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Hu B, Wang C, Wu Y, Han C, Liu J, Chen R, Wang T. Revealing the mechanism of ethyl acetate extracts of Semen Impatientis against prostate cancer based on network pharmacology and transcriptomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118228. [PMID: 38643863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy of the male genitourinary system and currently lacks effective treatment. Semen Impatientis, the dried ripe seed of Impatiens balsamina L., is described by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is used in clinical practice to treat tumors, abdominal masses, etc. In our previous study, the ethyl acetate extracts of Semen Impatientis (EAESI) was demonstrated to be the most effective extract against PCa among various extracts. However, the biological effects of EAESI against PCa in vivo and the specific antitumor mechanisms involved remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of EAESI on PCa in vitro and in vivo by performing network pharmacology analysis, transcriptomic analysis, and experiments to explore and verify the underlying mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antitumor effect of EAESI on PCa in vitro and in vivo was investigated via CCK-8, EdU, flow cytometry, and wound healing assays and xenograft tumor models. Network pharmacology analysis and transcriptomic analysis were employed to explore the underlying mechanism of EAESI against PCa. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and androgen receptor (AR) were confirmed to be the targets of EAESI against PCa by RT‒qPCR, western blotting, and rescue assays. In addition, the interaction between ATF3 and AR was assessed by coimmunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and nuclear-cytoplasmic separation assays. RESULTS EAESI decreased cell viability, inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis in AR+ and AR- PCa cells. Moreover, EAESI suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the hub targets of EAESI against PCa included AR, AKT1, TP53, and CCND1. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was the most likely critical target of EAESI. EAESI downregulated AR expression and decreased the transcriptional activity of AR through ATF3 in AR+ PCa cells; and EAESI promoted the expression of ATF3 and exerted its antitumor effect via ATF3 in AR+ and AR- PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS EAESI exerts good antitumor effects on PCa both in vitro and in vivo, and ATF3 and AR are the critical targets through which EAESI exerts antitumor effects on AR+ and AR- PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bintao Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chenglin Han
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Jiang M, Chen R, Hu B, Xiong S, Li S, Fu B, Liu X. FATP2 activates PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by inhibiting ATF3 and promotes the occurrence and development of bladder cancer. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111087. [PMID: 38316266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is ranked among the main causes of mortality in male cancer patients, and research into targeted therapies guided by its genomics and molecular biology has been a prominent focus in BLCA studies. Fatty acid transporter protein 2 (FATP2), a member of the FATPs family,is a key contributor to the progression of cancers such as hepatocellular carcinomas and melanomas.However,its role in BLCA remains poorly understand. This study delved into the function of FATP2 in BLCA through a succession of experiments in vivo and in vitro, employing techniques as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), RNA sequencing, transwell assays, immunofluorescence, western blot,and others to dissect its mechanistic actions. The findings revealed that an oncogenic function is executed by FATP2 in bladder cancer, significantly impacting the proliferation and migration capabilities, thereby affecting the prognosis of BLCA patients. Furthermore, A suppression that relies on both time and concentration of BLCA proliferation and migration, trigger of apoptosis, and blockage of the cell cycle at the G2/M phase were observed when the inhibitor of FATP2, Lipofermata, was applied. It was unveiled through subsequent investigations that ATF3 expression is indirectly promoted by Lipofermata through the inhibition of FATP2, ultimately inhibiting the signal transduction of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. This effect was also responsible for the inhibitory impact on BLCA proliferation. Therefore, FATP2 emerges as an auspicious and emerging molecular target with potential applications in precision therapy in BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi,China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital of Fujian Medical Unerversity, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Urology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Situ Xiong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi,China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi,China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi,China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi,China.
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3
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Heravi G, Liu Z, Herroon M, Wilson A, Fan YY, Jiang Y, Vakeesan N, Tao L, Peng Z, Zhang K, Li J, Chapkin RS, Podgorski I, Liu W. Targeting Fatty Acid Desaturase I Inhibits Renal Cancer Growth Via ATF3-mediated ER Stress Response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.23.586426. [PMID: 38586033 PMCID: PMC10996531 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.23.586426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) play a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, an emerging hallmark of cancer. However, the role of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) desaturation in persistent ER stress driven by oncogenic abnormalities remains elusive. Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) is a rate-limiting enzyme controlling the bioproduction of long-chain PUFAs. Our previous research has demonstrated the significant role of FADS1 in cancer survival, especially in kidney cancers. We explored the underlying mechanism in this study. We found that pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of the expression of FADS1 effectively inhibits renal cancer cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest. The stable knockdown of FADS1 also significantly inhibits tumor formation in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that while FADS1 inhibition induces ER stress, its expression is also augmented by ER-stress inducers. Notably, FADS1-inhibition sensitized cellular response to ER stress inducers, providing evidence of FADS1's role in modulating the ER stress response in cancer cells. We show that, while FADS1 inhibition-induced ER stress leads to activation of ATF3, ATF3-knockdown rescues the FADS1 inhibition-induced ER stress and cell growth suppression. In addition, FADS1 inhibition results in the impaired biosynthesis of nucleotides and decreases the level of UPD-N-Acetylglucosamine, a critical mediator of the unfolded protein response. Our findings suggest that PUFA desaturation is crucial for rescuing cancer cells from persistent ER stress, supporting FADS1 as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Heravi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mackenzie Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Alexis Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Department of Nutrition, Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Nivisa Vakeesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zheyun Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition, Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- CPRIT Regional Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Chen L, Shi H, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Chen H, Wu Z, Qi H, Liu J, Zhong M, Shi X, Wang T, Li Q. Carfilzomib suppressed LDHA-mediated metabolic reprogramming by targeting ATF3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115939. [PMID: 38000560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Carfilzomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, has been approved as a treatment for relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism by which Carfilzomib inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression largely remains to be determined. In the present study, we found that Carfilzomib demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, carfilzomib triggers mitochondrial apoptosis and reprograms cellular metabolism in ESCC cells. Moreover, it has been identified that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) plays a crucial cellular target role in ESCC cells treated with Carfilzomib. Overexpression of ATF3 effectively antagonized the effects of carfilzomib on ESCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, the ATF3 protein is specifically bound to lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) to effectively suppress LDHA-mediated metabolic reprogramming in response to carfilzomib treatment. Research conducted in xenograft models demonstrates that ATF3 mediates the anti-tumor activity of Carfilzomib. The examination of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma indicated that ATF3 and LDHA have the potential to function as innovative targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of ESCC. Our findings demonstrate the novel function of Carfilzomib in modulating ESCC metabolism and progression, highlighting the potential of Carfilzomib as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanying Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - WenXin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zimei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qunyi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Yang Z, Hou Y, Li J, Xu D, Yang Z, Wang X. Activating transcription factor 3 is a new biomarker correlation with renal clear cell carcinoma progression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2024; 38:3946320241227320. [PMID: 38248871 PMCID: PMC10804930 DOI: 10.1177/03946320241227320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most invasive type of cancer, with a high risk of metastasis and recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets of ccRCC. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a tumor oncogene or repressor, has rarely been examined in ccRCC. In the present study, we comprehensively elucidate the prognostic value and potential functions of ATF3 in ccRCC.Methods: Several TCGA-based online databases were used to analyze ATF3 expression in ccRCC and determine ccRCC prognosis. The upstream-binding micro (mi) RNAs of ATF3 and long non-coding (lnc)RNAs were predicted using the StarBase database.Results: Analysis of several TCGA-based online databases showed that ATF3 expression is decreased in ccRCC, suggesting a significant association with the prognosis of patients with ccRCC. Furthermore, we found hsa-miR-221-3p to be potential regulatory miRNA of ATF3 in ccRCC. Prediction and analysis of the upstream lncRNAs indicated that PAXIP1-AS2 and OIP5-AS1 were the most potent upstream lncRNAs of the hsa-miR-221-3p/ATF3 axis in ccRCC. The results of the GO and KEGG analyses implied that ATF3 is likely involved in the regulation of apoptotic signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in ccRCC. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between ATF3 expression and ER stress.Conclusions: Our in silico findings highlighted that ATF3 expression was low in ccRCC and negatively correlated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, PAXIP1-AS2 and the OIP5-AS1/hsa-miR-221-3p/ATF3 axis were identified as significant potential regulators of ER stress-mediated apoptosis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Yang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yongwang Hou
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jingqi Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhichao Yang
- Clinical Department, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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Palombo R, Passacantilli I, Terracciano F, Capone A, Matteocci A, Tournier S, Alberdi A, Chiurchiù V, Volpe E, Paronetto MP. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling promotes an M1 macrophage switch by repressing the ATF3-CXCL8 axis in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2023; 555:216042. [PMID: 36565919 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas are aggressive pediatric tumors of bone and soft tissues driven by in frame chromosomal translocations that yield fusion proteins guiding the oncogenic program. Promising alternative strategies to ameliorate current treatments involve inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In this study, we identified the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) as an important mediator of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in Ewing sarcoma cells. ATF3 exerted its pro-tumoral activity through modulation of several chemokine-encoding genes, including CXCL8. The product of CXCL8, IL-8, acts as a pro-inflammatory chemokine critical for cancer progression and metastasis. We found that ATF3/IL-8 axis impacts macrophages populating the surrounding tumor microenvironment by promoting the M2 phenotype. Our study reveals valuable information on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR derived chemokine signaling in Ewing sarcoma cells: by promoting ATF3 and CXCL8 downregulation, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling promotes a proinflammatory response leading to upregulation of the protective anti-tumoral M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Palombo
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Passacantilli
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Terracciano
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Capone
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matteocci
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Simon Tournier
- Plateforme Technologique IRSL UMS Saint-Louis US53 / UAR2030, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Antonio Alberdi
- Plateforme Technologique IRSL UMS Saint-Louis US53 / UAR2030, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Volpe
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Laboratories of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Molecular Neuroimmunology, and Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy; University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Ryczek N, Łyś A, Makałowska I. The Functional Meaning of 5'UTR in Protein-Coding Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032976. [PMID: 36769304 PMCID: PMC9917990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As it is well known, messenger RNA has many regulatory regions along its sequence length. One of them is the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), which itself contains many regulatory elements such as upstream ORFs (uORFs), internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), microRNA binding sites, and structural components involved in the regulation of mRNA stability, pre-mRNA splicing, and translation initiation. Activation of the alternative, more upstream transcription start site leads to an extension of 5'UTR. One of the consequences of 5'UTRs extension may be head-to-head gene overlap. This review describes elements in 5'UTR of protein-coding transcripts and the functional significance of protein-coding genes 5' overlap with implications for transcription, translation, and disease.
