cells. In comparison, conditioned media from PC-3 cells also inhibited growth of non-bone marrow-derived endothelial cells, but did not affect their morphology. CONCLUSIONS Significant bi-directional interactions, including secreted factors and direct cellular interactions, exist between bone marrow endothelial cells and highly metastatic prostate cancer cells, and may underlie the propensity for prostate cancer to metastasize to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Barrett
- Interdepartmental Program in Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
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Strother JM, Beer TM, Dreicer R. Novel cytotoxic and biological agents for prostate cancer: Where will the money be in 2005? Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:954-64. [PMID: 15808961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, docetaxel-based chemotherapy became the first treatment capable of extending life in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The era of therapeutic nihilism in this disease has thus been put to rest and a broad range of agents is being tested with the goal of improving on the successes of 2004. Lessons learned from other tumour types will need to be applied to prostate cancer in order to harness the bounty of available ideas. Target amplification or activating mutations and not merely the presence of a target are likely to be important to the success of targeted agents. Thus, the promise of the current crop of targeted agents is most likely to be realised when pursued in the context of well-credentialed targets and tested in highly translational clinical trials that are capable not only of assessing tumour response, but also of evaluating the status of the targeted pathway. The most promising agents in clinical development are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Strother
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Mail Code CR-145, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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15
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Gustavsson H, Welén K, Damber JE. Transition of an androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell line into an androgen-independent subline is associated with increased angiogenesis. Prostate 2005; 62:364-73. [PMID: 15389782 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen-independent prostate cancer is today an incurable disease, but increased understanding of the mechanisms for the transition into an androgen-independent state may increase the possibilities for more efficient strategies in the future. METHODS An androgen-independent subline, LNCaP-19, to the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was developed in vitro under standard culture conditions. The characteristics of LNCaP-19 regarding androgen responsiveness, PSA, and VEGF secretion was studied in vitro. The growth in vivo and the microvessel density (MVD) of the tumors were studied after inoculation in nude mice. RESULTS LNCaP-19 grows equally well in dextran-charcoal stripped FBS (DCC-FBS) as in normal FBS, and rapidly gives rise to tumors in both intact and castrated mice, indicating a true androgen-independent growth. The PSA secretion from LNCaP-19 cells was lower than from LNCaP cells, while the VEGF level was comparable to the secretion from LNCaP cells without androgen stimulation. The MVD was increased in the LNCaP-19 tumors, and the vessels also displayed a changed morphology with exclusively small microvessels without lumen. CONCLUSIONS LNCaP-19 shows characteristics resembling those of androgen-independent prostate cancer. An increased MVD and changed vessel morphology in the tumor, makes it an interesting model system for studies regarding angiogenesis in the context of the acquisition of androgen independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heléne Gustavsson
- Department of Urology, Institution for the Surgical Sciences, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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16
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Andriole GL, Humphrey P, Ray P, Gleave ME, Trachtenberg J, Thomas LN, Lazier CB, Rittmaster RS. EFFECT OF THE DUAL 5α-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR DUTASTERIDE ON MARKERS OF TUMOR REGRESSION IN PROSTATE CANCER. J Urol 2004; 172:915-9. [PMID: 15310997 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000136430.37245.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the prostate testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzymes 5alpha-reductase (5alphaR) types 1 and 2 (5alphaR1 and 5alphaR2). Suppression of DHT formation by 5alphaR inhibition may be beneficial in early treatment or prevention of prostate cancer. Although 5alphaR2 is the dominant enzyme in the prostate, evidence indicates that 5alphaR1 may be up-regulated in some prostate cancers. This suggests that dual inhibition of both isoenzymes may be more effective than suppression of 5alphaR2 alone in prostate cancer treatment or prevention. In this short-term pilot study we examined the effect of the dual 5alphaR inhibitor dutasteride on markers of tumor regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 46 men with clinically staged T1 or T2 prostate cancer were randomized to receive 5 mg per day of placebo or dutasteride for 6 to 10 weeks before radical prostatectomy. Resected tissues were analyzed to determine the effect of dutasteride on intraprostatic androgen levels, and indices of apoptosis and microvessel density (MVD) in malignant tissue, as well as degree of atrophy in benign tissue. RESULTS Treatment with dutasteride caused a 97% decrease in intraprostatic DHT and was associated with a trend toward increased apoptosis. In patients receiving dutasteride for 45 days or more, a significant increase in apoptosis and a trend toward