1
|
Local renin–angiotensin systems in the genitourinary tract. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 385:13-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
2
|
Azadzoi KM, Siroky MB. Neurologic factors in female sexual function and dysfunction. Korean J Urol 2010; 51:443-9. [PMID: 20664775 PMCID: PMC2907491 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2010.51.7.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction affects both men and women, involving organic disorders, psychological problems, or both. Overall, the state of our knowledge is less advanced regarding female sexual physiology in comparison with male sexual function. Female sexual dysfunction has received little clinical and basic research attention and remains a largely untapped field in medicine. The epidemiology of female sexual dysfunction is poorly understood because relatively few studies have been done in community settings. In the United States, female sexual dysfunction has been estimated to affect 40% of women in the general population. Among the elderly, however, it has been reported that up to 87% of women complain of sexual dissatisfaction. Several studies have shown that the prevalence of female sexual arousal disorders correlates significantly with increasing age. These studies have shown that sexual arousal and frequency of coitus in the female decreases with increasing age. The pathophysiology of female sexual dysfunction appears more complex than that of males, involving multidimensional hormonal, neurological, vascular, psychological, and interpersonal aspects. Organic female sexual disorders may include a wide variety of vascular, neural, or neurovascular factors that lead to problems with libido, lubrication, and orgasm. However, the precise etiology and mechanistic pathways of age-related female sexual arousal disorders are yet to be determined. In the past two decades, some advances have been made in exploring the basic hemodynamics and neuroregulation of female sexual function and dysfunction in both animal models and in human studies. In this review, we summarize neural regulation of sexual function and neurological causes of sexual dysfunction in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazem M Azadzoi
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T. Interaction of Endothelial Nitric Oxide and Angiotensin in the Circulation. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:54-87. [PMID: 17329548 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of the unexpected intercellular messenger and transmitter nitric oxide (NO) was the highlight of highly competitive investigations to identify the nature of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. This labile, gaseous molecule plays obligatory roles as one of the most promising physiological regulators in cardiovascular function. Its biological effects include vasodilatation, increased regional blood perfusion, lowering of systemic blood pressure, and antithrombosis and anti-atherosclerosis effects, which counteract the vascular actions of endogenous angiotensin (ANG) II. Interactions of these vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances in the circulation have been a topic that has drawn the special interest of both cardiovascular researchers and clinicians. Therapeutic agents that inhibit the synthesis and action of ANG II are widely accepted to be essential in treating circulatory and metabolic dysfunctions, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and increased availability of NO is one of the most important pharmacological mechanisms underlying their beneficial actions. ANG II provokes vascular actions through various receptor subtypes (AT1, AT2, and AT4), which are differently involved in NO synthesis and actions. ANG II and its derivatives, ANG III, ANG IV, and ANG-(1-7), alter vascular contractility with different mechanisms of action in relation to NO. This review article summarizes information concerning advances in research on interactions between NO and ANG in reference to ANG receptor subtypes, radical oxygen species, particularly superoxide anions, ANG-converting enzyme inhibitors, and ANG receptor blockers in patients with cardiovascular disease, healthy individuals, and experimental animals. Interactions of ANG and endothelium-derived relaxing factor other than NO, such as prostaglandin I2 and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Toda
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Li SX, Yao LS, Wang R, Dai YT. Valsartan treatment reverses erectile dysfunction in diabetic rats. Int J Impot Res 2006; 19:366-70. [PMID: 17183345 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of angiotensin receptor blockage (ARB) for the treatment on diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED), we used male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with 65 mg/kg streptozotocin to induce diabetes mellitus. The diabetic rats with ED were selected by hypodermic injection of apomorphine (APO) after 8 weeks of model setting. All rats were divided into four groups: G1 (normal control rats), G2 (diabetic rats treated with normal saline), G3 (diabetic rats treated with valsartan) and G4 (diabetic rats treated with spironolactone). After treatment with drugs for 8 weeks, the rate of erection for each group was evaluated after the injection of APO. The intracavernous pressure (ICP) of each rat was then recorded before and after the electrostimulation of the major pelvic ganglion. The rates of erection and the ICP after electrostimulation for diabetic rats treated with valsartan were significantly higher than that in diabetic rats treated with normal