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8
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Matrix metalloproteinase 2 is a target of the RAN-GTP pathway and mediates migration, invasion and metastasis in human breast cancer. Life Sci 2022; 310:121046. [PMID: 36209829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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McKay LGA, Thomas J, Albalawi W, Fattaccioli A, Dieu M, Ruggiero A, McKeating JA, Ball JK, Tarr AW, Renard P, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. The HCV Envelope Glycoprotein Down-Modulates NF-κB Signalling and Associates With Stimulation of the Host Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:831695. [PMID: 35371105 PMCID: PMC8964954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following acute HCV infection, the virus establishes a chronic disease in the majority of patients whilst few individuals clear the infection spontaneously. The precise mechanisms that determine chronic HCV infection or spontaneous clearance are not completely understood but are proposed to be driven by host and viral genetic factors as well as HCV encoded immunomodulatory proteins. Using the HIV-1 LTR as a tool to measure NF-κB activity, we identified that the HCV E1E2 glycoproteins and more so the E2 protein down-modulates HIV-1 LTR activation in 293T, TZM-bl and the more physiologically relevant Huh7 liver derived cell line. We demonstrate this effect is specifically mediated through inhibiting NF-κB binding to the LTR and show that this effect was conserved for all HCV genotypes tested. Transcriptomic analysis of 293T cells expressing the HCV glycoproteins identified E1E2 mediated stimulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway and upregulation of stress response genes such as ATF3. Through shRNA mediated inhibition of ATF3, one of the components, we observed that E1E2 mediated inhibitory effects on HIV-1 LTR activity was alleviated. Our in vitro studies demonstrate that HCV Env glycoprotein activates host ER Stress Pathways known to inhibit NF-κB activity. This has potential implications for understanding HCV induced immune activation as well as oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay G. A. McKay
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wejdan Albalawi
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Fattaccioli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- MaSUN, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W. Tarr
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium,MaSUN, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William A. Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: William A. Paxton,
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10
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Forkhead Box Protein P3 (FOXP3) Represses ATF3 Transcriptional Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111400. [PMID: 34768829 PMCID: PMC8583784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a transcription factor and acute stress sensor, is rapidly induced by a variety of pathophysiological signals and is essential in the complex processes in cellular stress response. FOXP3, a well-known breast and prostate tumor suppressor from the X chromosome, is a novel transcriptional repressor for several oncogenes. However, it remains unknown whether ATF3 is the target protein of FOXP3. Herein, we demonstrate that ATF3 expression is regulated by FOXP3. Firstly, we observed that overexpression of FOXP3 reduced ATF3 protein level. Moreover, knockdown FOXP3 by siRNA increased ATF3 expression. Secondly, FOXP3 dose-dependently reduced ATF3 promoter activity in the luciferase reporter assay. Since FOXP3 is regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), we next investigated whether PTMs affect FOXP3-mediated ATF3 expression. Interestingly, we observed that phosphorylation mutation on FOXP3 (Y342F) significantly abolished FOXP3-mediated ATF3 expression. However, other PTM mutations on FOXP3, including S418 phosphorylation, K263 acetylation and ubiquitination, and K268 acetylation and ubiquitination, did not alter FOXP3-mediated ATF3 expression. Finally, the FOXP3 binding site was found on ATF3 promoter region by deletion and mutagenesis analysis. Taken together, our results suggest that FOXP3 functions as a novel regulator of ATF3 and that this novel event may be involved in tumor development and progression.
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids DHA and EPA Reduce Bortezomib Resistance in Multiple Myeloma Cells by Promoting Glutathione Degradation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092287. [PMID: 34571936 PMCID: PMC8465636 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy that exhibits aberrantly high levels of proteasome activity. While treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib substantially increases overall survival of MM patients, acquired drug resistance remains the main challenge for MM treatment. Using a combination treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and bortezomib, it was demonstrated previously that pretreatment with DHA/EPA significantly increased bortezomib chemosensitivity in MM cells. In the current study, both transcriptome and metabolome analysis were performed to comprehensively evaluate the underlying mechanism. It was demonstrated that pretreating MM cells with DHA/EPA before bortezomib potently decreased the cellular glutathione (GSH) level and altered the expression of the related metabolites and key enzymes in GSH metabolism, whereas simultaneous treatment only showed minor effects on these factors, thereby suggesting the critical role of GSH degradation in overcoming bortezomib resistance in MM cells. Moreover, RNA-seq results revealed that the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-activating transcription factor 3/4 (ATF3/4)-ChaC glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (CHAC1) signaling pathway may be implicated as the central player in the GSH degradation. Pathways of necroptosis, ferroptosis, p53, NRF2, ATF4, WNT, MAPK, NF-κB, EGFR, and ERK may be connected to the tumor suppressive effect caused by pretreatment of DHA/EPA prior to bortezomib. Collectively, this work implicates GSH degradation as a potential therapeutic target in MM and provides novel mechanistic insights into its significant role in combating bortezomib resistance.