decreased MVD in prostate cancer tissue was observed. Dutasteride treatment was also associated with an 18% decrease in mean benign epithelial cell width compared with placebo (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study dutasteride treatment resulted in almost complete suppression of intraprostatic DHT, increased apoptosis and a trend toward decreased MVD. These findings suggest that short-term treatment with dutasteride can cause regression in some prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The initiation of new blood vessels through angiogenesis is critical to tumor growth. Tumor cells release soluble angiogenic factors that induce neovascularization, without which nutrients and oxygen would not be available to allow tumors to grow more than 2-3 mm in diameter. This "angiogenic switch" or angiogenic phenotype requires an imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors since the formation of new blood vessels is highly regulated. This review discusses angiogenesis mediators, and the potential for manipulation of angiogenic factors as a practical cancer therapy, particularly in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Nicholson
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0422, USA
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18
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Agarwal D, Goodison S, Nicholson B, Tarin D, Urquidi V. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP-1) correlates with the absence of metastasis in an isogenic human breast cancer model. Differentiation 2003; 71:114-25. [PMID: 12641565 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2003.710202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The multi-step nature of metastasis poses difficulties in both design and interpretation of experiments to unveil the mechanisms causing the process. In order to facilitate such studies, we have previously derived a pair of breast tumor cell lines that originate from the same breast tumor but which have diametrically opposite metastatic capabilities. In this system, the monoclonal cell line M-4A4 is metastatic to the lungs of athymic mice, whereas clone NM-2C5 is equally tumorigenic but non-metastatic. Here, we report that representational difference analysis (RDA) of cDNA obtained from the two clonal populations revealed an increased expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP-1) and the matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) genes in the non-metastatic cell line. RNA and protein analyses in cultured cells and in primary xenograft tissues confirmed that the non-metastatic cell line expresses TYRP-1 and MMP-8 at levels that are at least 20-fold higher than the metastatic counterpart. Other members of the MMP family (MMP-9 and MMP-2) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were found to be expressed at similar levels in both populations. The effects of MMP-8 and TYRP-1 on in vitro invasion and migration were assessed in cells whose expression of these genes was altered by stable transduction with sense and antisense constructs. Specific down-regulation of MMP-8 in non-metastatic NM-2C5 cells resulted in a 2.5-fold increased capacity to invade through Matrigel. Unlike other members of the matrix metalloproteinase family, MMP-8 has not previously been implicated in the processes of tumorigenesis or metastasis. The successful identification of two proteins that are differentially expressed in these matched clonal cell lines and the tumors that they produce demonstrates the feasibility of using this approach to search for genes that are associated with aberrant differentiation toward metastatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Agarwal
- University of California San Diego, Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, La Jolla 92093, USA
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19
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PAN SHIOWLIN, GUH JIHHWA, HUANG YINGWEN, CHERN JIWANG, CHOU JUIYI, TENG CHEMING. Identification of Apoptotic and Antiangiogenic Activities of Terazosin in Human Prostate Cancer and Endothelial Cells. J Urol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SHIOW-LIN PAN
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - JIH-HWA GUH
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - YING-WEN HUANG
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - JI-WANG CHERN
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - JUI-YI CHOU
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - CHE-MING TENG
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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20
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Huss WJ, Barrios RJ, Foster BA, Greenberg NM. Differential expression of specific FGF ligand and receptor isoforms during angiogenesis associated with prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2003; 54:8-16. [PMID: 12481250 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to elucidate how changes in temporal and spatial expression patterns of individual components of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling axis correlate with prostate cancer-associated angiogenesis to contribute to the progression of this disease. METHODS The temporal and spatial expression patterns of specific FGF ligands and receptors were characterized by immunoblot, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical analyses in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. RESULTS We detected expression of high molecular weight isoform of FGF-2 in PIN lesions and detected both high and low molecular weight isoforms of FGF-2 in advanced tumors. Expression of the mRNA encoding the FGFR1iiib isoform was found to be specifically and differentially expressed in tumor vasculature in TRAMP but was not detected in prostate-associated vasculature in nontransgenic mice. Expression of the FGFR2iiic isoform was observed to be elevated in the epithelial component of PIN lesions in TRAMP mice. CONCLUSION By using the TRAMP model, the expression of FGFR1iiib in intraductal vasculature and expression of FGF-2 protein were found to be concomitant with the emergence of PIN. These observations implicate specific changes in the FGF axis with the initiation and progression of prostate cancer and underscore the utility of animal models to identify specific molecular changes in early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Huss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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21