saline and spironolactone. The ARB may be an effective therapy for diabetics with ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dangoor D, Giladi E, Fridkin M, Gozes I. Neuropeptide receptor transcripts are expressed in the rat clitoris and oscillate during the estrus cycle in the rat vagina. Peptides 2005; 26:2579-84. [PMID: 16023261 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and angiotensin 2 are key neuropeptides that innervate the sexual organs. For further understanding of neuropeptide involvement in female sexual function, we investigated peptide receptor mRNA expression using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the rat vagina and clitoris, and alteration during the shift from the proestrus to the estrus phase. VIP, angiotensin 2 and CGRP receptor subtypes transcripts were found to be expressed in the vagina and the clitoris. Significantly increased levels of angiotensin 2 and CGRP receptor subtypes transcripts were observed in the vagina as compared to the clitoris. Significant increases in the expression of the VIP receptor type 2 (VPAC2) mRNA and parallel increases in a novel VIP responsive gene, activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) mRNA were detected in the rat vagina during the estrus phase. The expression pattern of neuropeptide receptors in the female sexual organs suggest an intimate involvement of the corresponding neuropeptides in female sexual function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dangoor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Einstein Street, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JK, Lee SO, Cui WS, Kim SZ, Koh GY, Cho KW. Activity of angiotensin peptides in clitoral cavernosum of alloxan induced diabetic rabbit. Eur Urol 2005; 48:1042-50. [PMID: 16084009 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the role of peptides of the angiotensin (ANG) on the regulation of clitoral cavernosum tone and changes in ANG binding affinity in the rabbit with diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS The isometric tension measurement and in vitro autoradiography were used in sham and diabetic clitoral cavernosum. RESULTS In tension study, contractility in response to ANG I, ANG II, ANG III and ANG IV was enhanced in diabetic clitoral cavernosum strips (EC50 was 67.6 +/- 27.2, 4.3 +/- 0.4, 189.3 +/- 37.3, 443.2 +/- 0.4 nM for diabetic versus 155.2 +/- 76.1, 38.3 +/- 0.1, 528.0 +/- 75.2, 616.9 +/- 69.5 nM for sham, respectively). Contractile responses to ANG II was significantly inhibited by type 1 ANG II receptor (AT1) antagonist but not by type 2 ANG II receptor (AT2) antagonist in both groups. Percentages in contractions by ANG II (1 nM) in the presence of Dup 753 decreased significantly 36.2 +/- 4.6 to 6.3 +/- 2.4% in sham and 56.1 +/- 7.7 to 6.0 +/- 4.8% in diabetic group. The binding affinities were enhanced in diabetic clitoral cavernosum for ANG II (dissociation constant, 4.9 +/- 1.0 for sham versus 0.9 +/- 0.2 nM for diabetic) and for ANG I, ANG III, and ANG IV (inhibitory constant, 28.6 +/- 1.5, 398.7 +/- 157.2, and 3966.5 +/- 1524.1 nM for sham versus 20.6 +/- 5.7, 78.5 +/- 23.7, and 1098.7 +/- 195.5 nM, for diabetic, respectively, all p < 0.05). Sensitivities of AT1 and AT2 receptors to ANG II enhanced in diabetic than sham clitoral cavernosum tissue. CONCLUSIONS This results suggest that the contractile responses to all four ANG peptides are enhanced in the diabetic clitoral cavernosum. Enhancement of contractility in diabetic clitoral cavernosum may be related to the increased affinity to ANG II receptors for ANG peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwan Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Keum-Am-Dong-San, Chonju, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nap A, Balt JC, Mathy MJ, Pfaffendorf M, van Zwieten PA. Different AT1 Receptor Subtypes at Pre- and Postjunctional Sites: AT1A versus AT1B Receptors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 43:14-20. [PMID: 14668562 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200401000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (AT) II is known to enhance responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) via AT1 receptors located on sympathetic nerve terminals. Differences in potency exist between AT1 receptor antagonists regarding the inhibition of the prejunctional and postjunctional AT1 receptors. It is hypothesized that prejunctional AT1 receptors might belong to the AT1B receptor subtype. Accordingly, the authors investigated whether AT1B receptor inhibition by high concentrations of PD123319 could suppress ATII-augmented noradrenergic transmission (prejunctional) in the rabbit thoracic aorta by means of a noradrenaline spillover model. Additionally, the influence of PD123319 on ATII-enhanced constrictor responses to electrical field stimulation was investigated in the isolated rabbit mesenteric artery. Furthermore, the authors investigated whether PD123319 could influence the constrictor responses (postjunctional) to ATII in both preparations. In the thoracic aorta, ATII (10 nM) caused a significant enhancement of EFS-evoked [3H]-noradrenaline release by a factor of 2.0 +/- 0.1. This reinforcement could be inhibited by PD123319 (0.1, 1, and 10 microM). The constrictor response to ATII was unaffected by PD123319. In the mesenteric artery, ATII (0.5 nM) caused a significant enhancement of constrictor responses to EFS by factors of 2.9 +/- 0.3, 2.3 +/- 0.3, and 1.6 +/- 0.1 at 1, 2, and 4 Hz, respectively. This enhancement could be attenuated by PD123319 (1 and 10 microM). The constrictor response to ATII was unaffected by PD123319. It is concluded that the prejunctional AT1 receptors belong to the AT1B subtype whereas postjunctional AT1 receptors do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nap