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Tian H, Chou FJ, Tian J, Zhang Y, You B, Huang CP, Yeh S, Niu Y, Chang C. ASC-J9® suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion via altering the ATF3-PTK2 signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:3. [PMID: 33390173 PMCID: PMC7780640 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early studies indicated that ASC-J9®, an androgen receptor (AR) degradation enhancer, could suppress the prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Here we found ASC-J9® could also suppress the PCa progression via an AR-independent mechanism, which might involve modulating the tumor suppressor ATF3 expression. Methods The lentiviral system was used to modify gene expression in C4–2, CWR22Rv1 and PC-3 cells. Western blot and Immunohistochemistry were used to detect protein expression. MTT and Transwell assays were used to test the proliferation and invasion ability. Results ASC-J9® can suppress PCa cell proliferation and invasion in both PCa C4–2 and CWR22Rv1 cells via altering the ATF3 expression. Further mechanistic studies reveal that ASC-J9® can increase the ATF3 expression via decreasing Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit expression, which can then lead to decrease the PTK2 expression. Human clinical studies further linked the ATF3 expression to the PCa progression. Preclinical studies using in vivo mouse model also proved ASC-J9® could suppress AR-independent PCa cell invasion, which could be reversed after suppressing ATF3. Conclusions ASC-J9® can function via altering ATF3/PTK2 signaling to suppress the PCa progression in an AR-independent manner. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01760-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Fu-Ju Chou
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Bosen You
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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13
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Borgoni S, Sofyalı E, Soleimani M, Wilhelm H, Müller-Decker K, Will R, Noronha A, Beumers L, Verschure PJ, Yarden Y, Magnani L, van Kampen AH, Moerland PD, Wiemann S. Time-Resolved Profiling Reveals ATF3 as a Novel Mediator of Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2918. [PMID: 33050633 PMCID: PMC7650760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death for women worldwide. Patients whose tumors express Estrogen Receptor α account for around 70% of cases and are mostly treated with targeted endocrine therapy. However, depending on the degree of severity of the disease at diagnosis, 10 to 40% of these tumors eventually relapse due to resistance development. Even though recent novel approaches as the combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors increased the overall survival of relapsing patients, this remains relatively short and there is a urgent need to find alternative targetable pathways. In this study we profiled the early phases of the resistance development process to uncover drivers of this phenomenon. Time-resolved analysis revealed that ATF3, a member of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors, acts as a novel regulator of the response to therapy via rewiring of central signaling processes towards the adaptation to endocrine treatment. ATF3 was found to be essential in controlling crucial processes such as proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis during the early response to treatment through the regulation of MAPK/AKT signaling pathways. Its essential role was confirmed in vivo in a mouse model, and elevated expression of ATF3 was verified in patient datasets, adding clinical relevance to our findings. This study proposes ATF3 as a novel mediator of endocrine resistance development in breast cancer and elucidates its role in the regulation of downstream pathways activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Borgoni
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.S.); (H.W.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emre Sofyalı
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.S.); (H.W.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maryam Soleimani
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (A.H.C.v.K.); (P.D.M.)
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Wilhelm
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.S.); (H.W.); (L.B.)
| | - Karin Müller-Decker
- Tumor Models Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Rainer Will
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Ashish Noronha
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel; (A.N.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Lukas Beumers
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.S.); (H.W.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pernette J. Verschure
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel; (A.N.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK;
| | - Antoine H.C. van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (A.H.C.v.K.); (P.D.M.)
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Perry D. Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (A.H.C.v.K.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.S.); (H.W.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Emura N, Wang CM, Yang WH, Yang WH. Steroidogenic Factor 1 (NR5A1) Activates ATF3 Transcriptional Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041429. [PMID: 32093223 PMCID: PMC7073147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1/NR5A1), an orphan nuclear receptor, is important for sexual differentiation and the development of multiple endocrine organs, as well as cell proliferation in cancer cells. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a transcriptional repressor, and its expression is rapidly induced by DNA damage and oncogenic stimuli. Since both NR5A1 and ATF3 can regulate and cooperate with several transcription factors, we hypothesized that NR5A1 may interact with ATF3 and plays a functional role in cancer development. First, we found that NR5A1 physically interacts with ATF3. We further demonstrated that ATF3 expression is up-regulated by NR5A1. Moreover, the promoter activity of the ATF3 is activated by NR5A1 in a dose-dependent manner in several cell lines. By mapping the ATF3 promoter as well as the site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we provide evidence that NR5A1 response elements (-695 bp and -665 bp) are required for ATF3 expression by NR5A1. It is well known that the transcriptional activities of NR5A1 are modulated by post-translational modifications, such as small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification and phosphorylation. Notably, we found that both SUMOylation and phosphorylation of NR5A1 play roles, at least in part, for NR5A1-mediated ATF3 expression. Overall, our results provide the first evidence of a novel relationship between NR5A1 and ATF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Emura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
| | - Chiung-Min Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
| | - William Harry Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
| | - Wei-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-912-721-8203; Fax: +1-912-721-8268
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15
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Chen Y, Renfree MB. Hormonal and Molecular Regulation of Phallus Differentiation in a Marsupial Tammar Wallaby. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010106. [PMID: 31963388 PMCID: PMC7017150 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies in phalluses caused by endocrine disruptors have gained a great deal of attention due to its annual increasing rate in males. However, the endocrine-driven molecular regulatory mechanism of abnormal phallus development is complex and remains largely unknown. Here, we review the direct effect of androgen and oestrogen on molecular regulation in phalluses using the marsupial tammar wallaby, whose phallus differentiation occurs after birth. We summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying phallus differentiation mediated by sonic hedgehog (SHH) at day 50 pp and phallus elongation mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), as well as multiple phallus-regulating genes expressed after day 50 pp. We also identify hormone-responsive long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are co-expressed with their neighboring coding genes. We show that the activation of SHH and IGF1, mediated by balanced androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signalling, initiates a complex regulatory network in males to constrain the timing of phallus differentiation and to activate the downstream genes that maintain urethral closure and phallus elongation at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Marilyn B. Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (M.B.R.)
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16
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Ku HC, Cheng CF. Master Regulator Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Metabolic Homeostasis and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:556. [PMID: 32922364 PMCID: PMC7457002 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor that plays vital roles in modulating metabolism, immunity, and oncogenesis. ATF3 acts as a hub of the cellular adaptive-response network. Multiple extracellular signals, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cytokines, chemokines, and LPS, are connected to ATF3 induction. The function of ATF3 as a regulator of metabolism and immunity has recently sparked intense attention. In this review, we describe how ATF3 can act as both a transcriptional activator and a repressor. We then focus on the role of ATF3 and ATF3-regulated signals in modulating metabolism, immunity, and oncogenesis. The roles of ATF3 in glucose metabolism and adipose tissue regulation are also explored. Next, we summarize how ATF3 regulates immunity and maintains normal host defense. In addition, we elaborate on the roles of ATF3 as a regulator of prostate, breast, colon, lung, and liver cancers. Further understanding of how ATF3 regulates signaling pathways involved in glucose metabolism, adipocyte metabolism, immuno-responsiveness, and oncogenesis in various cancers, including prostate, breast, colon, lung, and liver cancers, is then provided. Finally, we demonstrate that ATF3 acts as a master regulator of metabolic homeostasis and, therefore, may be an appealing target for the treatment of metabolic dyshomeostasis, immune disorders, and various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Ku
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ching-Feng Cheng
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Subat S, Mogushi K, Yasen M, Kohda T, Ishikawa Y, Tanaka H. Identification of genes and pathways, including the CXCL2 axis, altered by DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:675-684. [PMID: 30564899 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent genetic studies have suggested that tumor suppressor genes are often silenced during carcinogenesis via epigenetic modification caused by methylation of promoter CpG islands. Here, we characterized genes inactivated by DNA methylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to identify the genes and pathways involved in DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Eight HCC-derived cell lines were treated with a DNA demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Additionally, 100 pairs of primary HCC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues as well as 15 normal liver tissues were analyzed by comprehensive gene expression analysis using microarrays. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis identified the major molecular pathways associated with DNA methylation. Validation of gene expression and DNA methylation status was performed by real-time PCR after bisulfite modification. RESULTS We showed that CXCL2, an immune-related chemokine, expression was significantly downregulated in tumor tissues and also significantly upregulated by DAC treatment in cell lines. Furthermore, we observed a statistically significant difference in methylation status between normal liver tissues and tumor tissues (P < 0.05). In addition, tumors with higher CXCL2 expression included significantly more numbers of multiple tumors than the lower expression group. CONCLUSIONS We identified CXCL2, an immune-related chemokine, decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma and the regulation mechanism may be controlled by methylation. Further studies should be warranted to examine if and to what extent the gene is actually suppressed by methylation and if there is a possibility that the CXCL2 axis plays a role for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Subat
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ward, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mogushi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahmut Yasen
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ward, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Takashi Kohda
- Department of Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ward, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Vastrad C, Vastrad B. Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles to diagnose crucial and novel genes in glioblastoma multiform. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1395-1461. [PMID: 30097214 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therefore, the current study aimed to diagnose the genes associated in the pathogenesis of GBM. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were diagnosed using the limma software package. The ToppFun was used to perform pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network were used to obtain insight into the actions of DEGs. Survival analysis for DEGs carried out. A total of 701 DEGs, including 413 upregulated and 288 downregulated genes, were diagnosed between U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 1 h exposure) and U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 24 h exposure). The up-regulated genes were enriched in superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis, cell cycle, cell cycle process and chromosome. The down-regulated genes were enriched in folate transformations I, biosynthesis of amino acids, cellular amino acid metabolic process and vacuolar membrane. The current study screened the genes in PPI network, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network with higher degrees as hub genes, which included MYC, TERF2IP, CDK1, EEF1G, TXNIP, SLC1A5, RGS4 and IER5L Survival suggested that low expressed NR4A2, SLC7 A5, CYR61 and ID1 in patients with GBM was linked with a positive prognosis for overall survival. In conclusion, the current study could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the progression of GBM, and these crucial as well as new molecular markers might be used as therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, 580001, Karanataka, India.