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Häggström S, Tørring N, Møller K, Jensen E, Lund L, Nielsen JE, Bergh A, Damber JE. Effects of finasteride on vascular endothelial growth factor. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY 2002; 36:182-7. [PMID: 12201932 DOI: 10.1080/003655902320131848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Finasteride has been shown to reduce prostate bleeding in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The mechanisms behind this are not known, but it has been suggested that finasteride reduces bleeding by inhibiting angiogenesis in the prostate. Studies in animals have shown that castration rapidly induces involution of the prostate vasculature, and androgen-stimulated prostate growth may be angiogenesis dependent. The objective of this study was to explore the response to finasteride on the vasculature and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent regulatory factor of angiogenesis in human prostate tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients with BPH were randomly assigned to 3 months of treatment either with finasteride (5 mg/day) or placebo before undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Prostate tissue VEGF expression was quantified by Western blot and the vascular density determined in Factor VIII immunostained tissue sections. Serum concentrations of VEGF were measured with ELISA technique. RESULTS Patients treated with finasteride (n = 15) showed a decrease in prostate tissue VEGF(165) expression compared with placebo (n = 13) treated patients (p < 0.05), but the vascular density and the serum VEGF levels were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that finasteride treatment decreases VEGF expression in the human prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Häggström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Sweden
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22
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Doll JA, Reiher FK, Crawford SE, Pins MR, Campbell SC, Bouck NP. Thrombospondin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 are key functional regulators of angiogenesis in the prostate. Prostate 2001; 49:293-305. [PMID: 11746276 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cells secrete many molecules capable of regulating angiogenesis; however, which of these actually function as essential regulators of neovascularization is not yet clear. METHODS Functional angiogenic mediators secreted by normal and diseased prostate cells were identified using an in vitro angiogenesis assay. These factors were quantified by immunoblot or ELISA and localized in tissue by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Normal prostate epithelial cell secretions were anti-angiogenic due to inhibitory thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) whereas this inhibitor was decreased in the pro-angiogenic secretions derived from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer cells. This pro-angiogenic activity depended primarily on fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and/or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) whose secretion was increased. Immunolocalization studies confirmed that the changes detected in vitro also occurred in vivo. CONCLUSIONS During disease progression in the prostate, production of TSP-1, the major inhibitor, is down-regulated while that of stimulatory FGF-2 and/or VEGF rise, leading to the induction of the new vessels necessary to support tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Doll
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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23
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Bex A, Wullich B, Endris V, Otto T, Rembrink K, Stöckle M, Rübben H. Comparison of the malignant phenotype and genotype of the human androgen-independent cell line DU 145 and a subline derived from metastasis after orthotopic implantation in nude mice. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 124:98-104. [PMID: 11172899 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potential genetic changes underlying the progression of human hormone-resistant prostate cancer, we related chromosomal alterations of the DU 145 cell line and a subline isolated form a metastasis in an orthotopic model to tumorigenicity, metastasis and chemoresistance. In 15 mice 1 x 10(5) DU 145 cells were injected into the dorsal prostate. From a resulting paraaortic lymphnode metastasis, we isolated a subline (DU 145 MN1), which was injected into 15 nude mice. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was used to analyze cell doubling time and the IC(50) of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for both cell lines. Cytogenetic characterization was performed with conventional karyotype analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). After orthotopic implantation of DU 145 cells tumorigenicity was 100% whereas only 2 mice revealed lymphnode metastases. In contrast, the take rate after implantation of DU 145 MN1 was 100%, with lymphnode metastases in 7 mice. The SRB assay revealed a 8-fold increased IC(50) for cisplatin and a 2.5-fold increase for 5-FU in DU 145 MN1 as compared to DU 145 cells. There was gain of a chromosome 8 and only two copies of chromosome 17 in the DU 145 MN1 cells as compared to the parental cell line. The emergence of an i(9)(q10) in addition to two normal chromosome 9 homologues in the DU 145 MN1 cell line was confirmed by FISH using a chromosome 9-specific painting probe. In summary, clonal evolution of the chromosomal changes following repeated orthotopic implantation, may assist in locating the genes involved in the progression and chemoresistance of human hormone-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bex