- Department of Pharmacology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park JK, Lee SO, Kim YG, Kim SH, Koh GY, Cho KW. Role of rho-kinase activity in angiotensin II-induced contraction of rabbit clitoral cavernosum smooth muscle. Int J Impot Res 2002; 14:472-7. [PMID: 12494280 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2002] [Revised: 03/26/2002] [Accepted: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Isometric tension measurement using a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor (+)- (R)-trans4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (Y-27632) and a selective myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML7) were used in rabbit clitoral cavernosum smooth muscle (CSM). N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was used to evaluate the relationship between NO release and Rho-kinase. Y-27632 significantly attenuated contractions induced by ANG II, dose-dependently. However, ML7 did not affect the contractile response to ANG II except in the high concentrations of ML7. Y-27632 inhibited contraction with phenylephrine (PhE), but ML7 did not inhibit contraction with PhE. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (NAME) did not affect the Y-27632-induced relaxation in the pre-contracted strip with PhE. The present study demonstrates that G-protein-coupled increase in myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity mediated through the RhoA/Rho-kinase signal pathway is involved in the control by ANG II of the clitoral CSM tone. RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway acts in the ANG II-induced contraction independently of the NO pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park JK, Kim JU, Lee SO, Hwang PH, Yi HK, Kim YG, Cho KW. Nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling pathway in the regulation of rabbit clitoral cavernosum tone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227:1022-30. [PMID: 12486213 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222701111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO)-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling in the regulation of rabbit clitoral cavernosum (CC) tone. Tension measurements, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and NADPH-diaphorase staining were performed in CC. In the precontracted CC strips with phenylephrine (10(-5) M), acetylcholine (ACh) relaxed, dependent on dosage. Pretreatment with atropine, N(omega) nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (NAME) or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), guanylate cyclase inhibitor abolished the ACh-induced relaxations, but tetrodotoxin (TTX) did not. Sodium nitroprusside relaxed the strips in the presence of atropine and NAME, but not in the presence of ODQ. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) relaxed the strips dependent on stimulus strength. Pretreatment with TTX, NAME, or ODQ abolished the EFS-induced relaxation, but atropine did not. L-Arginine partially restored the inhibited response to ACh and EFS. The inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) mRNAs and iNOS and endothelial NOS (eNOS) proteins were identified in the CC. NADPH-diaphorase staining revealed the positivity on the nerve trunks and fine nerve fibers in the CC. Finally, results demonstrate that the nNOS, ENOS, and the NO-cGMP signaling pathway are involved in the regulation of clitoral tumescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwan Park
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Urology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 560-180, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park JK, Kim SZ, Kim JU, Kim YG, Kim SM, Cho KW. Comparison of effects of angiotensin peptides in the regulation of clitoral cavernosum smooth muscle tone. Int J Impot Res 2002; 14:72-80. [PMID: 11979320 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2001] [Revised: 08/09/2001] [Accepted: 11/21/2001] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The isometric tension measurement and in vitro autoradiography were used in clitoral cavernosum smooth muscle (CSM). Angiotensin ANG III, ANG IV, ANG II and ANG I induced contractions in clitoral CSM strips. ANG III and ANG I- induced contraction was five times less active than ANG II, whereas ANG IV-induced contraction was 1181-fold less potent than ANG II. Contractile responses to ANG III, ANG IV, ANG II and ANG I were significantly inhibited by type 1 ANG II (AT 1) receptor antagonist Dup 753 but not by type 2 ANG II (AT2) receptor antagonist PD 123,319. Pre-treatment with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor accentuated force of contraction induced by ANG III, ANG IV and ANG II. Amastatin, an aminopeptidase inhibitor enhanced ANG III- and ANG IV-induced contractions. Specific binding sites for 125I-ANG II were found in the clitoral CSM. Specific binding of 125I-ANG II was displaced by unlabeled ANG peptides. This study suggests that the contractile responses to all four peptides of the ANG family are mediated via AT1 receptors but not AT2 receptors. Further, the rank order of potency of contraction was as follows, ANG II> ANG I>ANG III>ANG IV. It is also suggested that peptides of the ANG family have a cross-talk with the NO system and aminopeptidase is involved in the modulation of the tone of clitoral CSM by ANG III and ANG IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Keum-Am-Dong-San, Chonju, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|