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SET`S College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580002, India
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Inoue M, Uchida Y, Edagawa M, Hirata M, Mitamura J, Miyamoto D, Taketani K, Sekine S, Kawauchi J, Kitajima S. The stress response gene ATF3 is a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inhibits the invasion and migration of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194160. [PMID: 29966001 PMCID: PMC6028230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is implicated in tumorigenesis and the progression of human colorectal cancers, and mutations in the components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are observed in the majority of patients. Therefore, extensive studies on the Wnt signaling pathway and its target genes are crucial to understand the molecular events of tumorigenesis and develop an efficacious therapy. In this study, we showed that the stress response gene ATF3 is transcriptionally activated by the binding of β-catenin and TCF4 to the redundant TCF4 site at the proximal promoter region of the ATF3 gene, indicating that ATF3 is a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The loss of function or overexpression studies showed that ATF3 inhibited the migration or invasion of HCT116 cells. The expression of some MMP and TIMP genes and the ratio of MMP2/9 to TIMP3/4 mRNAs was differentially regulated by ATF3. Therefore, though ATF3 is activated downstream of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, it acts as a negative regulator of the migration and invasion of HCT116 human colon cancer cells exhibiting aberrant Wnt/β-catenin activity. ATF3 is a candidate biomarker and target for human colorectal cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inoue
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Uchida
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Edagawa
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Manabu Hirata
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitamura
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Taketani
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sekine
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Kitajima
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Song Q, Chen Q, Wang Q, Yang L, Lv D, Jin G, Liu J, Li B, Fei X. ATF-3/miR-590/GOLPH3 signaling pathway regulates proliferation of breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29534690 PMCID: PMC6389151 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Fast growth is the important character of breast cancer, which makes sure the subsequent metastasize and invasion breast cancer. Golgi related genes GOLPH3 has been reported to regulate many kinds of cancers proliferation. However, its upregulator remains largely unknown. miRNA modulate gene expression by post-transcriptional repression to participate in many signaling pathway of breast cancer cell proliferation. miR-590 has been reported to regulate tumorgenesis and could be regulated by its own target ATF-3. But whether miR-590 can be the modulator of Golgi related genes to regulate the breast cancer proliferation is unclear. Methods We performed the bioinformatics analysis of survival rate and expression differences of patients using the data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).Both of MTS and BrdU assays were used for cell proliferation analysis. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry .qRT-PCR was used for detecting the cell cycle related gene expression. Student’s t-test or One way anova was used for statistics. Results We found the upregulation of GOLPH3 in breast cancer samples compared with normal breast tissues, which also was related to the poor prognosis. Overexpression of GOLPH3 significantly promoted proliferation both of MDA-MB-231 cells (ER negative) and MCF-7 cells (ER positive). We further found that miRNA-590-3p could directly target the 3′-UTR of GOLPH3 mRNA to repress its expression. Overexpression of miR-590-3p inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The rescue experiments indicated that overexpression of GOLPH3 significantly resorted the proliferation inhibited by miR-590-3p. We also found that ATF-3 repressed miR-590-3p expression to modulate miR-590/GOLPH3 pathway to regulate breast cancer cells proliferation. Conclusions This study not only suggests that the ATF-3/miR-590/GOLPH3 signaling pathway is critically involved in the proliferation of breast cancer cells, but provides a novel therapeutic target and new insight base on epigenetic regulation for future breast cancer diagnosis and clinical treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4031-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Qimin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Longqiu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Dongdong Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Guangli Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China
| | - Baolin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Number 195, Tongbai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, China.
| | - Xuejie Fei
- Department of Hospital Infections, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Number 187, Puan Road, Shanghai, 200021, China.
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Donohoe CD, Csordás G, Correia A, Jindra M, Klein C, Habermann B, Uhlirova M. Atf3 links loss of epithelial polarity to defects in cell differentiation and cytoarchitecture. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007241. [PMID: 29494583 PMCID: PMC5849342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between apicobasal cell polarity modules and the cytoskeleton is critical for differentiation and integrity of epithelia. However, this coordination is poorly understood at the level of gene regulation by transcription factors. Here, we establish the Drosophila activating transcription factor 3 (atf3) as a cell polarity response gene acting downstream of the membrane-associated Scribble polarity complex. Loss of the tumor suppressors Scribble or Dlg1 induces atf3 expression via aPKC but independent of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Strikingly, removal of Atf3 from Dlg1 deficient cells restores polarized cytoarchitecture, levels and distribution of endosomal trafficking machinery, and differentiation. Conversely, excess Atf3 alters microtubule network, vesicular trafficking and the partition of polarity proteins along the apicobasal axis. Genomic and genetic approaches implicate Atf3 as a regulator of cytoskeleton organization and function, and identify Lamin C as one of its bona fide target genes. By affecting structural features and cell morphology, Atf3 functions in a manner distinct from other transcription factors operating downstream of disrupted cell polarity. Epithelial cells form sheets and line both the outside and inside of our body. Their proper development and function require the asymmetric distribution of cellular components from the top to the bottom, known as apicobasal polarization. As loss of polarity hallmarks a majority of cancers in humans, understanding how epithelia respond to a collapse of the apicobasal axis is of great interest. Here, we show that in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster the breakdown of epithelial polarity engages Activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), a protein that directly binds the DNA and regulates gene expression. We demonstrate that many of the pathological consequences of disturbed polarity require Atf3, as its loss in this context results in normalization of cellular architecture, vesicle trafficking and differentiation. Using unbiased genome-wide approaches we identify the genetic program controlled by Atf3 and experimentally verify select candidates. Given the evolutionary conservation of Atf3 between flies and man, we believe that our findings in the Drosophila model will contribute to a better understanding of diseases stemming from compromised epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. Donohoe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreia Correia
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marek Jindra
- Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Corinna Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Jadhav K, Zhang Y. Activating transcription factor 3 in immune response and metabolic regulation. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:96-102. [PMID: 29242753 PMCID: PMC5724780 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors. In response to stress stimuli, ATF3 forms dimers to activate or repress gene expression. Further, ATF3 modulates the immune response, atherogenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that ATF3 may also be involved in pathogenesis of other diseases. However, more studies are needed to determine the role of ATF3 in metabolic regulation.