- Clinic of Urology, University of Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany
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24
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Krupski T, Harding MA, Herce ME, Gulding KM, Stoler MH, Theodorescu D. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the tissue specific in vivo growth of prostate cancer cells. Growth Factors 2001; 18:287-302. [PMID: 11519827 DOI: 10.3109/08977190109029117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that cancer cells can be found in many vascular beds, continued growth of the metastatic tumor focus exhibits a significant degree of 'organ tropism', with only certain organs exhibiting the ravages of metastatic disease. Since a limiting factor to the growth of metastases beyond 2 mm in diameter, may be a lack of angiogenesis, we sought to determine whether tumor overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor related to prostate cancer metastasis, is causally related to organ specific tumor growth in a prostate cancer xenograft model. LnCaP-C4-2 is a subline of the human prostate cancer cell line LnCaP which unlike its parent, has a predilection for growth in bone, a common site for human prostate cancer metastasis. LnCaP-C4-2, is tumorigenic when injected intrafemorally in mice but requires co-injection of stromal components (Matrigel) to be tumorigenic in the subcutaneous site. Because of this site-specific tumorigenicity profile and relatively low VEGF mRNA and protein expression, this line was transfected with a full length cDNA encoding the 165 isoform of VEGF. Cells either overexpressing or not expressing the transfected gene were selected for study in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of VEGF did not seem to affect in vitro cell growth. Such overexpression did affect tumorigenicity and in vivo tumor growth rates when cells were inoculated in the subcutaneus site. Interestingly, the dependency of subcutaneous tumorigenicity on Matrigel co-inoculation was still observed in cells overexpressing VEGF. In contrast to the impact that VEGF overexpression has on subcutaneous tumorigenicity, no such effect was observed when cells were inoculated in orthotopic/prostate (primary) or intrafemoral (metastatic) sites. In view of the importance of tumor-stromal interactions in growth of xenografts, we sought to determine if the host strain is important to the observed tumorigenicity effects of VEGF overexpression. No differences in subcutaneous tumorigenicity as a function of either Matrigel use or VEGF expression levels were observed when SCID/bg and RAG/pfp mouse strains were compared. In conclusion, our data indicate that the biological impact of prostate tumor VEGF overexpression is organ/site specific, leading to the speculation that it may play a part in the observed organ tropism of metastatic spread. In addition, these results highlight the importance of the tumor microenvironment in determining the biological impact of transfected and overexpressed genes in the study of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krupski
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, USA
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25
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Taper HS, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Gwin CA, Gordon T, Summers JL. In vivo reactivation of DNases in implanted human prostate tumors after administration of a vitamin C/K(3) combination. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:109-20. [PMID: 11118483 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prostate cancer cells (DU145) implanted into nude mice are deficient in DNase activity. After administration of a vitamin C/vitamin K(3) combination, both alkaline DNase (DNase I) and acid DNase (DNase II) activities were detected in cryosections with a histochemical lead nitrate technique. Alkaline DNase activity appeared 1 hr after vitamin administration, decreased slightly until 2 hr, and disappeared by 8 hr after treatment. Acid DNase activity appeared 2 hr after vitamin administration, reached its highest levels between 4 and 8 hr, and maintained its activity 24 hr after treatment. Methyl green staining indicated that DNase expression was accompanied by a decrease in DNA content of the tumor cells. Microscopic examination of 1-microm sections of the tumors indicated that DNase reactivation and the subsequent degradation of DNA induced multiple forms of tumor cell death, including apoptosis and necrosis. The primary form of vitamin-induced tumor cell death was autoschizis, which is characterized by membrane damage and the progressive loss of cytoplasm through a series of self-excisions. These self-excisions typically continue until the perikaryon consists of an apparently intact nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm that contains damaged organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Taper
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologique et Cancérologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels-Woluwé, Belgium
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26