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Abstract
Numerous environmental, physiological, and pathological insults disrupt protein-folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), referred to as ER stress. Eukaryotic cells evolved a set of intracellular signaling pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), to maintain a productive ER protein-folding environment through reprogramming gene transcription and mRNA translation. The UPR is largely dependent on transcription factors (TFs) that modulate expression of genes involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, including development, metabolism, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Here we summarize the current knowledge about these mechanisms, their impact on physiological/pathological processes, and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Choongchungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, 92307 USA
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Li J, Yang Z, Chen Z, Bao Y, Zhang H, Fang X, Yang W. ATF3 suppresses ESCC via downregulation of ID1. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1642-1648. [PMID: 27602100 PMCID: PMC4998220 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer and has a particularly high mortality rate due to early metastasis; however, the underlying mechanisms of its formation and progression remain unclear. The present study performed immunohistochemical analysis and observed that the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was reduced in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in comparison with non-tumor adjacent tissues. By contrast, inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1) was overexpressed in ESCC tissues, demonstrating an inverse correlation with ATF3 (P<0.01). In ESCC EC109 and KYSE450 cells lines, transfection with an ATF3-overexpression plasmid resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation, motility and migration, which was associated with the induction of E-cadherin expression and inhibition of cyclin D1 and Twist. Notably, ATF3 exerted an inverse regulatory interaction with ID1. The results of the present study provide additional evidence of the tumor suppressive features of ATF3 and demonstrate a novel mechanism of ATF3-mediated inhibition of cancer metastasis in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zishan Yang
- Laboratory for Cancer Signal Transduction, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiuguo Chen
- Laboratory for Cancer Signal Transduction, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China; Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Bao
- Laboratory for Cancer Signal Transduction, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Xinhui Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wancai Yang
- Laboratory for Cancer Signal Transduction, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China; Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Choi SR, Chung BY, Kim SW, Kim CD, Yun WJ, Lee MW, Choi JH, Chang SE. Activation of autophagic pathways is related to growth inhibition and senescence in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2016; 23:718-24. [PMID: 25046976 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a very common resectable cancer; however, cutaneous SCC is highly resistant to chemotherapy if metastasis develops. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has been suggested as a marker of advanced or metastatic cutaneous SCC. Autophagy is one of the most important mechanisms in cancer biology and commonly induced by in vitro serum starvation. To investigate the role of autophagy activation in cutaneous SCC, we activated autophagic pathways by serum starvation in SCC13 and ATF3-overexpressing SCC13 (ATF3-SCC13) cell lines. ATF3-SCC13 cells demonstrated high proliferative capacity and low p53 and autophagy levels in comparison with control SCC13 cells under basal conditions. Intriguingly, autophagic stimulation via serum starvation resulted in growth inhibition and senescence in both cells, while ATF3-SCC13 cells further demonstrated growth inhibition and senescence. Apoptosis was not significantly induced by autophagy activation. Taken together, autophagy activation may be a promising antitumor approach for advanced cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ra Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Ma S, Pang C, Song L, Guo F, Sun H. Activating transcription factor 3 is overexpressed in human glioma and its knockdown in glioblastoma cells causes growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1561-73. [PMID: 25872784 PMCID: PMC4432930 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are highly malignant gliomas that are extremely invasive with high rates of recurrence and mortality. It has been reported that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is expressed in elevated levels in multiple malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of ATF3 in the development of glioma and its clinical significance. Immunohistochemical staining, western blot analysis and RT-qPCR revealed that the mRNA and protein levels of ATF3 and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) were higher in the glioma than in the normal human brain tissues, and that their levels were proportional to the pathological grades. By contrast, the mRNA and protein levels of mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin; SERPINB5) were significantly lower in the glioma than in the normal brain tissue, and maspin expression was inversely proportional to the glioma pathological grade. The transfection of U373MG glioblastoma cells with ATF3-siRNA induced a number of changes in cell behavior; the cell proliferative activity was decreased and flow cytometry revealed an increased proportion of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In addition, TUNEL staining indicated an increased proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis and Transwell assays revealed impaired cell mobility. The sizes of the tumors grown as xenografts in nude mice were also significantly reduced by treatment of host mice with ATF3-siRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that ATF3 promotes the progression of human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Changhe Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Laijun Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Liu J, Wang B, Wang W, Sun M, Li Y, Jia X, Zhai S, Dang S. Computational networks of activating transcription factor 3 gene in Huh7 cell lines and hepatitis C virus-infected Huh7 cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1239-46. [PMID: 25816118 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is an adaptive‑response gene of the ATF family. ATF3 activity may be induced in response to a number of different stress-associated signals and ATF3 is involved in a variety of cellular processes. However, the functions of ATF3 and its molecular networks in human hepatoma cells lines and hepatitis C virus-infected Huh7 (HCV-Huh7) cells are not well understood. In the present study, ATF3 regulatory networks in Huh7 and HCV-Huh7 cell lines were established using the linear programming-based GRNinfer software and molecule annotation system 3.0 software. The gene expression omnibus dataset, GSE20948, was analyzed. The resulting network consisted of clusters located upstream and downstream of ATF3 in Huh7 and HCV-Huh7 cell lines. Using the annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) software, 10 activation and 2 inhibition enriched functional annotation clusters were identified downstream of ATF3 in HCV-Huh7 cells. However, there were no enriched functional annotation clusters identified upstream of ATF3 in HCV-Huh7 cells. Furthermore, no clusters were identified downstream nor upstream of ATF3 in Huh7 cells. Gene ontology term and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analyses demonstrated that ATF3 may be involved in a number of biological processes, in particular, in metabolism regulation in HCV-Huh7 cells. It is hypothesized that the ATF3 pathway may be activated in Huh7 cells following HCV infection and that it is a potential 'hub' in the network of HCV-Huh7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of the Laboratory, Shaanxi Province Health Inspection Institution, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yapping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Shuangsuo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Huang L, Zhang SM, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Zhu LH, Chen K, Gao L, Zhang Y, Kong XJ, Tian S, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 7 protects against vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001309. [PMID: 25304854 PMCID: PMC4323813 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a member of the interferon regulatory factor family, plays important roles in innate immunity and immune cell differentiation. However, the role of IRF7 in neointima formation is currently unknown. Methods and Results Significant decreases in IRF7 expression were observed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) following carotid artery injury in vivo and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) stimulation in vitro. Compared with non‐transgenic (NTG) controls, SMC‐specific IRF7 transgenic (IRF7‐TG) mice displayed reduced neointima formation and VSMC proliferation in response to carotid injury, whereas a global knockout of IRF7 (IRF7‐KO) resulted in the opposite effect. Notably, a novel IRF7‐KO rat strain was successfully generated and used to further confirm the effects of IRF7 deletion on the acceleration of intimal hyperplasia based on a balloon injury‐induced vascular lesion model. Mechanistically, IRF7's inhibition of carotid thickening and the expression of VSMC proliferation markers was dependent on the interaction of IRF7 with activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and its downstream target, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The evidence that IRF7/ATF3‐double‐TG (DTG) and IRF7/ATF3‐double‐KO (DKO) mice abolished the regulatory effects exhibited by the IRF7‐TG and IRF7‐KO mice, respectively, validated the underlying molecular events of IRF7‐ATF3 interaction. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that IRF7 modulated VSMC proliferation and neointima formation by interacting with ATF3, thereby inhibiting the ATF3‐mediated induction of PCNA transcription. The results of this study indicate that IRF7 is a novel modulator of neointima formation and VSMC proliferation and may represent a promising target for vascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China (X.J.Z.)
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (L.G.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiang-Jie Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (K.C., X.D.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.) Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (L.H., S.M.Z., P.Z., L.H.Z., Y.Z., X.J.K., S.T., H.L.)
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Lin L, Yao Z, Bhuvaneshwar K, Gusev Y, Kallakury B, Yang S, Shetty K, He AR. Transcriptional regulation of STAT3 by SPTBN1 and SMAD3 in HCC through cAMP-response element-binding proteins ATF3 and CREB2. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2393-403. [PMID: 25096061 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein Spectrin, beta, non-erythrocytic 1 (SPTBN1), an adapter protein to SMAD3 in TGF-β signaling, may prevent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development by downregulating the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). To elucidate the as yet undefined mechanisms that regulate this process, we demonstrate that higher levels of STAT3 transcription are found in livers of heterozygous SPTBN1(+/-) mice as compared to that of wild type mice. We also found increased levels of STAT3 mRNA, STAT3 protein, and p-STAT3 in human HCC cell-lines after knockdown of SPTBN1 or SMAD3, which promoted cell colony formation. Inhibition of STAT3 overrode the increase in cell colony formation due to knockdown of SPTBN1 or SMAD3. We also found that inhibition of SPTBN1 or SMAD3 upregulated STAT3 promoter activity in HCC cell-lines, which is dependent upon the cAMP-response element (CRE) and STAT-binding element (SBE) sites of the STAT3 promoter. Mechanistically, suppression of SPTBN1 and SMAD3 augmented the transcription of STAT3 by upregulating the CRE-binding proteins ATF3 and CREB2 and augmented the binding of those proteins to the regions within or upstream of the CRE site of the STAT3 promoter. Finally, in human HCC tissues, SPTBN1 expression correlated negatively with expression levels of STAT3, ATF3, and CREB2; SMAD3 expression correlated negatively with STAT3 expression; and the level of phosphorylated SMAD3 (p-SMAD3) correlated negatively with ATF3 and CREB2 protein levels. SPTBN1 and SMAD3 collaborate with CRE-binding transcription factors to inhibit STAT3, thereby preventing HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Department of Medicine and Oncology and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Zhixing Yao
- Department of Medicine and Oncology and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Krithika Bhuvaneshwar
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Yuriy Gusev
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Medicine and Oncology and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Shaoxian Yang
- Department of Medicine and Oncology and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Department of Medicine and Oncology and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Aiwu Ruth He
- Department of Medicine and Oncology and Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Xiaoyan L, Shengbing Z, Yu Z, Lin Z, Chengjie L, Jingfeng L, Aimin H. Low expression of activating transcription factor 3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinicopathological significance. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:477-81. [PMID: 24906227 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To explore the expression and role of activating transcription factor 3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, Western blot assay and Real-time PCR were used to evaluate activating transcription factor 3 protein and gene level in HCC clinical samples. RESULTS Activating transcription factor 3 expression is lowest in HCC, and the protein level is lower in patients with capsule invasion, while there is no association with other main clinical pathological features. CONCLUSIONS Low expression of ATF3 may function as a tumor suppressor during human hepatocellular oncogenesis and targeting ATF3 pathway might be beneficial for anti-HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiaoyan
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Zang Shengbing
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Zhang Yu
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Lin Chengjie
- Liver Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China
| | - Liu Jingfeng
- Liver Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China.
| | - Huang Aimin
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China.
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31
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Wang Y, Li L, Qu Z, Li R, Bi T, Jiang J, Zhao H. The expression of miR-30a* and miR-30e* is associated with a dualistic model for grading ovarian papillary serious carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1904-14. [PMID: 24676806 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological grade has already been recognized as a very important prognostic factor for ovarian papillary serous carcinoma (OPSC). On the basis of pathogenetic mechanisms, recent findings suggest a dualistic model of OPSC consisting of types I (low-grade) and II (high-grade) cancers. High-grade OPSC is responsible for most ovarian cancer deaths. The goal of our investigation was to identify the differences in key miRNAs and possible regulators through miRNA microarray chip analysis, as well as functional target prediction and clinical outcome between the low and high-grade OPSC patients. The pathogenic basis in differentiation of ovarian cancer subtypes was studied to provide insight into diagnosis and therapy for high-grade cases. Through microarray analysis, we found that miR-30a* and miR-30e* were the top 2 significantly different miRNAs between type I and type II OPSC patients, and both were remarkably downregulated in the latter type. ATF3 and MYC were indicated as potential co-targets of miR-30a* and miR-30e*, and showed a significant upregulation in type II patients. As ATF3 and MYC are often associated with aggressive behavior and poor differentiation, especially in human cancers, these results are in good agreement with our findings and point toward a regulating differentiation function of the miR-30a* and miR-30e* genes. Further analysis using leave‑one-out cross predictions and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis strongly suggested that miR-30a* and miR-30e* can be used as biomarkers to tailor histological grade before starting the regimen, and they showed important roles in ovarian cancer differentiation resulting in poorer prognosis. In general, miR-30a* and miR-30e* coupled with expression data that reveal pathogenic regulation to predict histological differentiation, may operate to direct the formation of early detection and therapeutic approaches to individual OPSC patients, especially differentiation therapy to high-grade cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lv Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyun Qu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Ruomeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Tie Bi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Jiyong Jiang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Henan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
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32
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Thompson MR, Xu D, Williams BR. Activating Transcription Factor 3 Contributes to Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Macrophage Survival via Repression ofBaxandBak. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:682-93. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Thompson
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dakang Xu
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan R.G. Williams
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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A Taiwanese Propolis Derivative Induces Apoptosis through Inducing Endoplasmic Reticular Stress and Activating Transcription Factor-3 in Human Hepatoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:658370. [PMID: 24222778 PMCID: PMC3814109 DOI: 10.1155/2013/658370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor-(ATF-) 3, a stress-inducible transcription factor, is rapidly upregulated under various stress conditions and plays an important role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. NBM-TP-007-GS-002 (GS-002) is a Taiwanese propolin G (PPG) derivative. In this study, we examined the antitumor effects of GS-002 in human hepatoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells in vitro. First, we found that GS-002 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in dose-dependent manners. Several main apoptotic indicators were found in GS-002-treated cells, such as the cleaved forms of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). GS-002 also induced endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress as evidenced by increases in ER stress-responsive proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), phosphorylated protein endoplasmic-reticular-resident kinase (PERK), and ATF-3. The induction of ATF-3 expression was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in GS-002-treated cells. Furthermore, we found that GS-002 induced more cell apoptosis in ATF-3-overexpressing cells. These results suggest that the induction of apoptosis by the propolis derivative, GS-002, is partially mediated through ER stress and ATF-3-dependent pathways, and GS-002 has the potential for development as an antitumor drug.
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34
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Zhao H, Ding Y, Tie B, Sun ZF, Jiang JY, Zhao J, Lin X, Cui S. miRNA expression pattern associated with prognosis in elderly patients with advanced OPSC and OCC. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:839-49. [PMID: 23787480 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term survival for elderly patients with advanced ovarian papillary serous carcinoma (OPSC) does not exceed 30%, and the incidence and prognosis rise continuously after menopause. The aim of this study was to identify the differences in key miRNAs and their potential regulators through miRNA microarray analysis, functional target prediction, and clinical outcome between the elderly patients with advanced OPSC and ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCC) who all suffered poor prognosis, to identify the pathogenetic basis, and to improve the understanding of the molecular basis of advanced OPCS in elderly patients. Through microarray analysis, we found 52 unique miRNAs with significant fold‑change in expression levels, of which 9 were upregulated, whereas 43 were downregulated in OCC patients compared to elderly OPSC patients with advanced stage. Among these prediction miRNAs, miR-30a, miR-30e and miR-505 were found to have some common cancer-related targets. Lower expression of these three miRNAs of advanced OPSC in elderly patients, all associated with significantly poorer survival rate, strongly suggesting that they could be critical oncogenes and take important roles in OPSC etiology in elderly patients with advantaged stage. Functional analyses support the above hypothesis. Their targets, ATF3, STMN1 and MYC suggest that OPSC also has aggressive biological behavior when presented with advanced stage, and support the epidemiology results that incidence and mortality of advanced OPSC increases continuously. miR-30a, miR-30e and miR-505 may be important pathogenetic factors for OPSC in elderly patients with advanced stage. Age could be regarded as a continuous covariate in this process. This may improve the understanding of molecular underpinnings of advanced OPSC in elderly patients, and provide improved diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhao
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
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35
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Wang CM, Yang WH. Loss of SUMOylation on ATF3 inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells by modulating CCND1/2 activity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8367-80. [PMID: 23591848 PMCID: PMC3645748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation plays an important role in regulating a wide range of cellular processes. Previously, we showed that ATF3, a stress response mediator, can be SUMOylated and lysine 42 is the major SUMO site. However, the significance of ATF3 SUMOylation in biological processes is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of ATF3 SUMOylation on CCND activity and cellular proliferation in human prostate cancer cells. First, we showed that ATF3 can be SUMOylated endogenously in the overexpression system, and lysine 42 is the major SUMO site. Unlike normal prostate tissue and androgen-responsive LNCaP cancer cells, androgen-independent PC3 and DU145 cancer cells did not express ATF3 endogenously. Overexpression of ATF3 increased CCND1/2 expression in PC3 and DU145 cancer cells. Interestingly, we observed that SUMOylation is essential for ATF3-mediated CCND1/2 activation. Finally, we observed that SUMOylation plays a functional role in ATF3-mediated cellular proliferation in PC3 and DU145 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SUMO modification of ATF3 influences CCND1/2 activity and cellular proliferation of prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cells and explains at least in part how ATF3 functions to regulate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Min Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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36
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Kang HS, Ock J, Lee HJ, Lee YJ, Kwon BM, Hong SH. Early growth response protein 1 upregulation and nuclear translocation by 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde induces prostate cancer cell death. Cancer Lett 2012. [PMID: 23178451 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2'-Benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA) induces apoptosis in human cancer cells through ROS generation. BCA upregulates proapoptotic genes such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), NSAID-activated gene 1 protein (NAG-1), and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein alpha (GADD45A) in prostate cancer cells. These genes are known to be induced by transcription factor early growth response protein 1 (EGR1). BCA induces significant EGR1 upregulation, while EGR1 knockdown decreases the induction of these genes with concurrent alleviation of cell death by BCA. Antioxidant glutathione pretreatment with BCA removes EGR1 expression increase, suggesting that EGR1 upregulation is dependent on oxidative stress generated by BCA. In prostate cancer cells, EGR1 localizes in the cytoplasm; however, BCA remarkably upregulates EGR1 nuclear translocalization, suggesting its possible effect as a transcriptional activator. BCA induces transient upregulation of importin-7 (IPO7) which is critical for EGR1 nuclear translocation, and IPO7 knockdown led to a significant decrease in chemosensitivity to BCA. Taken together, our findings suggest that BCA induces prostate cancer cell death via EGR1 upregulation and nuclear translocalization, followed by activation of proapoptotic target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sook Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
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37
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Song X, Lu F, Liu RY, Lei Z, Zhao J, Zhou Q, Zhang HT. Association between the ATF3 gene and non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2012; 3:217-223. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2011.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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38
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Rose CL, Chakravarti N, Curry JL, Torres-Cabala CA, Bassett R, Prieto VG, Tetzlaff MT. The utility of ATF3 in distinguishing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among other cutaneous epithelial neoplasms. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:762-8. [PMID: 22764884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The histopathologic distinction between benign and malignant cutaneous keratinocytic proliferations can pose a difficult diagnostic challenge - often with important clinical implications. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has emerged as a potential biomarker which may aid in the segregation of these lesions, and we hypothesize that ATF3 expression may be a specific marker of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Using immunohistochemistry, we characterized ATF3 expression in a series of 126 cutaneous epithelial proliferations, including SCC (n = 27), basal cell carcinomas (BCC, n = 59), seborrheic keratoses with atypia (SK, n = 16), hyperplastic actinic keratoses (AK, n = 12) and prurigo nodularis cases (PN, n = 12). We showed strong, nuclear and/or nucleolar expression of ATF3 in a statistically significant number of cases of SCC compared to BCC, SK and PN. We conclude that ATF3 expression is a surrogate of malignancy (or pre-malignancy) in keratinocytic epithelial proliferations and thus helps distinguish SCC from other cutaneous epithelial neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Rose
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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39