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Strohmeyer D, Rössing C, Bauerfeind A, Kaufmann O, Schlechte H, Bartsch G, Loening S. Vascular endothelial growth factor and its correlation with angiogenesis and p53 expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 2000; 45:216-24. [PMID: 11074523 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(20001101)45:3<216::aid-pros3>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously it was demonstrated that in prostate tumors, angiogenesis measured as microvessel density (MVD) is associated with tumor stage as well as WHO grade and is an independent predictor of clinical outcome. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major inducer of angiogenesis. There is some evidence that P53 mutations cause overexpression of VEGF. We studied VEGF expression, p53 overexpression, and P53 mutations in prostate cancer (PCA) to investigate the role of VEGF as an angiogenic marker and the possible deregulation of VEGF as a result of P53 mutations in PCA. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining with a polyclonal VEGF antibody was performed in 55 paraffin-embedded PCA, in which MVD had previously been determined, as well as in 5 prostatic adenomas (PA) and 20 adjacent normal prostate tissues. In addition, 37 PCA and 5 PAs were examined for p53 expression by immunohistochemistry. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) was performed in 13 of these PCA to screen for P53 mutations. VEGF expression, p53 expression, and mutations were then correlated with tumor stage, grade, MVD, and clinical outcome. RESULTS While PA and normal prostate tissue generally showed no or only low VEGF expression, there was a significant increase in VEGF expression with tumor stage, grade, and MVD in PCA. During clinical follow-up (mean, 31.9 months), 9 of 55 patients had tumor progression. Significant differences in VEGF expression were found between patients with tumor progression and those without (P = 0.0004). Of the 37 PCA evaluated for p53 expression, 12 exhibited p53 overexpression. TGGE revealed P53 mutations in 3 of 13 PCA. However, there was no correlation between VEGF expression, p53 overexpression, and P53 mutation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS VEGF seems to be an important, clinically relevant inducer of angiogenesis in PCA. VEGF expression was shown to correlate positively with tumor stage, grade, MVD, and clinical outcome. However, regulation of VEGF in PCA appears to be independent of p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strohmeyer
- Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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27
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Wong YC, Wang YZ. Growth factors and epithelial-stromal interactions in prostate cancer development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2000; 199:65-116. [PMID: 10874577 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)99002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-stromal interactions are important not only in growth, development, and functional cytodifferentiation of the prostate but also in derangements of prostate gland such as BPH and prostate carcinoma. This chapter explores the roles of epithelium and stroma during this delicate process and highlights the role and mutual influence of each on the other. It also examines the importance of ECM in mediating the effects of androgens and drawn attention to estrogen and genetic factors in the process. During this process of epithelial-stromal interaction, growth factors play a central role in mediating the interactions. This chapter focuses on the role of several growth factors including epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, insulin-like growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor. This chapter emphasizes the importance of epithelial-stromal interactions in tumorigenesis and highlights the switch of paracrine to autocrine mode during the process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor angiogenesis is important in progressive tumor growth and metastasis. In the normal rat prostate and in androgen-sensitive prostate tumors androgen ablation causes an involution of the vasculature and a decrease in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels before regression of the prostate gland. To examine whether angiogenesis and metastasis are regulated by VEGF in androgen-insensitive and metastasizing prostate tumors, five Dunning rat prostate cancer sublines were tested; the androgen-sensitive, nonmetastasizing R3327 PAP, and the androgen-insensitive, low metastasizing AT-1, and the three androgen-insensitive, metastasizing AT-2, AT-3, and MatLyLu Dunning prostatic adenocarcinomas. METHODS VEGF levels were quantified in the rat dorsolateral prostate and in the five Dunning sublines using competitive RT-PCR, Western blot, and Elisa. Vascular density was determined by factor VIII staining. RESULTS VEGF mRNA was increased in all tumors compared with normal prostates. The two metastatic sublines AT-3 and MatLyLu and the nonmetastatic subline AT-1 showed the highest VEGF mRNA expression. VEGF protein levels in the prostate gland showed increased expression in the metastatic sublines, AT-2, AT-3, and MatLyLu, compared with the nonmetastatic AT-1 subline and the ventral prostate. VEGF proteins in serum were highest in the metastatic AT-3 subline. The vessel density was highest in the two highly metastatic sublines AT-3 and MatLyLu. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that VEGF levels are associated with microvessel density and the previously established metastatic pattern of these rat prostate tumor systems.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgens/physiology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Endothelial Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/blood
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/blood
- Male
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Isoforms
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- S Häggström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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29
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Chen HJ, Treweeke AT, Ke YQ, West DC, Toh CH. Angiogenically active vascular endothelial growth factor is over-expressed in malignant human and rat prostate carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1694-701. [PMID: 10817506 PMCID: PMC2374520 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent factors for stimulating angiogenesis, an essential process required for expansion of primary tumour and dissemination of malignant cells. To investigate the possible role of VEGF in facilitating metastasis of prostate cancer via stimulating angiogenesis, we have used Northern and slot blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, nucleotide sequence analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to compare the VEGF expression in series of human and rat cell lines with either benign or malignant characteristics. We have also employed the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to measure the angiogenic activity of the VEGF derived from both benign and malignant cells. The level of VEGF mRNA expressed in the seven malignant human and rat cell lines is 3.5- to 10-fold higher than that expressed in the benign cell lines. The three metastatic variants, generated by transfection of a benign cell line with DNA extracted from prostate carcinoma cells, expressed 2.5 to 5 times more VEGF mRNA than their parental benign cells. While VEGF 121 and 165 were predominantly expressed by both the benign and malignant cells, the transcript representing VEGF 189 isoform was only detected in the malignant cells. At protein level, three human malignant cell lines produced more VEGF (2.7-7.9 ng ml(-1)) than the benign cell line (1.3 ng ml(-1)). CAM assay detected a VEGF-dependent angiogenic activity in the medium from malignant cells, but only a relatively weak VEGF-independent activity in the medium from benign cells. These results demonstrated that malignant cells did over-express VEGF and only the VEGF derived from malignant cells was angiogenically active. Thus, we suggest that the VEGF produced by malignant cells might play an important role in facilitating metastasis of prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chen
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, UK
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Ferrer FA, Miller LJ, Lindquist R, Kowalczyk P, Laudone VP, Albertsen PC, Kreutzer DL. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in human prostate cancer. Urology 1999; 54:567-72. [PMID: 10475375 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently reported the expression and cytokine regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human prostate cancer (PCa). VEGF exerts its angiogenic and pro-tumorigenic properties by way of two high affinity receptors, fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT-1) and fetal liver kinase 1 (FLK-1). We hypothesized that these receptors are expressed and control VEGF functions in the PCa microenvironment. Herein, we evaluate the expression of these receptors in ex vivo PCa tissue, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) tissue, and cultured PCa cell lines. METHODS Ex vivo PCa specimens were obtained from patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Specimens were selected to contain both PCa and BPH tissue (n = 15). Immunohistochemical analysis using antihuman FLT-1 and FLK-1 was performed and specimens were analyzed to characterize the expression and distribution of both receptors. Immunocytochemical analysis for FLT-1 and FLK-1 was also performed on cultured PCa cell lines (DU-145 and LNCaP). RESULTS PCa cells expressed the VEGF receptor FLT-1 in 100% of specimens evaluated. Expression of FLK-1 was variable and related to tumor grade; high-grade tumors displayed little or no FLK-1 expression. Vascular endothelial cells (VECs) within areas of PCa consistently expressed both FLT-1 and FLK-1 receptors. FLT-1 and FLK-1 were both expressed in BPH tissue. FLT-1 was expressed in the glandular epithelial cells in BPH, but in most cases FLK-1 was localized specifically to the basal cell layer of hypertrophic glands. FLT-1, but not FLK-1, was expressed by the DU-145 and LNCaP cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Although they are differentially expressed, both FLT-1 and FLK-1 are present in PCa and BPH. Expression of receptors on VECs of tumor vessels supports the well-established role of VEGF in paracrine stimulation of VECs in the tumor microenvironment. The expression of FLT-1 and FLK-1 on tumor cells themselves suggests a potential autocrine function for VEGF (such as regulating tumor cell proliferation). These findings imply that a novel dual role may exist for VEGF, such that it is involved in tumor cell activation (autocrine), in addition to paracrine actions whereby it regulates endothelial cell functions and subsequent neovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Ferrer
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-3105, USA
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HAGGSTROM STINA, LISSBRANT INGELAFRANCK, BERGH ANDERS, DAMBER JANERIK. TESTOSTERONE INDUCES VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR SYNTHESIS IN THE VENTRAL PROSTATE IN CASTRATED RATS. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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HAGGSTROM STINA, LISSBRANT INGELAFRANCK, BERGH ANDERS, DAMBER JANERIK. TESTOSTERONE INDUCES VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR SYNTHESIS IN THE VENTRAL PROSTATE IN CASTRATED RATS. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199905000-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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