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Kim J, Di Vizio D, Kim TK, Kim J, Kim M, Pelton K, Clinton SK, Hai T, Hwang D, Solomon KR, Freeman MR. The response of the prostate to circulating cholesterol: activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) as a prominent node in a cholesterol-sensing network. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39448. [PMID: 22768301 PMCID: PMC3388073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating cholesterol is a systemic risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, however the manner in which the normal prostate responds to variations in cholesterol levels is poorly understood. In this study we addressed the molecular and cellular effects of elevated and suppressed levels of circulating cholesterol on the normal prostate. Integrated bioinformatic analysis was performed using DNA microarray data from two experimental formats: (1) ventral prostate from male mice with chronically elevated circulating cholesterol and (2) human prostate cells exposed acutely to cholesterol depletion. A cholesterol-sensitive gene expression network was constructed from these data and the transcription factor ATF3 was identified as a prominent node in the network. Validation experiments confirmed that elevated cholesterol reduced ATF3 expression and enhanced proliferation of prostate cells, while cholesterol depletion increased ATF3 levels and inhibited proliferation. Cholesterol reduction in vivo alleviated dense lymphomononuclear infiltrates in the periprostatic adipose tissue, which were closely associated with nerve tracts and blood vessels. These findings open new perspectives on the role of cholesterol in prostate health, and provide a novel role for ATF3, and associated proteins within a large signaling network, as a cholesterol-sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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40
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The stress response mediator ATF3 represses androgen signaling by binding the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3190-202. [PMID: 22665497 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00159-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a common mediator of cellular stress response signaling and is often aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer. We report here that ATF3 can directly bind the androgen receptor (AR) and consequently repress AR-mediated gene expression. The ATF3-AR interaction requires the leucine zipper domain of ATF3 that independently binds the DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains of AR, and the interaction prevents AR from binding to cis-acting elements required for expression of androgen-dependent genes while inhibiting the AR N- and C-terminal interaction. The functional consequences of the loss of ATF3 expression include increased transcription of androgen-dependent genes in prostate cancer cells that correlates with increased ability to grow in low-androgen-containing medium and increased proliferative activity of the prostate epithelium in ATF3 knockout mice that is associated with prostatic hyperplasia. Our results thus demonstrate that ATF3 is a novel repressor of androgen signaling that can inhibit AR functions, allowing prostate cells to restore homeostasis and maintain integrity in the face of a broad spectrum of intrinsic and environmental insults.
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41
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Calderon MR, Verway M, An BS, DiFeo A, Bismar TA, Ann DK, Martignetti JA, Shalom-Barak T, White JH. Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR) recruitment by Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) regulates expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A gene. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8662-74. [PMID: 22277651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.311605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed transcriptional coregulator, ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR), initially characterized as a regulator of nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation, functions through recruitment of C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) to its N-terminal and central domains, respectively. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen for novel cofactors, and identified an interaction between the C-terminal domain of LCoR and the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), a putative tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Subsequent experiments revealed LCoR regulation of several KLF6 target genes notably p21(WAF1/CIP1) (CDKN1A) and to a lesser extent E-cadherin (CDH1), indicating that LCoR regulates gene transcription through multiple classes of transcription factors. In multiple cancer cells, LCoR and KLF6 bind together on the promoters of the genes encoding CDKN1A and CDH1. LCoR contributes to KLF6-mediated transcriptional repression in a promoter- and cell type-dependent manner. Its inhibition of reporter constructs driven by the CDKN1A and CDH1 promoters in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells is sensitive to treatment with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. Additionally, the LCoR cofactor CtBP1 bound the same promoters and augmented the LCoR-dependent repression in PC-3 cells. Consistent with their inferred roles in transcriptional repression, siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF6, LCoR, or CtBP1 in PC-3 cells induced expression of CDKN1A and CDH1 and additional KLF6 target genes. We propose a novel model of LCoR function in which promoter-bound KLF6 inhibits transcription of the CDKN1A gene and other genes as well by tethering a transcriptional corepressor complex containing LCoR, with specific contributions by CtBP1 and HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario R Calderon
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Systems analysis of ATF3 in stress response and cancer reveals opposing effects on pro-apoptotic genes in p53 pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26848. [PMID: 22046379 PMCID: PMC3202577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-inducible transcription factors play a pivotal role in cellular adaptation to environment to maintain homeostasis and integrity of the genome. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is induced by a variety of stress and inflammatory conditions and is over-expressed in many kinds of cancer cells. However, molecular mechanisms underlying pleiotropic functions of ATF3 have remained elusive. Here we employed systems analysis to identify genome-wide targets of ATF3 that is either induced by an alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or over-expressed in a prostate tumour cell line LNCaP. We show that stress-induced and cancer-associated ATF3 is recruited to 5,984 and 1,423 targets, respectively, in the human genome, 89% of which are common. Notably, ATF3 targets are highly enriched for not only ATF/CRE motifs but also binding sites of several other stress-inducible transcription factors indicating an extensive network of stress response factors in transcriptional regulation of target genes. Further analysis of effects of ATF3 knockdown on these targets revealed that stress-induced ATF3 regulates genes in metabolic pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and signalling including insulin, p53, Wnt, and VEGF pathways. Cancer-associated ATF3 is involved in regulation of distinct sets of genes in processes such as calcium signalling, Wnt, p53 and diabetes pathways. Notably, stress-induced ATF3 binds to 40% of p53 targets and activates pro-apoptotic genes such as TNFRSF10B/DR5 and BBC3/PUMA. Cancer-associated ATF3, by contrast, represses these pro-apoptotic genes in addition to CDKN1A/p21. Taken together, our data reveal an extensive network of stress-inducible transcription factors and demonstrate that ATF3 has opposing, cell context-dependent effects on p53 target genes in DNA damage response and cancer development.
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43
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Taketani K, Kawauchi J, Tanaka-Okamoto M, Ishizaki H, Tanaka Y, Sakai T, Miyoshi J, Maehara Y, Kitajima S. Key role of ATF3 in p53-dependent DR5 induction upon DNA damage of human colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2011; 31:2210-21. [PMID: 21927023 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress response gene ATF3 is one of the p53 target genes and has a tumor suppressor role in cancer. However, the biological role of p53-ATF3 pathway is not well understood. Death receptor 5 (DR5) is a death domain-containing transmembrane receptor that triggers cell death upon binding to its ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), and a combination of TRAIL and agents that increase the expression of DR5 is expected as a novel anticancer therapy. In this report, we demonstrate that ATF3 is required for efficient DR5 induction upon DNA damage by camptothecin (CPT) in colorectal cancer cells. In the absence of ATF3, induction of DR5 messenger RNA and protein is remarkably abrogated, and this is associated with reduced cell death by TRAIL and CPT. By contrast, exogenous expression of ATF3 causes more rapid and elevated expression of DR5, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to apoptotic cell death by TRAIL/CPT. Reporter assay and DNA affinity precipitation assay demonstrate that at least three ATF/CRE motifs at the proximal promoter of the human DR5 gene are involved in the activation of DNA damage-induced DR5 gene transcription. Furthermore, ATF3 is shown to interact with p53 to form a complex on the DR5 gene by Re-chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Taken together, our results provide a novel insight into the role of ATF3 as an essential co-transcription factor for p53 upon DNA damage, and this may represent a useful biomarker for TRAIL-based anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taketani
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Hagiya K, Yasunaga JI, Satou Y, Ohshima K, Matsuoka M. ATF3, an HTLV-1 bZip factor binding protein, promotes proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia cells. Retrovirology 2011; 8:19. [PMID: 21414204 PMCID: PMC3068935 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T-cells caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene, which is encoded by the minus strand of the viral genome, is expressed as an antisense transcript in all ATL cases. By using yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) as an HBZ-interacting protein. ATF3 has been reported to be expressed in ATL cells, but its biological significance is not known. Results Immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that ATF3 interacts with HBZ. Expression of ATF3 was upregulated in ATL cell lines and fresh ATL cases. Reporter assay revealed that ATF3 could interfere with the HTLV-1 Tax's transactivation of the 5' proviral long terminal repeat (LTR), doing so by affecting the ATF/CRE site, as well as HBZ. Suppressing ATF3 expression inhibited proliferation and strongly reduced the viability of ATL cells. As mechanisms of growth-promoting activity of ATF3, comparative expression profiling of ATF3 knockdown cells identified candidate genes that are critical for the cell cycle and cell death, including cell division cycle 2 (CDC2) and cyclin E2. ATF3 also enhanced p53 transcriptional activity, but this activity was suppressed by HBZ. Conclusions Thus, ATF3 expression has positive and negative effects on the proliferation and survival of ATL cells. HBZ impedes its negative effects, leaving ATF3 to promote proliferation of ATL cells via mechanisms including upregulation of CDC2 and cyclin E2. Both HBZ and ATF3 suppress Tax expression, which enables infected cells to escape the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hagiya
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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45
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Increased expression of activating transcription factor 3 is related to the biologic behavior of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:954-9. [PMID: 21315420 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3, a member of the activating transcription factor/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding family of transcription factors, is an adaptive response gene that plays an oncogenic role in the development of various cancers. To our knowledge, few information are available on the possible role of activating transcription factor 3 in skin cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression of activating transcription factor 3 in basal cell carcinomas (n = 5), actinic keratoses (n = 7), squamous cell carcinomas (n = 19), and Bowen disease (n = 14) by immunohistochemistry. In results, activating transcription factor 3 was significantly expressed in squamous cell carcinomas (15/19), suggesting that it is involved in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas but not in basal cell carcinomas (0/5). In addition, higher expression of activating transcription factor 3 was observed in squamous cell carcinomas that were metastatic (P < .01) or arose in organ transplant recipients (P < .05). Therefore, activating transcription factor 3 appears to play an oncogenic role in the development of squamous cell carcinomas and may be related to the biologic behavior of them.
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Hai T, Wolford CC, Chang YS. ATF3, a hub of the cellular adaptive-response network, in the pathogenesis of diseases: is modulation of inflammation a unifying component? Gene Expr 2010; 15:1-11. [PMID: 21061913 PMCID: PMC6043823 DOI: 10.3727/105221610x12819686555015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) gene encodes a member of the ATF family of transcription factors and is induced by various stress signals. All members of this family share the basic region-leucine zipper (bZip) DNA binding motif and bind to the consensus sequence TGACGTCA in vitro. Previous reviews and an Internet source have covered the following topics: the nomenclature of ATF proteins, the history of their discovery, the potential interplays between ATFs and other bZip proteins, ATF3-interacting proteins, ATF3 target genes, and the emerging roles of ATF3 in cancer and immunity (see footnote 1). In this review, we present evidence and clues that prompted us to put forth the idea that ATF3 functions as a "hub" of the cellular adaptive-response network. We will then focus on the roles of ATF3 in modulating inflammatory response. Inflammation is increasingly recognized to play an important role for the development of many diseases. Putting this in the context of the hub idea, we propose that modulation of inflammation by ATF3 is a unifying theme for the potential involvement of ATF3 in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsonwin Hai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Pascal LE, Vêncio RZN, Page LS, Liebeskind ES, Shadle CP, Troisch P, Marzolf B, True LD, Hood LE, Liu AY. Gene expression relationship between prostate cancer cells of Gleason 3, 4 and normal epithelial cells as revealed by cell type-specific transcriptomes. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:452. [PMID: 20021671 PMCID: PMC2809079 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cells in primary tumors have been typed CD10-/CD13-/CD24hi/CD26+/CD38lo/CD44-/CD104-. This CD phenotype suggests a lineage relationship between cancer cells and luminal cells. The Gleason grade of tumors is a descriptive of tumor glandular differentiation. Higher Gleason scores are associated with treatment failure. METHODS CD26+ cancer cells were isolated from Gleason 3+3 (G3) and Gleason 4+4 (G4) tumors by cell sorting, and their gene expression or transcriptome was determined by Affymetrix DNA array analysis. Dataset analysis was used to determine gene expression similarities and differences between G3 and G4 as well as to prostate cancer cell lines and histologically normal prostate luminal cells. RESULTS The G3 and G4 transcriptomes were compared to those of prostatic cell types of non-cancer, which included luminal, basal, stromal fibromuscular, and endothelial. A principal components analysis of the various transcriptome datasets indicated a closer relationship between luminal and G3 than luminal and G4. Dataset comparison also showed that the cancer transcriptomes differed substantially from those of prostate cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Genes differentially expressed in cancer are potential biomarkers for cancer detection, and those differentially expressed between G3 and G4 are potential biomarkers for disease stratification given that G4 cancer is associated with poor outcomes. Differentially expressed genes likely contribute to the prostate cancer phenotype and constitute the signatures of these particular cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Thompson MR, Xu D, Williams BRG. ATF3 transcription factor and its emerging roles in immunity and cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1053-60. [PMID: 19705082 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cyclic AMP response element-binding (ATF/CREB) family of transcription factors. It is an adaptive-response gene that participates in cellular processes to adapt to extra- and/or intracellular changes, where it transduces signals from various receptors to activate or repress gene expression. Advances made in understanding the immunobiology of Toll-like receptors have recently generated new momentum for the study of ATF3 in immunity. Moreover, the role of ATF3 in the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis has important implications for understanding susceptibility to and progression of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Thompson
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Inoue T, Maeno A, Talbot C, Zeng Y, Yeater DB, Leman ES, Kulkarni P, Ogawa O, Getzenberg RH. Purine-rich element binding protein (PUR) alpha induces endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and cell differentiation pathways in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2009; 69:861-73. [PMID: 19267365 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following androgen ablation treatment for advanced prostate cancer, almost all men relapse after a period of initial response to therapy, which eventually is life threatening. We have previously found that purine-rich element binding protein, PURalpha, was significantly repressed in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines in comparison to an androgen-dependent line. Moreover, over-expressing PURalpha in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells attenuated their cell proliferation. The aim of the studies described here was to uncover some of the mechanisms by which over-expression of PURalpha attenuates cell proliferation. METHODS A set of common genes induced by over-expressing PURalpha both in PC3 and LNCaP cells was analyzed by DNA microarray. The results were then validated utilizing quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Using a 5.3-kb region of the PSA promoter containing androgen response elements, the participation of PURalpha in androgen regulated gene expression was determined. RESULTS Genes involved in stress response and cell differentiation were induced in cells over-expressing PURalpha. Some of the genes that are targets of androgen regulation are also induced. Most strikingly, ectopic expression of PURalpha induced transcriptional activity of the 5.3-kb PSA promoter containing androgen response elements, without androgen stimulation. CONCLUSION Based upon the consideration that some of the genes involved in cell stress and differentiation are also regulated by androgens our data suggest that PURalpha shares some common pathways regulated by the androgen receptor. These findings suggest that regulation of PURalpha expression in prostate cancer cells may serve as a therapeutic target for hormone refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Inoue
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Miyazaki K, Inoue S, Yamada K, Watanabe M, Liu Q, Watanabe T, Adachi MT, Tanaka Y, Kitajima S. Differential usage of alternate promoters of the human stress response gene ATF3 in stress response and cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:1438-51. [PMID: 19136462 PMCID: PMC2655689 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress response gene ATF3 plays a pleiotropic role in determining cell fate in response to mitogenic or stress stimuli. An alternate promoter of the human ATF3 gene (designated P1 in this study) has recently been reported, which is located approximately 43.5 kb upstream of the previously reported P2 promoter. We showed here that the P1 promoter is highly conserved between human and mouse and is functional in response to various stimuli, whereas the P1 promoter was dominantly induced by serum and the P2 promoter was more efficiently activated in response to TGF-beta and oncogenic HRAS. The P1 promoter contains multiple transcriptional start sites, and the different 5'-UTRs markedly affected their translation in response to stress. In human prostate and Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cancer cells with elevated expression of ATF3, the P1 promoter was constitutively activated and its chromatin structure was modified into active configuration. The differential usage of alternate promoters of the ATF3 gene at both transcriptional and translational level and the modification of chromatin structure may provide a novel mechanism for expressing ATF3 in determining cell fate during stress response and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shoko Inoue
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Mimi Tamamori Adachi
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yujiro Tanaka
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Kitajima
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute and Laboratory of Genome Structure and Regulation, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510 and Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
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